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This thesis documents the development of rhodium-catalyzed traceless chelation-controlled hydroacylation reactions for the synthesis of a variety of ketone products. <strong>Chapter 1</strong> provides an overview of rhodium-catalyzed hydroacylation chemistry, focusing on the origin of chelation-controlled strategies and the benefits thereof. <strong>Chapter 2</strong> describes a sequential reaction involving alkene hydroacylation, sulfide elimination and boronic acid conjugate addition, which affords products with the initial sulfide coordinating group replaced by a stereochemically defined aryl group. <strong>Chapter 3</strong> demonstrates a sequential process involving alkyne hydroacylation, boronic acid conjugate addition and sulfide elimination, which provides enantioenriched β'-arylα,β-unsaturated ketones in a highly efficient and selective manner. <strong>Chapter 4</strong> illustrates a versatile chelating group, triazene, for hydroacylation reactions. Subsequent functionalization of aromatic C-H bonds, promoted by the same chelating unit, offers highly substituted phenyl ketone products. <strong>Chapter 5</strong> documents experimental procedures and data.

Rhodium-catalysed enantioselective allylation reaction of imines in the presence of chiral diene ligands has been investigated. Under the optimised conditions, cyclic imines provided homoallylic amines in high yield and excellent enantioselectivities. The reaction most likely proceeds via allylrhodium(I) intermediates, and represents the first rhodium-catalysed enantioselective nucleophilic allylation of π-electrophiles with allylboron compounds. Furthermore, the allylations display a strong preference for carbon–carbon bond formation at the more substituted terminus of the allyl fragment of the allyltrifluoroborate. To demonstrate the utility of the allylation products, representative manipulations were conducted. Enantioselective Nickel-Catalysed Michael Additions of 2-Acetylazaarenes to Nitroalkenes An enantioselective Michael addition of acylazaarenes with α-substituted β-nitroacrylates in the presence of a chiral Ni(II)–bis(oxazoline) complexes has been developed. A range of azaaryl nucleophiles were shown to react with a variety of nitroalkenes to construct highly functionalised Michael addition products which contain a stereogenic all-carbon quaternary stereocentre with moderate to high yields and enantioselectivities. A possible mechanism for this reaction has been proposed.

Ce manuscrit présente le développement de nouvelles réactions énantiosélectives d’addition-carbocyclisation en cascade initiées par des acides boroniques pour la formation d’hétérocycles azotés chiraux. Les premiers travaux ont permis d’accéder à des pyrrolidines et des pipéridines énantioenrichies à partir d’énynes-1,6 et -1,7 possédant un alcyne en tant que point d’entrée et un ester α,β-insaturé comme seconde fonction électrophile. Une seconde réaction d’addition-carbocyclisation de céto-esters a également été mise au point pour conduire à des pipéridines chirales possédant trois centres stéréogènes contigus avec de très bonnes énantiosélectivités et diastéréosélectivités. Dans ces réactions asymétriques, les diènes chiraux ont été les ligands les plus adaptés permettant l’obtention d’énantiosélectivités élevées. Dans ce contexte, une nouvelle voie d’accès aux diènes chiraux monosubstitués de type Ar-MSBod utilisés pour la première réaction a été développée. / This manuscript presents the development of new asymmetric addition-carbocyclisation cascade reactions initiated by boronic acids for the formation of chiral N-heterocycles. Early works provided access to chiral pyrrolidines and piperidines from 1,6 and 1,7-enynes possessing an alkyne as the entry point and an α,β-unsaturated ester as a second electrophilic function. A second addition-carbocyclisation reaction of keto esters has also been developed to access polyfunctionnalised chiral piperidines with three contiguous stereogenic centers, with both high enantioselectivities and diastereoselectivities. In these enantioselective reactions, chiral dienes proved to be the most suitable class of ligands to achieve high enantioselectivities. In this context, a new route was developed to access chiral monosubstituted diene type Ar-MSBod, previously used in the first methodology.

This thesis describes, in detail, the synthesis of novel heterobidentate ligands. These ligands were subsequently used in palladium catalysed allylic substitution reactions to synthesise enantiomerically enriched alkylated products. The thesis also describes novel approaches to asymmetric catalysis, in particular asymmetric epoxidation derived from Katsuki-Sharpless methodology. Chapter 1 - This chapter reviews the literature, discussing the significant synthetic advancements in asymmetric catalysis in the past 10-15 years. Chapter 2 - This chapter describes in detail the synthesis of new heterobidentate ligands containing nitrogen and phosphorus ligating atoms. These ligands are based on imines containing enantiomerically pure asymmetric centres in an alpha position to the nitrogen moiety. Other ligands that were synthesised were derived from C2- symmetric diamines, also containing an asymmetric centre alpha position to the nitrogen, that produce ligands with the nitrogen functionality contained in a ring. Chapter 3 - This chapter describes the use of the novel ligands synthesised in Chapter 2 in palladium catalysed allylic substitution reactions. The racemic substrate, 1 ,3-diphenyl-3-acetoxy-1-propene, was alkylated to produce an enantiomeric enriched alkylated product. The alkylated product was obtained with up to 77 % enantiomeric excess. The reaction was conducted with a palladium catalyst in the presence of a novel ligand using dimethyl malonate as a nucleophile. The development and optimisation of these ligands within this reaction is discussed. Chapter 4 - This chapter discusses some novel approaches to asymmetric epoxidation. The epoxidation is based on methodology developed by Katsuki and Sharpless. This epoxidation relies on the substrate containing an up-unsaturated alcohol. The chapter discusses the use of a reversible nucleophile in the form of cyanide. The nucleophile is designed to react with a substrate to provide an upunsaturated cyanohydrin, suitable to undergo a Katsuki-Sharpless epoxidation. Once the asymmetric epoxidation is complete, the nucleophile would be removed. This chapter describes the attempts to develop the principle further. An improvement to the system would be to provide an environment capable of sustaining a dynamic kinetic resolution. Chapter 5 - This chapter contains the experimental which provides the exact details of the reactions reported in the thesis.

