The model of Entrepreneurial Orientation has frequently been used as a way to analyze the entrepreneurial behavior of organizations. Although the model has been adopted across different context, it has rarely been adapted to these: One such context is nonprofits. As nonprofits operate under other circumstances, we argue that the five dimensions of innovativeness, risk-taking, proactiveness, competitive aggressiveness, and autonomy may not account for all entrepreneurial activity in these organizations. With the largest body of nonprofits in Sweden being sports, a single case study with semi-structured interviews of members in Judo associations were conducted to answer the two research questions: (1) Which dimensions of EO can be found within nonprofits? and (2) Why do entrepreneurial behavior differ between for-profits and nonprofits? By implementing the study of Morris, Webb and Franklin (2011) of motivation, processes, and outcomes we identified what processes can be translated into dimensions, as well as what the motivation behind these are. By analyzing our empirical data we were able to answer our questions in the following way. In nonprofits, the dimensions of innovativeness, internal proactiveness, collaboration, lobbying, and autonomy were identified, indicating that the EO model does indeed need to be adapted for nonprofits. The reason for why these dimensions occurred is mainly due to difference in the motivation of nonprofits. We find that the nonprofits aim to fulfill external goals, by serving a social purpose to stakeholders and growth. This means that nonprofits are not as focused on other players in the market, which impacts on their entrepreneurial behavior.

Unit owners association as a subject of law (A comparative study of the new civil code bill) The purpose of my thesis is to analyse current legislation regarding apartment ownership which incorporates provisions regarding unit owners associations and compare it with the new Civil Code bill which will incorporate these provisions in the future. The methodology is primarily critical analysis. I explain the main problem by way of practical examples. The reason for choosing this subject of research is its topicality and the large numbers of people who live in apartments in the Czech Republic who are required to be members of unit owners associations. The thesis is composed of six chapters, five of which deal with various elements of the provisions regarding unit owner associations. Following these chapters, I look at the new Civil Code bill. The final chapter describes some provisions which apply outside the Czech Republic. Chapter One explains the legal status of unit owners associations as a legal entity and their characteristics. The chapter is subdivided into three main parts. Part One deals with the extent of the association's legal capacity. Part Two describes who represents the association and Part Three concerns the register of unit owners associations. Chapter Two describes the creation and...

M.Com. (Economics) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

Doctor Educationis / Formal microfinance institutions have been an important tool in the fight against poverty in developing countries, but their reach for rural people and urban slum poor are limited. Following this, Village Savings and Loan Associations (VSLAs) are established as an alternative, informal mechanism for saving and borrowing that do not require external capital or ongoing financial or administrative support from a founding organization or government bodies. Thus, this study aimed to assess the effects of women participation in VSLA on poverty reduction with a case study in Hawassa city, Ethiopia. Using a mixed qualitative and quantitative research methodology, the study tried to focus on examining the effects of VSLAs contribution to economic and social wellbeing of households, and decision makings, and women participation in community activities. The study used 254 samples (127 VSLA participants, and 127 non-participants) and collected data using questionnaire and focus group discussion. The study used propensity score matching (PSM) to estimate the impact of women participation in VSLA on average monthly household income, and the result indicated the average effect of women participation in VSLA on average monthly household income of participant women is positive and significant at 5% significant level, ranging from 169.63 Birr/month (nearest neighbor matching) to 141.55 Birr/month (Kernel matching), on average. Besides, comparison between participants and non-participants using hypothesis testing shows that women participation in VSLA has a significant positive association with improvements in household diet, health, children’s education, and women’s involvement in household decisions. However, although hypothesized, no significant association is found in relation to women participation in community activities. Findings from the focus group discussions are also consistent with the results from the PSM and hypothesis testing. Following the findings, the study recommends government and nongovernmental organizations to provide regular, timely and need based capacity building trainings for VSLA participants; Link VSLA participants with formal microfinance institutions; conduct regular monitoring and follow ups by either the city or sub-cities Women Children Affairs Department/offices or concerned government body; different concerned stakeholders in the city including government, nongovernmental organizations, microfinance institutions and others need to work in coordinated manner to solve the recurrent challenges of VSLA participants in Hawassa city; and finally government and/or nongovernmental organizations need to take best practices and lessons from existing VSLAs and expand the VSLA initiative to address more impoverished women in the city.

