The thesis consists of a summary and four self-contained papers. Paper [I] examines the effects of interregional migration on gross earnings in married and cohabiting couples. In particular, we examine the link between education level and income gains. We find that pre-migration education level is a key determinant of migration and economic outcomes and is also a determinant of the effect of migration on income distribution within the household. The positive average effect on household earnings is largely explained by income gains among highly-educated males. Females generally experience no significant income gain from migration in absolute terms. Paper [II] analyzes the effect of the spouse’s education on individual earnings. In this study, we control for time-invariant heterogeneity that may be correlated with the spouse’s education level and use a rich data set that includes observations of individuals when they are single and when they are married. The results support the hypothesis of cross-productivity for both males and females. Furthermore, couples with education within the same field experience even larger effects. In Paper [III] we aim to study how the spouse’s productivity in the labor market affects one’s own individual earnings when married. Using longitudinal data on individuals as both single and married allows us to estimate the spouses’ productivity as single persons and thereby avoid problems of endogeneity between the two spouses’ labor market performances. Productivity is approximated with residuals from estimates of pre-marriage earnings equations. Results indicate that there are negative effects of the spouse’s productivity on individual earnings for both males and females, and that this effect appears to be enhanced by the duration of the marriage. Paper [IV] studies spousal matching on earnings for females in secondorder marriages. We aim to follow women who marry, divorce, and subsequently remarry compared with females who marry and stay married over the course of the study interval. Overall, we find significant positive correlations for all three of the marital partitions. The correlation tends to be smaller for the first of a sequence of marriages for women who divorce than for women who marry and stay so. For the second of the successive marriages, however, the correlation of the residuals is larger than that for women who marry but once.

The bounded-hybrid superiority hypothesis (BHSH) predicts stable hybrid zones are characterized by hybrids having the highest fitness within the zone. The dynamic-equilibrium hypothesis (DEH) predicts hybrids to have the lowest fitness and mating should be strongly assortative in the hybrid zone. I used phenotypic-based hybrid indices (HI) to assess mating patterns, reproductive success, and survival of hybridizing northern flickers (Colaptes auratus) within the hybrid zone at Riske Creek, British Columbia. Contrary to the BHSH, flickers showed significant assortative pairing (P = 0.038) which may result via passive mate choice if yellow and red flickers migrate from allopatric winter ranges. North American band recoveries show red-shafted and yellow-shafted flickers winter on different sides of the Rocky Mountains while red-orange hybrids from Riske Creek winter in the range of red-shafted flickers. Arrival dates of phenotypes did not support the idea that mating patterns are caused passively via different arrival schedules. However, assortative mating patterns did correlate with regional weather patterns along flicker migration routes as well as the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) a continental weather pattern that has been shown to influence various aspects of the annual cycle in other birds. If variable weather patterns result in different mating patterns by affecting migration, the geographic location of the northern portion of the zone may be variable due to the migratory behaviour of individuals.<p>There were no differences among yellow, orange and red flickers to win more agonistic contests or have earlier nest initiation dates, larger clutch sizes, greater hatching success, or produce more fledglings. No colour group had a higher likelihood of having a successful compared to a depredated nesting attempt. Aggression was similar between red (N = 21) and yellow flickers (N = 20) during taxidermy model presentations of pure red-shafted and yellow-shafted flickers. Using Akaikes information criterion (AIC) in Program MARK, I determined survival was best modeled as either constant between males and females or varying annually according to weather. Models incorporating HI had less support but suggested that survival is best modeled as a linear relationship where red-shafted flickers have the highest survival. Survival modeled in quadratic relationships found hybrid flickers to have the highest apparent survival estimates in support of the BHSH. Overall there was no support for reduced hybrid fitness, but survival appears to be influenced more by annual variation rather than strictly by an individuals HI. Overall, I failed to find reduced hybrid fitness in support of the DEH but also failed to find increased hybrid fitness as predicted by the BHSH. Annual changes in selection pressure could prevent introgression of hybrid genes throughout the zone if selection favours red-shafted genes in some years and yellow-shafted genes in other years.

The bounded-hybrid superiority hypothesis (BHSH) predicts stable hybrid zones are characterized by hybrids having the highest fitness within the zone. The dynamic-equilibrium hypothesis (DEH) predicts hybrids to have the lowest fitness and mating should be strongly assortative in the hybrid zone. I used phenotypic-based hybrid indices (HI) to assess mating patterns, reproductive success, and survival of hybridizing northern flickers (Colaptes auratus) within the hybrid zone at Riske Creek, British Columbia. Contrary to the BHSH, flickers showed significant assortative pairing (P = 0.038) which may result via passive mate choice if yellow and red flickers migrate from allopatric winter ranges. North American band recoveries show red-shafted and yellow-shafted flickers winter on different sides of the Rocky Mountains while red-orange hybrids from Riske Creek winter in the range of red-shafted flickers. Arrival dates of phenotypes did not support the idea that mating patterns are caused passively via different arrival schedules. However, assortative mating patterns did correlate with regional weather patterns along flicker migration routes as well as the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) a continental weather pattern that has been shown to influence various aspects of the annual cycle in other birds. If variable weather patterns result in different mating patterns by affecting migration, the geographic location of the northern portion of the zone may be variable due to the migratory behaviour of individuals.<p>There were no differences among yellow, orange and red flickers to win more agonistic contests or have earlier nest initiation dates, larger clutch sizes, greater hatching success, or produce more fledglings. No colour group had a higher likelihood of having a successful compared to a depredated nesting attempt. Aggression was similar between red (N = 21) and yellow flickers (N = 20) during taxidermy model presentations of pure red-shafted and yellow-shafted flickers. Using Akaikes information criterion (AIC) in Program MARK, I determined survival was best modeled as either constant between males and females or varying annually according to weather. Models incorporating HI had less support but suggested that survival is best modeled as a linear relationship where red-shafted flickers have the highest survival. Survival modeled in quadratic relationships found hybrid flickers to have the highest apparent survival estimates in support of the BHSH. Overall there was no support for reduced hybrid fitness, but survival appears to be influenced more by annual variation rather than strictly by an individuals HI. Overall, I failed to find reduced hybrid fitness in support of the DEH but also failed to find increased hybrid fitness as predicted by the BHSH. Annual changes in selection pressure could prevent introgression of hybrid genes throughout the zone if selection favours red-shafted genes in some years and yellow-shafted genes in other years.

Apresenta-se nesta tese os resultados de aplicações do formalismo da Mecânica Estatística em dois problemas independentes. O primeiro diz respeito a um modelo para Evolução do Acasalamento Preferencial no processo de Especiação Simpátrica; enquanto que o segundo refere-se ao desenvolvimento de um algoritmo de aprendizado por meio de Inferência Aproximativa. No problema biológico estudado, cada indivíduo em um modelo de agentes é composto por dois traços. Enquanto um é responsável pela ecologia do indivíduo, o outro dita uma aparência física descorrelacionada com a adaptabilidade. Esses traços são expressos por diferentes loci que estão ligados entre si por uma taxa de recombinação. O modelo inclui também a possibilidade de evolução da preferência sexual dos indivíduos. Foi construído para esse modelo um diagrama de fases no espaço dos parâmetros que descrevem o ambiente como, por exemplo, quantidades de recursos e deficiência do indivíduo híbrido. Foram encontradas três fases de equilíbrio: (i) emergência de Acasalamento Preferencial; (ii) extinção de um dos alelos do locus responsável pela ecologia e (iii) equilíbrio Hardy-Weinberg. Foi verificado que o acasalamento preferencial pode emergir ou mesmo ser perdido (e vice-versa) em resposta a mudanças no ambiente. Além disso, o sistema apresenta memória característica típica de transições de primeira ordem, o que permitiu a descrição desse sistema biológico por meio do arcabouço da Mecânica Estatística. Em relação à Inferência Aproximativa, está-se interessado na construção de um algoritmo de aprendizado supervisionado por meio da técnica de Propagação de Expectativas. Mais especificamente, pretende-se inferir os parâmetros que compõem um Perceptron Professor a partir do conjunto de pares - entradas e saídas - que formam o conjunto de dados disponíveis. A estimativa desses parâmetros será feita pela substituição de uma distribuição Posterior original, geralmente intratável, por uma distribuição aproximativa tratável. o algoritmo Propagação de Expectativas foi adotado para a atualização, passo a passo, dos termos que compõem essa distribuição aproximativa. Essa atualização deve ser repetida até que a convergência seja atingida. Utilizando o Teorema do Limite Central e o método de Cavidade, foi possível obter um algoritmo genérico e que apresentou desempenho bastante evidente em dois modelos estudados: o modelo do Perceptron Binário e o modelo do Perceptron Gaussiano, com desempenho ótimo em ambos os casos. / This thesis presents applications of the framework of Statistical Mechanics to two independent problems. The first corresponds to a computational model for the evolution of Assortative Mating in the Sympatric Speciation process; and the second a learning algorithm built by means of a Bayesian Inference approach. In the biological problem each individual in an agent-based model is composed of two traits. One trait, called the ecological trait, is directly related with the fitness; the other, called the marker trait, has no bearing on the fitness. The traits are determined by different loci which are linked by a recombination rate. There is also the possibility of evolution of mating preferences, which are inherited from the mother and subject to random variations. The study of the phase diagram in the spa e of parameters describing the environment (like carrying capacity and disruptive selection) reveals the existence of three phases: (i) assortative mating; (ii) extinction of one allele from ecological loci; and (iii) Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. It was verifed that the assortative mating an emerge or even be lost (and vice-versa) acording with the environmental hanges. Moreover, the system shows memory of the initial condition, characterising a hysteresis. Hysteresis is the signature of first order phase transition, which allows the description of the system by means of the Statistical Mechanics framework. In relation to the Bayesian Inference, a supervised learning algorithm was constructed by means of the Expectation Propagation approach. The idea is to estimate the parameters which compose a Teacher Perceptron by the substitution of the original posterior distribution, intra table, by a tractable approximative distribution. The step-by-step update of the terms composing the approximative distribution was performed by using the Expectation Propagation algorithm. The update must be repeated until the convergence ocurrs. Using the Central Limit Theorem and the Cavity Approah, it was possible to get a generic algorithm that has shown a very good performance in two application scenarios: The Binary Perceptron Model and the Gaussian Perceptron Model.

Mixed-ploidy populations, consisting of multiple cytotypes, are an optimal system for studying genome doubling consequences in plants. The role of frequency dependent selection, known as minority cytotype exclusion principle, is very important in them, but there are many factors limiting this selection. In my thesis, I evaluate the changes in cytotype frequencies and pattern in permanent plots in natural mixed-ploidy populations of three plant species - Butomus umbellatus, Knautia serpentinicola and Tripleurospermum inodorum and I also experimentally analyze partial aspects of frequency dependent selection towards minority cytotype in artificially established mixed-ploidy arrays of two plant species - Arabidopsis arenosa and Tripleurospermum inodorum. Varied changes in frequencies of minority cytotype ware revealed in permanent plots. Usually there was decrease, but in two plots there was increase in minority cytotype frequency and in one case it became dominant. Observed changes depend on initial frequencies of minority cytotype in populations, biological properties of species and particular environment of permanent plot. Relative indexes describing the frequency and the strength of disturbances and also the amount of soil nutrients was used to compare the environment of permanent plots across...

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En stor del av dem som bildar par i Sverige har idag träffats på olika online-dejtingplattformar. Tidigare forskning har visat att kvinnor är mer selektiva i val av partner. Detta kan göra att män riskerar att bli bortvalda i dessa sammanhang, vilket kan medföra negativa konsekvenser för den enskilda individen och samhället i stort. Syftet med denna kvalitativa studie är att undersöka heterosexuella kvinnors preferenser och resonemang om mäns profiler inom online-dejting, med fokus på vad som får dem att välja en profil. För att besvara syftet ställs följande frågeställningar: “Vad anser heterosexuella kvinnor att en online-dejtingprofil skall innehålla för att de skall välja den?” och “Hur resonerar heterosexuella kvinnor när de väljer en online-dejtingprofil?". Semistrukturerade intervjuer har utförts med nio heterosexuella kvinnor mellan 22 och 30 år och materialet har därefter analyserats tematiskt. Studien har haft en abduktiv ansats och data diskuteras delvis utifrån teorin om assortative mating. Studien visade att kvinnor initialt resonerade kring profilens uppfattade positiva attribut, därefter sökte de efter ledtrådar i profilen om mannens egenskaper och slutligen visualiserade de sig att dejta mannen i verkligheten. Studiens resultat visade visst stöd för assortative mating då liknande värderingar var något många av respondenterna uppvisade preferenser för. Resultatet visade också att respondenterna konsekvent sökte efter ledtrådar i mannens online-dejtingprofil, ett sätt för dem att hantera den digitala miljön, med begränsad information. Studiens resultat diskuteras delvis utifrån ett perspektiv om kulturella skillnader, då assortative mating är utformad i en amerikansk kontext.

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