The synthesis and characterization of a series of chiral indium complexes bearing a tridentate NNO ligand are reported. The ligand 2-[[[(dimethylamino)cyclohexyl]amino]methyl]- 4,6-bis(tert-butyl) phenol (H₂NNO) was synthesized via a previously published procedure and bound to indium by both a protonolysis and salt metathesis route. A dimethylated indium complex (NNO)InMe₂ (1) was isolated by reaction of InMe₃ with H₂NNO. A one-pot saltmetathesis route was used to produce a unique mixed-bridge dinuclear indium complex [(NNO)InCl] ₂(μ-OEt)(μ-Cl) (3) from a mixture of indium trichloride, potassium ethoxide and the monopotassiated salt of the ligand, KH(NNO). Direct reaction of KH(NNO) and indium trichloride resulted in the formation of (NNO)InCl₂ (4) which was carried forward to 3 by reaction with sodium ethoxide. The complex 3 is active for the ROP of β-butyrolactone ε-caprolactone and lactide and is the first reported indium-based catalyst for lactide or β-butyrolactone ROP. Kinetic studies of 3 for ROP of LA revealed that catalyst was well-behaved, and that the rate was first order with regard to lactide and catalyst. The enthalpy and entropy of activation for the ROP were experimentally determined. Polymer produced by ROP by 3 has narrow molecular weight distribution and a good correlation is seen between the observed moleular weight and monomer loading. A mechanism was proposed for 3 acting as a catalyst for the ROP of lactide; however further experiments are required to confirm this mechanism. Polymer samples isolated from the ROP of rac-lactide by rac-3 show isotactic enrichment. It is postulated that the chiral catalyst 3 is exerting stereocontrol via an enantiomorphic site control mechanism. / Science, Faculty of / Chemistry, Department of / Graduate

Palladium-catalyzed reactions for carbon-carbon bond formation have had a significant impact on the field of organic chemistry in recent decades. Illustrative is the 2010 Nobel Prize, awarded for “palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis”, and the numerous applications of these transformations in industrial settings. This thesis describes recent developments in C(sp2)-C(sp3) bond formation, focusing on alkane arylation reactions and arylative dearomatization transformations. In the first part, our contributions to the development of intramolecular C(sp3)-H arylation reactions from aryl chlorides are described (Chapter 2). The use of catalytic quantities of pivalic acid was found to be crucial to observe the desired reactivity. The reactions are highly chemoselective for arylation at primary aliphatic C-H bonds. Theoretical calculations revealed that C-H bond cleavage is facilitated by the formation of an agostic interaction between the palladium centre and a geminal C-H bond. In the following section, the development of an alkane arylation reaction adjacent to amides and sulfonamides is presented (Chapter 3). The mechanism of C(sp3)-H bond cleavage in alkane arylation reactions is also addressed through an in-depth experimental and theoretical mechanistic study. The isolation and characterization of an intermediate in the catalytic cycle, the evaluation of the roles of both carbonate and pivalate bases in reaction mechanism as well as kinetic studies are reported. Our serendipitous discovery of an arylation reaction at cyclopropane methylene C-H bonds is discussed in Chapter 4. Reaction conditions for the conversion of cyclopropylanilines to quinolines/tetrahydroquinolines via one-pot palladium(0)-catalyzed C(sp3)-H arylation with subsequent oxidation/reduction are described. Initial studies are also presented, which suggest that this transformation is mechanistically unique from other Pd catalyzed cyclopropane ring-opening reactions. Preliminary investigations towards the development of an asymmetric alkane arylation reaction are highlighted in Chapter 5. Both chiral carboxylic acid additives and phosphine ligands have been examined in this context. While high yields and enantiomeric excesses were never observed, encouraging results have been obtained and are supported by recent reports from other research groups. Finally, in part two, the use of Pd(0)-catalysis for the intramolecular arylative dearomatization of phenols is presented (Chapter 7). These reactions generate spirocyclohexadienones bearing all-carbon quaternary centres in good to excellent yields. The nature of the base, although not well understood, appears to be crucial for this transformation. Preliminary results in the development of an enantioselective variant of this transformation demonstrate the influence of catalyst activation on levels of enantiomeric excess.

Les phosphines jouent un rôle central dans la chimie organique moderne. Dans le domaine de la catalyse, les composés organophosphorés peuvent être appliqués soit en tant qu’organocatalyseurs dans de nombreuses transformations, soit en tant que ligands en catalyse organométallique. Au cours de cette thèse, nous avons utilisé les phosphines dans ces deux applications : en organocatalyse et en catalyse asymétrique à l’or(I). Dans la première partie, nous avons développé une réaction d’addition de Michael/réaction de Wittig intramoléculaire. Nous avons judicieusement choisi la phosphine utilisée ainsi que l’agent réducteur afin de permettre la réduction in situ de l’oxyde de phosphine correspondant. De nombreux dérivés 1,2-dihydroquinolines diversement fonctionnalisés ont pu être isolés avec de bons rendements. