Aux États-Unis, le « pentagone ethnoracial » s’impose comme un outil majeur de la conception identitaire. Son caractère hautement normatif participe à une mise en catégories du monde social en cinq nuances immuables : blanc, afro-américain, hispanique, asiatique et amérindien. Aussi approximatif soit-il, rien ne semble remettre en question sa validité, ni les exceptions identitaires, ni les tensions qu’il induit. Parce que le campus américain s’apparente à bien des égards à une microsociété, nous avons cherché à savoir comment ces normes identitaires se manifestaient à l'Université et à travers la vie associative ethnique. Notre attention s’est portée sur le développement, l’expression, la gestion de l’identité ethnoraciale ainsi que sur la question des liens de sociabilité qui en découle. Au terme d’une enquête de terrain menée sur cinq campus de l’État de New York, d’une série d’entretiens et de sondages, nos résultats montrent que l’association constitue souvent un terrain sur lequel se développent les mécanismes définissant les « frontières ethniques » dont les contours ont souvent été esquissés avant l’Université. L’inscription dans le contexte new-yorkais se justifie par l’impact de ses fortes inégalités raciales sur les schémas interactionnels et les mécanismes identitaires. New York, ou l’État de tous les paradoxes, permet de rendre compte des problématiques liées à l’appartenance raciale et ethnique à l’échelle de la société. Lieux privilégiés de (ré)confort, le rôle des associations ethniques s’interprète comme la preuve que la dichotomie Noirs/Blancs n’a pas totalement disparu et que l’historique color-line existe encore dans les faits et dans les esprits. / In the United States, the “ethno-racial pentagon” has established itself as a major tool to define identity. Its normative aspect contributes to the process of categorizing the American social sphere into a fixed number of categories: White, African-American, Hispanic, Asian and Native American. As imprecise as the ethno-racial pentagon is, identity particularisms as well as the tensions it triggers do not seem to be enough to question its validity. As American college campuses may be described in terms of a micro-society, we looked into how identity norms manifest themselves in college and more specifically in ethnic student organizations. We primarily focused on the development, the expression, and the management of ethno-racial identity as well as the question of socialization that this topic encompasses. After conducting a field research of five campuses from New York State and a series of interviews and surveys with ethnic minority students, our findings indicate that ethnic associations tend to provide a ground for defining “ethnic boundaries” whose contours have often been outlined before college. The designation of New York State as a case study is justified by the possible impact of its racial inequalities on social interaction patterns and identity development. As a state of countless paradoxes, New York allows us to consider the issues related to racial and ethnic identity at a national level. As unique comfort zones on campus, the role that they play has proven that the Black/White dichotomy which has been structuring the American society since slavery, has not completely disappeared and that the historical color-line still exists in both mind and reality.

Cette recherche doctorale a pour objectif d'étudier les types d'apprentissages que les bénévoles développent durant leur activité au sein d'associations et concerne essentiellement les apprentissages informels, c'est-à-dire dans l'action et par la pratique. Elle s'appuie sur deux enquêtes (par questionnaires et par entretiens semi-directifs) et mobilise un cadre de références composite qui intègre les concepts d'expérience, d'apprentissage par l'expérience, d'activité, de compétences et de développement. Les résultats de ce travail montrent que les bénévoles acquièrent ou renforcent des compétences « professionnelles », mais aussi des soft skills (compétences douces) de nature relationnelle, sociale et humaine. Parmi les processus qui concourent au développement des apprentissages, la reconfiguration dans l'activité des ressources cognitives à partir des expériences ou des acquis antérieurs (professionnels, académiques ou familiaux) semble essentielle.Les résultats mettent également en évidence que les bénévoles transfèrent couramment leurs acquis hors du milieu associatif et que les compétences acquises sont différentes selon les milieux socio professionnels d'appartenance (étudiants, salariés, personnes à la recherche d'un emploi). Enfin il apparait que les usages sociaux des apprentissages réalisés dans le milieu associatif sont diversifiés. / This research aims to study the types of learning that volunteers develop during their activities in associations and it mainly concerns informal learning, that is to say, in action and in practice. It is based on two surveys (questionnaires and semi-structured interviews) and mobilizes a composite frame of reference which incorporates the concepts of experience, experiential learning, activity, competencies and development.The results of this study show that volunteers acquire or strengthen « professional » competencies but also soft skills; relational, social and human skills. Among the processes that contribute to the development of learning, reconfiguration of cognitive resources from prior experiences or learning (professional, academic or family) seems essential.The results also show that volunteers usually transfer their knowledge outside associations and the competencies acquired are different depending on socio professional backgrounds (students, employees, persons looking for work). Finally it appears that the social uses of the learning developed in associations are diverse.

L’objectif de notre étude est d’examiner la philosophie tocquevillienne de la démocratie par rapport au libéralisme et au républicanisme. Dans la première partie, nous essayons de déterminer les principes de l’aristocratie et de la démocratie dans la philosophie politique de Tocqueville. Nous tâchons également d’éclaircir l’idéal de la démocratie et sa conception de la liberté. Dans la deuxième partie, nous examinons les difficultés que Tocqueville repère dans les conceptions libérale et républicaine de la démocratie. Dans la troisième partie, nous cherchons à approfondir les solutions qu’il propose pour remédier aux défauts de la démocratie. Pour ce faire, nous retenons en particulier les trois solutions suivantes : associations, décentralisation et représentation. En même temps, nous analysons en profondeur les réflexions de Tocqueville sur la doctrine de l’intérêt bien entendu pour mieux éclaircir sa position par rapport à la problématisation républicaine du libéralisme. Selon nous, l’analyse des trois solutions permet de penser que la philosophie tocquevillienne de la démocratie peut être appréhendée comme une tentative de suppléer à des défauts de la démocratie libérale en la corrigeant par des remèdes républicains, mais qu’elle est simultanément une critique libérale du républicanisme : Tocqueville applique certains correctifs républicains au niveau local, mais il maintient fermement les principes libéraux au niveau national. / The objective of our study is to examine Tocqueville’s philosophy of democracy with regard to liberalism and to republicanism. In the first part, we try to determine the principles of aristocracy and democracy in his political philosophy. We also endeavour to clarify what is for him the ideal democracy and his conception of freedom. In the second part, we analyze the difficulties spotted by him in the liberal and republican conceptions of democracy. In the third part, we try to go deeper into the solutions which he proposes to overcome the defects of democracy. In particular, we pay attention to the three following solutions: associations, decentralization and representation. At the same time, we analyze in depth Tocqueville’s reflections on the “doctrine of the enlightened self-interest” in order to better explain his position concerning a republican problematization of liberalism. In our view, the analysis of the three solutions allows to think that Tocqueville’s philosophy of democracy can be considered as an attempt to compensate some weaknesses of the liberal democracy by correcting them with republican remedies. However, this philosophy is simultaneously a liberal criticism of the republicanism: Tocqueville applies some republican correctives at a local level, but he claims the liberal principles at a national level.

This dissertation examines the impact of homeowners' associations, an increasingly popular innovation in public service provision, on local governments and city residents. An introductory chapter (Chapter 2) outlines the increasing role of the homeowners' association in urban housing development. It overviews the history, motivation and governance of homeowners' associations in American housing markets, and it compares them to other methods of collective decision-making. As local governments have transferred public authority to these private associations, homeowners' associations can be' considered a form of residential private government. The goal of the three papers of the thesis is to examine the interactions between residential private governments, traditional local governments and city, residents. The first paper (Chapter 3) identifies the impact that homeowners' association membership has on local government expenditures. A key contribution is the construction of a thirty-year panel data set of homeowners' associations in California. Estimation results suggest that local governments have lowered their expenditures in response to the increasing membership in private governments. However, the response differs depending on the public service considered. Local governments download services that are highly substitutable by private providers, such as garbage collection and parks, but they do not download services with public good aspects, such as roads and government administration. The second paper (Chapter 4) studies property tax limitations as a motivation for why homeowners' associations have become so popular. The paper is structured in two parts. In the first part, a theoretical model examines how the decision of whether to join a homeowners' association may be altered by the imposition of a property tax limitation. In the second part, an empirical model tests the theoretical implications by using data on homeowners' associations in the era of California's Proposition 13. The third paper (Chapter 5) extends the canonical theoretical model of private government by introducing a housing market. Equilibrium is described in terms of the interaction between homeowners, the homeowners' association and the local government. The relative elasticities of housing and of public goods play a key role in interpreting the equilibrium conditions. / Arts, Faculty of / Vancouver School of Economics / Graduate