Mettre la maladie entre parenthèses pour faire et être comme tout le monde » représente l’un des objectifs que se sont fixées de nouvelles associations d’usagers dans le paysage psychiatrique français, les Groupes d’Entraide Mutuelle (GEM). Le projet des GEM s’inscrit dans un mouvement d’associations d’usagers de la psychiatrie qui a commencé à se développer dans les années 1970, et qui est encore aujourd’hui peu connu du grand public, des professionnels de la santé et des sciences sociales. En cherchant à décrire comment se déroulait, en pratique, une telle association, il est apparu pertinent de s’interroger sur ce que pouvait signifier « ignorer la maladie » dans ces conditions. Cette « mise entre parenthèses » a été pensée, par les équipes à l’initiative du projet des GEM, comme un moyen, pour les participants, de ne plus se considérer et être considérés comme des malades.L’anthropologie s’est souvent centrée sur la question du travail – par le rite, la socialisation, l’incorporation ou par d’autres formes d’interactions - qui transforme un individu empirique en un certain type de personne. Quelques études d’anthropologie psychiatrique suggèrent que les individus faisant l’expérience de troubles psychiques ne sont pas considérés, dans une société donnée, comme des personnes « complètes », « normales », comme les autres. Notre recherche, s’inscrivant dans une perspective d’anthropologie de la personne, vise à comprendre par quelles formes de sociabilités, d’activités organisées et d’autres pratiques, quelqu’un, qui est défini au départ comme souffrant de troubles psychiques, peut arriver à « faire et être comme tout le monde ». Cet enjeu est traduit, par les acteurs associatifs, comme une volonté de faire du GEM un« passage» par lequel les usagers transiteraient pour réaliser cette transformation en personne dite « normale ». Les ethnographies « classiques » sur les rites d’initiation, de religion ou encore de commensalité, comme les recherches contemporaines sur l’expérience de la maladie ou du handicap, ont apporté des réflexions sur la liminarité, la performativité et le mimétisme qui permettent de comprendre comment se fait un passage. La recherche repose sur un travail d’observation réalisé dans 4 GEM et 4 structures apparentées de la région Ile-de-France et une enquête quantitative qui a permis de contextualiser l’ensemble des GEM de cette région.Sur la base du scénario idéal-typique du « passage », inspiré de l’ethnologie « classique » des rites, nous pouvons constater que le GEM est mis en pratique comme un espace-temps liminaire, au cours duquel un type de personne est produit comme étant à l’intermédiaire du « malade » et du « normal ». En considérant la liminarité comme le produit d’interactions situées, il est alors possible d’envisager cette situation associative comme étant aussi bien subie que construite par les usagers de la psychiatrie, amenant ainsi à reconsidérer les approches classiques du rite de passage et de la personne. Notre recherche conduit ainsi à appréhender la liminarité comme étant un élément à part entière de la personne, permettant ainsi de sortir de la dichotomie entre normalité et anormalité. / Pas de résumé en anglais

Abstract Throughout history, many diseases have carried considerable stigma, including leprosy tuberculosis, cancer, mental illness and many STDs. Now HIV/AIDS is the topmost in the list of diseases that leads to devastating patient stigmatization. Despite international efforts to tackle HIV/AIDS, stigma and discrimination remain among the most poorly understood aspects of the epidemic. In the face of numerous intervention strategies, HIV/AIDS continues to spread and to pose a threat to the socio-economic transformation of South Africa. The broad objective of this study was to investigate how the stigmatisation of HIV-Positive women is made manifest and look at how successful the National Association of people living with HIV/AIDS (NAPWA) in South Africa has been in achieving their objectives and goals of changing the perceptions people have about HIV/AIDS and creating awareness about the debilitating effect stigmatisation has in the society, especially when it viciously targets HIV-positive women. A case study approach was used to examine the experiences of HIV/AIDS infected/affected women and NAPWA administrators. Methods used in the collection of data were self-administered questionnaires, participant observation and archival evidence in the form of documents. Through these methods, the study investigated ways in which the stigmatisation of HIV-positive women was made manifest, the role of NAPWA in fighting HIV/AIDS stigmatisation, how successful NAPWA has been in the fight against the stigmatisation of people infected and affected by HIV/AIDS in South Africa, challenges faced by NAPWA in the fight against HIV stigmatisation and discrimination, weaknesses of NAPWA and what impact all these have in the spread of HIV/AIDS. The research results show that HIV-positive women suffer stigmatisation and that; organisations of people living with HIV/AIDS (e.g. NAPWA-SA) play a major role in eradicating the stigma attached to HIV/AIDS. It also suggests that APWAs in effect help to reduce the spread of the disease and prolong the life span of those infected by it. All this not withstanding, the study also discovered that APWAs like NAPWA-SA need the support of government and stakeholders in South Africa to fully implement their strategies and programmes geared towards reducing stigma and the spread of HIV/AIDS.

Cheung Kin Hang. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 76-97). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction / Divergent meanings of trust and institution --- p.1 / Research questions --- p.1 / Structure of thesis --- p.3 / Chapter Chapter 2: --- Trust and Bounded Rationality / Meaning and the four key elements of trust --- p.5 / Plausible loss due to lack of certainty --- p.7 / Positive expectation by a trusting party --- p.8 / Relevance to human interaction --- p.9 / Intentionality --- p.10 / Trust and Rationality --- p.13 / Herbert Simon's bounded rationality --- p.13 / "Bounded rationality, use of authority, and trust" --- p.18 / Chapter Chapter 3: --- Theory of Institution / Institutionalisms in Politics and Exchange of Insights --- p.23 / Understanding of North's Works --- p.25 / North's understanding of human rationality and economic performance --- p.25 / "Core idea, major traits of institution and its relationship with actors" --- p.30 / Learning and Accumulation of Experiences --- p.38 / Plasticity of human brain --- p.44 / Path dependence and change of institution --- p.47 / Chapter Chapter 4: --- Trust and Institution / Divergent understandings of relationship of trust and institution --- p.54 / At the neural level: institutionalized experience and neural systems for trust --- p.57 / At interpersonal and organizational level: reciprocal trust and impacts of empowerment --- p.62 / At organizational and macro-social level: deprivation experience and social violence --- p.68 / Chapter Chapter 5: --- Conclusion --- p.73 / References --- p.76

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 1982. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH / Bibliography: [leaves 310-324] / by Deborah Judith Yanow. / Ph.D.

This dissertation is a social, political, and cultural history of the organized Chilean legal profession in the first half of the twentieth century. It explores the causes for the creation of the Chilean Bar Association and its Legal Aid Service in the mid-1920s and follows their evolution until the mid-1960s. In the early twentieth century, lawyers were dealing with growing internal and external challenges to the traditional power they had occupied in the Chilean state throughout the nineteenth century. The main internal challenge was the social and political diversification of lawyers; the external one was the social question and working- class mobilization, which represented a threat to the existing oligarchic social and political order. Both issues questioned the traditional place of lawyers in society, their formalistic understanding of the legal system, and the role of law as the main state- building tool. In response to these threats, a group of male elite Santiago lawyers founded the Bar Association in 1925, and its Legal Aid Service, in 1932. These two institutional mechanisms created and enforced a hegemonic discourse of “professional prestige” that affirmed the power of the traditional legal elite over the growing number of middle-class, leftwing, provincial, and women lawyers. These two institutions also modified the engagement of the legal profession with the state, replacing its former political engagement with a new technical, “apolitical” and “social” function of lawyers more atuned to the new welfare state. The internal power dynamics within the Chilean Bar Association and the Legal Aid Service explain the process through which the Chilean legal profession defined the “legal field,” as increasingly distinct from, but in constant tension with, the “political”and the “social” fields. Indeed, through the combined action of the Bar Association and the Legal Aid Service, lawyers were directed to deal with social inequalities, but only to the extent that this engagement did not challenge the formalistic approach to legal procedures and the liberal understanding of property rights. Furthermore, the final result of this professional project was to push lawyers to withdraw from the field of politics and from the public sphere. However, the process of imposing this notion of lawyering was constantly contested and negotiated with a diversifying constituency of rank-and-file lawyers, and subjected to increasing external pressures from the press, the state, and the lower classes. Thus, the professional model that the Bar had contributed to construct and maintain in the first half of the century would become increasingly contested in the revolutionary decades of the 1960s and 1970s. The relative success of the Bar Association in imposing its model of lawyering in the first half of the twentieth century allows us to understand why the legalistic framework that Chilean lawyers had inherited from the nineteenth century did not change over the course of the twentieth despite the momentous social and political evolution that both profession and country experienced in this period. The history of the Chilean Bar Association thus provides an institutional explanation for the continuity of ideas about the law in the face of accelerated social transformations. At the same time, by revealing the tensions and the resistance that this project faced, the history of the Bar also reveals the gears that would eventually lead to the legal profession’s historical change.

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