Diploma thesis is dedicated to specifics of belarusian accounting . The aim is to provide a basic understanding of accounting in the Republic of Belarus in terms of legislation and practice. More attention will be given to identification gaps in this accounting system and future changes, which should eliminate these gaps. Another aim of my thesis is to compare the editing of fixed assets according to Czech and Belarusian legislation. The focus will also link to the amortization and tax regulation.

A presente dissertação parte da observação do fenômeno denominado digital assets. Há pouco tempo, estes foram destacados pela dogmática do common law em estudos estrangeiros sobre a relação entre Direito e Tecnologia. A consolidação da internet, na Sociedade da Informação, universalizou diversas temáticas de ordem digital, incluindo o objeto desta pesquisa. Vale ressaltar, porém, que a proposta deste estudo segue rumo diverso das investigações alienígenas relacionadas às problemáticas jurídicas sucessórias Nesta empreitada acadêmica, buscou-se depurar criticamente a figura dos digital assets, sob a ótica civilista nacional. Primeiramente, estes são analisados, sob a visão doutrinária oriundas de países anglo-saxões, notadamente Inglaterra e Estados Unidos, em suas diversas facetas. Em um segundo momento, notando-se a possibilidade de assimilação da proposta estrangeira à realidade do Direito Civil brasileiro, foram propostas soluções para melhor acomodar esta figura ao ordenamento jurídico pátrio. Com esta base erguida, buscou-se tratar dos assets digitalizados, em virtude de sua importância singular na realidade digital brasileira, com um enfoque naqueles digital assets mais caros às pessoas. Com efeito, ao fim, chegou-se à conclusão de que a sistemática dos direitos de personalidade brasileira pode protegê-los eficientemente na área do Direito Civil. / This dissertations inspiration came from the observation of the so-called digital assets. Not so long ago, they have been outlined by foreign studies, surrounding law and technology, that came from common law tradition countries. It is actually certain that the consolidation of the internet made certain digital issues of global concern, including the subject of this research. However, it is necessary to say that this study takes a different approach, if compared with its inspiring studies generally concerned with succession law matters. In this academic undertaking, it is intended to better understand the digital assets under the Brazilian civil law view. Firstly, the digital assets are analized under different angles, according to the dogmatic proposals of the Anglo-Saxon countries, especially England and the United States. Secondly, with the conclusion that there is the possibility of settling this figure to the Brazilian civil law system, some dogmatic proposals are made. Then, the main concern of this research goes to the protection of the digital assets, fundamentally those related to the personality rights. At the end, this study reachs the conclusion that the personality rights are able to protect some digital assets effectively under the civil law Brazilian system.

Abstract not available

"August 1998" Bibliography: leaves 74-78. The relationship between the returns to a stock, and ratio of book equity to market equity of the firm, are tested for the Australian stock market, and statistically significant evidence is found in support if the :book to market effect". Several tests are performed to determine whether this return premium is the result of additional risk or market inefficiency. No evidence is found to suggest that high book-to-market stocks are associated with additional risk, and only weak evidence is found to suggest that return premium is a result of investor over-reaction. An alternative explanation IS offered, relying on the dynamic behavior of firms and the process by which investors value the stocks of these firms.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Dept. of Economics and Social Sciences Consortium. University of Missouri--Kansas City, 2006. / "A dissertation in economics and social sciences." Advisor: L. Randall Wray. Typescript. Vita. Title from "catalog record" of the print edition Description based on contents viewed Dec. 19, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 422-452). Online version of the print edition.

Bakgrund Majoriteten av alla svenska företag är familjeföretag. Forskning inom området har inte bedrivits i någon större utsträckning förrän på senare år. Därtill kommer att forskning inom värdering av familjeföretag är närmast obefintlig. Familjeföretag skiljer sig på många sätt från icke-familjeföretag, t.ex. när det gäller kultur, ägande och ledning. Härav finns det anledning att tro att familjeföretag värderas annorlunda än icke-familjeföretag. Syfte med uppsatsen Syftet med denna uppsats är att beskriva hur värdering av familjeföretag går till från ett uppköpande företags synvinkel. Metod För att utföra denna uppsats har ett kvalitativt, hermeneutiskt tillvägagångssätt använts för att förstå helheten av fenomenet familjeföretags värdering. Vi har genomfört en fallstudie bestående av tre familjeföretags uppköp gjorda av Företag X som noggrant har studerats. Slutsats När ett familjeföretag värderas är det avgörande att ha erfarenhet, branschkännedom, intuition och framför allt kunskap och erfarenhet om familjeföretag. De immateriella tillgångarna i ett familjeföretag, som till exempel rykte, kultur och kunskap bidrar tillsammans med olika värderingsmodeller till ett rättvist värde av familjeföretaget. / Background The vast majority of all Swedish companies are family businesses. Research within the field of family businesses has not until recent years been developed. Moreover, the research regarding valuation of family businesses is close to non-existing. Family businesses differ in many ways from non-family businesses, for example when it comes to culture, ownership and management. Hence, there is a possibility that family businesses are valuated differently from non-family businesses. Purpose of this thesis The purpose with this thesis is to describe how valuation of family businesses is done from the perspective of an acquiring company. Method For this thesis a qualitative, hermeneutic approach was applied in order to understand the whole picture of the valuation of the family business phenomenon. A case study approach was carried out by carefully studying three acquisitions of small private family businesses in the service sector made by Company X. Conclusions The crucial skills to possess are experience, industry knowledge, intuition and most of all family business knowledge and experience when determining a fair value of a family business. The intangible assets of a family business, for instance reputation, culture and knowledge, together with different valuation methods contribute to the estimation of the value of a family business.

This study presents the financial behavior of individuals in Umeå and how their allocation of financial assets has changed as an effect of the financial crisis of 2008. We have also elaborated further on what variables that has had the most impact on individuals’ reallocation behavior. We have chosen a quantitative approach and based our findings on the data derived from 210 participants. Our entire sample was drawn from the geographical area of Umeå and the data was collected through the use of a survey. Our research is built upon a deductive approach; hence we are not generating new theory but rather drawing our conclusions from the comparison of our collected data with previous made research. Our analysis led us to the conclusion that the majority of the individuals in Umeå have not chosen to reallocate their financial assets due to the financial crisis of 2008. Our research was to most parts in line with previous research made within this area. We were also able to determine some main variables that have had a evident effect on the individuals decision to reallocate or not. Some of the most prominent variables are; gender, income and risk willingness.

El objetivo de esta tesis es evaluar la eficiencia así como la evolución de la productividad en las empresas del sector textil y de la confección en diferentes regiones del mundo. Además, investigamos los factores que contribuyen a explicar las diferencias en cuanto a los niveles de eficiencia mostrados por las empresas bajo análisis. En particular, la tesis se enfoca en el papel de los recursos intangibles y su contribución a eficiencia empresarial. Como marco de referencia esta investigación emplea la Teoría de los Recursos y Capacidades (Resource-based View of the Firm) con su reciente desarrollo del Enfoque de las Capacidades Dinámicas (Dynamic Capabilities Approach), la Teoría de la Agencia (Agency Theory), y la Teoría Institucional (Institutional Theory). Construimos y contrastamos un modelo teórico el cual relaciona los recursos intangibles y otros factores internos y externos con la eficiencia de las empresas. De esta forma, este estudio contribuye al desarrollo de la investigación sobre los activos intangibles mediante la introducción de un método alternativo para la medición del desempeño empresarial. Además nuestra propuesta permite abordar la eficiencia desde una perspectiva integral, donde diferentes enfoques teóricos son considerados a la hora de explicar los factores que afectan la eficiencia. Para ello, usamos una base de datos original que se desarrolló a través de la vinculación de datos a partir de tres fuentes de información: COMPUSTAT, DATASTREAM y OSIRIS. Nuestra base de datos consta de 5477 observaciones (eficiencia estática) y 4982 observaciones (evolución de la productividad en el tiempo) de las empresas de la industria textil y de la confección en diferentes regiones del mundo para el período de 1995-2004. La mayoría de las empresas provienen de los EE.UU., Japón, China, Corea, Taiwán, Alemania y el Reino Unido (regiones de Asia, America del Norte y Europa). La metodología empleada en esta tesis involucra: 1) el cálculo de los indicadores de eficiencia para las empresas de la muestra mediante una función distancia orientada hacia el "input", utilizando el método de Análisis Envolvente de Datos (Data Envelopment Analisis DEA); 2) el cálculo de la evolución de la productividad en el tiempo mediante la aplicación del índice de Malmquist; y 3) el contraste de las hipótesis donde empleamos un modelo de regresión truncada con datos de panel. Además, evaluamos la significancia estadística de los indicadores estáticos y dinámicos de eficiencia obtenidos mediante la aplicación de métodos de "bootstrapping". Por último, nuestras conclusiones se presentan junto con las implicaciones que consideramos pertinentes tanto para managers como para los encargados de formular políticas de desarrollo. La referencia a las limitaciones del estudio, y algunas recomendaciones para futuras investigaciones se presentan al final del documento. La principal implicación de esta tesis indica que las empresas de la industria textil y de la confección necesitan invertir en recursos intangibles. / In this dissertation, we aim at assessing efficiency as well as productivity evolution over time of firms in the textile and apparel sector in different regions in the world, and we look at the factors contributing to efficiency outcomes. In particular, we focus on the role that intangible assets play in efficiency. Theoretically, this research stands upon the Resource-Based View of the Firm with its recent development of the Dynamic Capabilities Approach, the Agency Theory, and the Institutional Theory. We build and test a theoretical model that hypothetically links intangible assets, other internal factors and external factors with firm efficiency. In this way, this study contributes to the development of intangible assets research by introducing the alternative method for performance measurement, and benefits the efficiency literature by trying to integrate different theoretical perspectives considering the factors affecting efficiency. We rely on the original dataset which was developed through the linkage of the information from three databases: COMPUSTAT, DATASTREAM and OSIRIS. It consists of 5477 observations (static efficiency) and 4982 observations (productivity evolution over time) of firms from the textile and apparel industry worldwide for the 1995-2004 time-period. The majority of companies come from the USA, Japan, China, Korea, Taiwan, Germany and the UK (regions of Asia, North America and Europe). Methodology applied in this dissertation involves: 1) the computation of static efficiency indicators of firms in the sample by means of an input distance function using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method; 2) the computation of productivity evolution over time through the application of Malmquist index; 3) the model and the hypotheses testing in the panel data truncated regression. In addition, we assess the statistical significance of static and dynamic efficiency indicators through the application of bootstrapping methods. Finally, our conclusions are presented together with their implications for managers and policy makers, reference to the studyís limitations, and some recommendations for future research. The main implication of this dissertation indicates that textile and apparel firms need to invest in intangible assets.

During the financial crisis, many assets became illiquid and ceased trading on the open market, thus classifying them as level three assets. This study attempts to determine whether fair value asset disclosures, especially level three assets, were viewed by the market as valued correctly, given the amount of subjectivity involved. This paper will discuss prior literature on the topics of fair value accounting, various earnings quality measures, and corporate governance impact on fair value disclosures. Using models similar to prior papers, many of the coefficients of interest proved insignificant. However, the models improved when examining only the least credible firms.

A good and functioning accounting system is vital for public sector entities, therefore, they have to observe all requirements and disclosures that are recommended in the accounting standards of financial reporting. When a public sector entity acts and follows the legislation correctly it will affect the citizens’ participation, which in turn will also lead to increased democracy. Because of the IPSAS’s and the SCMA’s standards which in turn are influenced by the business accounting standards (IAS and IFRS), the public sector entities have had issues whether to follow some of the standards. One example of this issue is the evaluation of assets which has been problematic, therefore, the imitation of the private sector has been criticized by academics, like for example Mautz (1981) and Pallot (1992). The main objective with this study is to explore to which extent Swedish municipalities are following the recommendations from SCMA regarding the evaluation of the assets. The purpose of the article is also to compare two municipalities and explore differences and similarities between them. Further we can explore if the quality of the financial information is affected by the size of the municipality, that is, if a small municipality does have a poorer quality in comparison to a bigger one; which many assume. We also want to discover the main similarities and differences between the IPSAS and SCMA, that is, when it comes to the standards regarding the evaluation of assets. To achieve the purpose of this case study, we will interview two people from two different municipalities, that is, two employees on the financial department who have accounting and the annual report as their main tasks. This study shows that there are mostly similarities and not major differences between these two municipalities regarding the evaluation of assets. Hence, both municipalities follow the national standards from the SCMA, but with very few exceptions when it comes to assets evaluation. This study also showed that the IPSASB and the SCMA recommend different methods when measuring the value of an asset, therefore, there is a difference between them two in this matter. In brief, the SCMA rather recommends the cost method; the IPSASB on the other hand proposes the fair value method as the most appropriate. This study shows that there are no major deviations between the two municipalities when it comes to following the standards regarding the evaluation of assets, hence, the quality mostly does not differ.