Cette thèse revient sur les migrations diolas et les évolutions identitaires qui accompagnent ces populations au contact d’autres groupes, et à la faveur des déplacements de personnes.L'immigration diola très peu étudiée, est abordée dans cette thèse, à travers les associations, informelles ou celles qui relèvent de la loi 1901, pour celles légitimées par l’autorité préfectorale en France.Ces regroupements constituent un creuset par excellence, pour analyser les enjeux de pouvoirs chez des populations héritières d'une autre forme de pouvoir. Les liens envers le lieu d'origine questionnent au-delà des parcours migratoires, les histoires, les politiques et les identifications de ces immigrés et de leurs descendants.Les enjeux de pouvoir et les interactions entre les immigrés et leurs parents restés au pays seront donc analysées sous le prisme des migrations et des coopérations bilatérales. Le contexte politique et économique est un facteur très important dans cette étude.Mots clés : Migrations, enjeux de pouvoirs, Diolas, associations, identités. / This thesis deals with the diola migrations and the evolutions of their identities when they meet other groups by moving.The diola immigration, few studied, is considered in this thesis through the unformal associations or the legal associations ruled by the law of 1901 legitimated by French local authorities. These communities are the ideal place to analyze the challenges of power among people who have been ruled by other kinds of power. The links with the country of origin are questioned out of the migratory trajects and the stories, the policies and the didentifications of these immigrants and their descents are also studied.The power challenges and the interactions between the immigrants and their relatives living in the country of origine will be analyzed through the migrations and the bilateral cooperations. The politicla and economic context is an important factor in this research.Key words : migrations, power challenges, Diola, associations, identities

The issue of immigration is arguably one of the most loaded political issues. Not only for several member states of the European union but since the Dublin-agreement fell apart, maybe also for the union as a whole. The growing number of anti-immigrant parties on the rise have intensified the interest by scholars in the issue of anti-immigrant sentiments and its explanations, and recently, trust has been found to constitute one of the strongest explanatory variables for the attitudes toward immigration.    But although the theoretical arguments and empirical evidence are there from separate fields of research, the link between voluntary associations, trust and support for immigration has not yet been connected. The idea of associations as a generator for “civic virtues” has been influential in the field of political science. But could the virtues fostered in associations have an impact in the attitudes toward immigration as well?    By using data from the SOM-institutes national survey of 2016, this study conducts a quantitative investigation on an individual-level to the relationship between associations, trust and anti-immigrant sentiments. The study’s findings suggest that there is a significant positive relationship between membership in associations that partially is mediated by trust, and somewhat surprisingly, the study finds there may be something else to associational membership that has an significant impact on trust. Lastly, some theoretical arguments are provided to attribute this “something else”-effect to Putnam’s second civic virtue “generalized reciprocity”.

« Identité » est un terme qui a fait irruption dans les sciences sociales dans les années 70 puis, à partir des années1990, dans les politiques de développement européenne et française comme dans les recommandations de l’UNESCO. « Identité » devient alors un sésame des subventions, élément incontournable des politiques publiques, indispensable à tout dirigeant local en quête de reconnaissance. Ce marqueur de visibilité sur un marché touristique de plus en plus concurrentiel fait naître à Nice l’urgence de se doter d’une « identité », alors même que la ville traverse une crise de son économie touristique et sort tout juste d’un important marasme politique.Relayées par des associations culturelles, les sept années de politique municipale des « Etats généraux de l’identité niçoise » font naître le “Comté de Nice”. Conceptualisé à partir d’un acte fondateur – la Dédition de Nice à la Savoie – ce « Comté de Nice » sert d’alibi à une demande de recomposition territoriale dont les principaux moteurs sont la volonté récurrente de se défaire de la tutelle de Marseille et la revendication d’une place privilégiée dans les négociations en cours sur la répartition des rôles dans les nouveaux territoires européens.L’offre croissante de biens culturels et matériels à référence identitaire contribue à leur diffusion et rend leur usage de plus en plus naturel, ce qui aboutit à la création d’une communauté imaginée de Niçois source d’un communautarisme revendicatif, dans une ville dont le cosmopolitisme avait jusque-là contribué à la renommée. / Identity” is a term that first appeared in social sciences in the seventies, and in European and French developmentpolicies, as well as in the UNESCO Recommendations, in the nineties. “Identity” then became a means to acquiresubsidies, a key component to public policies and an essential aspect for any leader seeking recognition. Thismarker of visibility in an increasingly competitive tourism market created the urgency for Nice to adopt an“Identity”, although the town was going through a tourism economy crisis and just pulling out of a significantpolitical slump. Relayed by cultural associations, the seven years municipal policy of the “Etats généraux del’identité niçoise” gave rise to the “County of Nice”. Conceptualised from a founding act – the Dédition of Nice toSavoie – this “County of Nice” has been used as an alibi for a territorial recombining request, whose main driversDépôt de thèseDonnéescomplémentairesare the willingness to separate from the administrative supervision of Marseilles and the call for an advantageousposition in the current negotiations regarding the role distribution in the new European territories. The increasingsupply of identity-related cultural and material goods contributes to their dissemination and makes them evenmore mainstream, which has led to the creation of an imagined community from Nice as the source of a protestingcommunitarianism in a town where cosmopolitanism had been a contributing factor of fame.

