Submitted by Viviane Lima da Cunha (viviane@biblioteca.ufpb.br) on 2016-02-17T10:53:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 20428901 bytes, checksum: b66dc5cc2c10c67d4c70f46436440ab4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-17T10:53:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 20428901 bytes, checksum: b66dc5cc2c10c67d4c70f46436440ab4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-23 / Goal Oriented Requirements Engineering approaches capture both the stakeholders’ goals and the requirements of the system-to-be, so that the latter corresponds to the stakeholders desires. Goal models can capture similarities and the variability of a Software Product Line (SPL), but they cannot describe the detailed behavior of its functionality. Due to this limitation, a process called GS2SPL (Goals and Scenarios to Software Product Lines) was defined to systematically obtain, from goal models, feature models and the specification of use case scenarios with variability described in PLUSS (Product Line Use case modeling for Systems and Software engineering). However, the variability of the SPL and the configuration knowledge are tangled an the scenarios described in PLUSS, jeopardizing the maintenance and reuse of artifacts. In order to solve this problem, it was proposed techniques to specific use case scenarios with separation of crosscutting concerns (or just, aspectual scenarios). One of these techniques is called MSVCM (Modeling Scenario Variability as Crosscutting Mechanisms), which specifies the variability and configuration knowledge of a SPL separately, as well as it defines a process to configure the specifications of a product. Thus, this work proposes an extension of the GS2SPL to obtain, systematically, a feature model and a specification of aspectual scenarios in MSVCM, from goal models. This approach is called GAS2SPL (Goals and Aspectual Scenarios to Software Product Lines) and their activities were described using the TaRGeT (Test and Requirements Generation Tool) example. GAS2SPL approach was evaluated through a comparative study between TaRGeT and MyCourses artifacts generated by GS2SPL and GAS2SPL approaches, taking into account modularity (features scattering and tangling scenarios) and expressiveness (how detailed are the configuration knowledge). After evaluating our approach, we realize that GAS2SPL approach reduced in the features scattering and tangling in the scenarios to zero, addition to own a knowledge configuration more specific because uses less symbols for it elaborate. / Abordagens de Engenharia de Requisitos Orientadas a Objetivos capturam tanto os objetivos dos interessados ( stakeholders) como os requisitos do software a ser desenvolvido, de modo que este último corresponda ao que realmente os interessados desejam. Modelos de objetivos são capazes de capturar as similaridades e variabilidades de uma Linha de Produto de Software (LPS), mas não conseguem descrever o comportamento detalhado de suas funcionalidades. Diante dessa limitação, o processo GS2SPL (Goals and Scenarios to Software Product Lines) foi definido para obter sistematicamente, a partir de modelos de objetivos, modelos de features e especificações de cenários de casos de uso com variabilidade, descritos em PLUSS (Product Line Use case modeling for Systems and Software engineering). Entretanto, a variabilidade da LPS e o conhecimento de configuração ficam entrelaçados nos cenários descritos em PLUSS, o que prejudica a manutenção e reuso dos artefatos. A fim de solucionar esse problema, foram propostas técnicas de especificação de cenários de caso de uso com separação de interesses transversais (ou, simplesmente, cenários aspectuais). Uma destas técnicas é o MSVCM (Modeling Scenario Variability as Crosscutting Mechanisms), que especifica a variabilidade da LPS separadamente do conhecimento de configuração e define um processo para configurar as especificações de produto. Assim, este trabalho propõe uma extensão do GS2SPL visando obter, sistematicamente, modelos de features e especificações de cenários aspectuais em MSVCM, a partir de modelos de objetivos. Esta abordagem chama-se GAS2SPL (Goals and Aspectual Scenarios to Software Product Lines) e suas atividades foram descritas utilizando o TaRGeT (Test and Requirements Generation Tool) como exemplo. A abordagem GAS2SPL foi avaliada através de um estudo comparativo entre os artefatos do TaRGeT e do MyCourses- A Course Scheduling System gerados pelas abordagens GS2SPL e GAS2SPL, levando-se em consideração a modularidade (espalhamento de features e entrelaçamento de cenários) e, a expressividade (quão detalhado é o conhecimento de configuração). Depois de realizar a avaliação, percebemos que a abordagem GAS2SPL conseguiu reduzir o espalhamento de features e o entrelaçamento de cenários para zero, além de possuir um conhecimento de configuração mais expressivo, pois utiliza menos símbolos para elaborá-lo.

Данная магистерская квалификационная работа посвящена проблемам употребления видов глагола китайских студентов в русском языке. Актуальность темы исследования определяется следующим: проведение системного анализа проблем употребления видов глагола китайскими студентами при изучении русского языка, с точки зрения межъязыкового взаимодействия. Т. е. влияние китайского на понимание вида русского глагола; выяснение причин допуска ошибок при употреблении вида глагола путем исследования процесса усвоения иностранного языка; системный сравнительно-сопоставительный анализ способов выражения аспектуальных значений в разных языках, который помогает разработать соответствующие методики по обучению видам глагола китайских студентов. Предметом исследования является категория вида русского глагола как в научном, так и в методическом плане, сходство и различие способов выражений аспектуальных значений в русском и китайском языках, межъязыковые влияния при усвоении вида русского глагола. Объектом исследования является процесс изучения видов русского глагола китайскими студентами, и их ошибки в употреблении. Целью является сравнение способов выражения аспектуальных значений в русском и китайском языках, выявление проблемы употребления видов глагола у китайских студентов с точки зрения теории усвоения иностранного языка. / The Master's thesis is devoted to the problems of the using verbal aspects by Chinese students in Russian. The relevance of the research topic is determined by the following: conducting a systematic analysis of the problems of using verbal aspects by Chinese students while studying Russian language, in terms of cross-linguistic influence. That is the influence of Chinese on the understanding of Russian verbal aspects; finding out the causes of errors in the use of verbal aspects by studying the process of foreign language acquisition; a systematic comparative analysis of the expression of aspectual meanings in different languages, which may be useful for developing appropriate methods in teaching verbal aspects to Chinese students. The subject of the study is the category of Russian verbal aspects in both scientific and methodological terms, the similarity and difference of the ways expressing aspectual meanings in Russian and Chinese languages, interlingual influences in learning the Russian verbal aspects. The object of the study is the process of studying Russian verbal aspects by Chinese students and the errors in their usage. The aim is to compare the ways of expressing aspectual meanings in Russian and Chinese languages, to clarify the problem in using Russian verbal aspects by Chinese students from the point of view of the foreign language acquisition theory.

This dissertation explores the interaction between modality and aspect in Makkan Arabic (MA). There is some consensus in the semantic literature regarding the treatment of modal expressions that may obtain various flavours, such as epistemic, deontic, bouletic, ability, necessity or teleological. These various modal flavours can be captured by a unified lexical entry, and are identified by contextual factors Kratzer (1977, 1981, 1991, 2012). There is some debate regarding the structural location of modal elements, some of which have been argued to be high (the case of epistemic modals) and others low (the case of root modals) (e.g. Cinque (1999)). The relative scope of modals has been subject of much recent work on modality, in particular in relation to their interaction with temporal categories such as aspect. This thesis investigates this topic on the basis of novel data from MA. I observe that the flavour of modality can change depending on how it is inflected with different types of aspect in MA. This observation is in line of Hacquard; Hacquard; Hacquard’s (2006; 2009; 2014) proposal for French and Italian. In MA, when the root modal \gdr\ “can” is inflected with the perfective, the combination yields entailments that have come to be known in the literature as ‘actuality entailments’ (AEs) (see Bhatt (1999, 2006)). In this case, the speaker gives rise to the inference that the proposition expressed by the complement holds in the actual world (instead of merely in some possible but not actual world). My thesis integrates the case of \gdr\ to current cross-linguistic debates on this topic. Building on Hacquard’s work, I argue that AEs are generated when perfective aspect scopes over root modals. Perfective aspect links events to the actual world. Imperfective aspect scoping over the modal fails to generate AEs. My thesis ex- ii tends the investigation of AEs to non-perfective cases. I argue that in addition to the contrast between perfective and imperfective, MA also distinguishes perfect aspect (e.g. an auxiliary plus a modal participle like gaadir). I suggest that the perfect in MA has several shapes, including the choice between two auxiliaries: kaan and saar. I link the different shapes of the perfect to the different types of interpretation identified by Portner (2000, 2003) for the English perfect. I suggest that in MA, different forms of the perfect are linked to distinct interpretations (which in English are grouped together under one form). In addition I show that, contrary to what has been argued by Hacquard for French, the perfect in MA can give rise to AEs in the case of the saar auxiliary. I develop an analysis of the saar perfect that is inspired by Hacquard’s proposal for perfective: in the case of saar, contrary to kaan, the perfect links the eventuality to the actual world. While the discussion of AEs in relation to the modal \gdr\ are linked to the proposal that aspect scopes over the modal, I also examine the case of a modal expression that scopes over aspect: qad “might”. I show that in spite of the fact that aspect scopes below the modal, the contrast between perfective and imperfective in the embedded clause can still give rise to differences in the generation of AEs. This case is interesting because much previous literature on AEs has focused on languages in which aspect scopes over the modal. MA qad provides an example where the modal scopes over aspect, and it is still the case that AEs appear to be generated. In spite of the structural differences with \gdr\, my analysis of qad builds on Hacquard’s proposal for AEs with the perfective, appealing to her proposal for the ‘preservation of event description’ to account for the fact that properties of eventualities can remain stable across worlds. The structure of the thesis is as follows: Chapter 1 provides an introduction to the empirical domain, situating aspect and modality in the description of MA; in addition it iii provides an introduction to key theoretical concepts to be used in later chapters. Chapter 2 discusses AEs in the case of the root modal \gdr\, comparing perfective and imperfective. Chapter 3 extends the discussion of the modal to examples with the perfect, distinguishing between the kaan- and saar- perfects. Chapter 4 investigates the behaviour of qad and its interaction with perfective and imperfective complements. Chapter 5 offers a brief summary and concluding remarks.

The dissertation deals with aspect in light verb constructions in French (LVCs). Light verb predicates such as faire du doublage, faire une découverte, and donner un conseil, constitute a specific kind of verb-noun construction recognizable by two transformational tests i.e., the cancellation test and the argument co-reference test. From the aspectual point of view, there are three parameters to be recognized: the lexical aspect (states, processes, events), grammatical aspect (perfectivity, imperfectivity), and aktionsart (quantity, quality, and phase of action). Being the semantical root of LVCs, the predicative noun is a starting point for aspectual analysis, nevertheless this aspectual interpretation is drawn from the whole sentence and takes account of the whole LVC, as well as of other aspectually relevant components (aspect shifting and aspectual composition). The objective of the research is to clarify the aspectual properties of the predicative noun and examine whether and how the principle of lexical aspect shifting is applied in the context of LCVs with a focus on the role of semantics (creation, motion containing a goal destination), of the predicative noun's complement (its quantization and cumulativity), countability, and determination of the predicative noun. It is observed that countability marked by articles has a crucial effect on the interpretation of the lexical aspect and aktionsart (faire un saut - sauter une fois, faire un emballage - emballer un cadeau, *emballer une fois). The research is based upon a systematic use of real corpora contexts (InterCorp 2018, FrWac, araneum), French lexicon-grammar data (Maurice Gross and his colleagues), and native-speaker competence.

Diese Dissertation ist ein Beitrag zur Analyse von psych(-ologischen) Verben, einer Verbklasse, die in den letzten 35 Jahren umfangreiche Forschung erfahren hat. Diese hat unter anderem ergeben, dass Psychverben auch deshalb so besonders sind, weil sie ein sehr heterogenes Aspektprofil aufweisen. Darum beschränkt sich die Dissertation auf rein stative (Verwendungen von) Psychverben, wodurch der Weg für einen kontrastiven Vergleich mit anderen stativen Verben geebnet und eine innovative Perspektive auf Psychverben eröffnet wird. Der Vergleich konzentriert sich auf sog. 'Objekteffekte' und untersucht ihr Vorhandensein in den verschiedenen Gruppen von stativen Psych- und nicht-Psychverben. Objekteffekte beschreiben den Wechsel von einem 'Individual-level'- zu einem 'Stage-level'-Status, ausgelöst durch einen Definitheitswechsel des Objekts. Es wird ein experimentelles Design entwickelt, mit dem solche aspektuellen Bedeutungsverschiebungen empirisch erfassbar sind, sowie Daten für deutsche und englische Verben gesammelt. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen, dass Objekteffekte in beiden Sprachen bei kanonischen stativen Verben außerhalb der Psychdomäne vorhanden sind, während sie in allen Gruppen von stativen Psychverben fehlen. Wir führen diesen semantischen Unterschied auf eine grundlegend andere Beschaffenheit der syntaktischen Struktur von Psychverben zurück. Wir zeigen, dass Objekteffekte eine transitive Struktur voraussetzen und schlussfolgern, dass Psychverben eine unakkusative Syntax aufweisen. Darüber hinaus deuten die gewonnenen Daten auch auf subtilere aspektuelle Bedeutungsunterschiede zwischen den Untergruppen der stativen Psychverben hin. Gleichzeitig leistet unsere Studie einen Beitrag zur Erforschung von Objekteffekten, indem eine empirische Grundlage für eine bisher ausschließlich theoretische Diskussion geschaffen wird. Diese empirische Evidenz ermöglicht weitere Schlussfolgerungen zur Quelle von Objekteffekten sowie deren Eigenschaften. / This dissertation aims to contribute to the ongoing discussion on how to syntactically analyze psych(-ological) verbs. This verb class cross-linguistically displays unexpected argument structure alternations associated with a number of syntactic peculiarities, which have given rise to a large body of literature over the past 35 years. For our research, we pursue a new angle by restricting ourselves to the stative (uses of) psych verbs and treating them as a subclass of stative verbs, thereby paving the way for a contrastive comparison with stative verbs outside the psych domain. The comparison focuses on so-called 'object effects' and examines their presence in the different groups of stative psych and non-psych verbs. Object effects describe the shift of an individual-level to a stage-level status induced by a change in the definiteness of the object DP. We develop an experimental design able to empirically detect such aspectual shifts and collect data for German and English verbs. The results confirm that object effects are present in both languages in canonical stative verbs outside the psych domain, whereas they are absent in all groups of stative psych verbs. We attribute this behavior to fundamental differences in the internal constitution of psych verbs. Based on the insight that object effects require a transitive structure, we conclude that stative psych verbs generally exhibit an unaccusative syntax. Our findings also point to finer-grained interpretational patterns in the subclasses of stative psych verbs, consistent with previous observations of systematic semantic-syntactic differences. At the same time, our study contributes to the study of object effects by providing an empirical basis for a previously purely theoretical discussion. This empirical evidence allows for further conclusions about the source of object effects as well as their properties.