The value of secondary brand associations has been discussed in the literature for decades. Companies are transferring their brand building to retailers (Bruwer, Li et al. 2002 ), therefore, it is very important to understand the impact of retailers on the product brand and consumers’ decision making processes when considering other relevant sources of brand associations. However, in the wine environment, few published studies have been carried out to examine the association with retailers. Thus, the primary aim of this study is to examine whether this association transfers value to the image of wine brand and influences consumers’ behaviour. Also, the impact of ethnicity on the consumer’s decision making process will be taken into account. This research specifically provides insight into Christchurch’s wine retailing industry. Owing to the limited time and resources, the wine drinking community in Christchurch has been divided into two groups (European and Non-European). Europeans (150) and Non-Europeans (50) were recruited for the sample. Two research models and six main hypotheses were established to analyze the relationships between brand associations, perceived brand image and consumer behaviour. Research was conducted to collect quantitative data by using questionnaires, including rating scales and multiple choice questions. Face to face interviews and self-administered methods were employed. Participants were recruited by using a combination of convenience sampling, quota sampling and random sampling. A statistical programme called the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyse the data. From the results it was found that associations including the packaging, characteristics, quality, country of origin, producer of the wine, retailer or staff qualities have a positive impact on the spending on wine. In particular, the kinds of retailers make differences to consumers’ expected wine budgets. The results also suggested that the evaluation patterns and perceptions of wine are different in the two ethnic groups.

Doctor of Philosophy / Division of Biology / Keith B. Gido / This dissertation consists of three research-based chapters which focus on habitat association of prairie stream fishes and how these fish communities influence stream ecosystem properties. Chapter one introduces important concepts used throughout the chapters, and describes my study streams. In chapter two, I identify local habitat factors associated with the diversity and density of fishes in two protected prairie watersheds. Specifically, the relative importance of habitat factors associated with fish communities were evaluated along a stream-size gradient and across multiple seasons and years. I found that species richness was positively associated with pool area and discharge. Redundancy analyses showed common prairie fish species exhibit ontogenetic habitat associations, with adults in deep and juveniles in shallow pools. Chapter 3 addresses how fish species richness in small prairie streams affects whole-stream metabolism and biomass distribution of benthic organic matter, algal and macroinvertebrates. This study was conducted by stocking experimental stream mesocosms that included pool-riffle habitats with three different communities that represent a gradient of species richness of headwater prairie streams from one to three common prairie stream fish species. I illustrated how species influence ecosystems across multiple spatial scales and found that different communities altered the distribution of algal biomass from benthic surfaces to floating mats and from pools to riffles. The objective of the fourth chapter was to quantify how two size classes of herbivorous prairie stream fish species, central stoneroller Campostoma anamolum and southern redbelly dace Chrosomus erythrogaster differentially affect stream ecosystem properties. This study was also conducted in experimental stream mesocosms, where each unit consisted of one riffle and one pool. Using ANOVAs, I found large dace were associated with longer filaments (F = 7.5, P = 0.002, df = 4) and small fishes with less benthic organic matter (F = 4.2, P = 0.02, df = 4). There was no evidence for ontogenetic shifts in diet and likely differences in energetic requirements and behavior drove the differences among treatments. My research finds that small-bodied prairie stream fishes have predictable habitat preferences and effects on stream properties are dependent on species identity, richness and size structure.

Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries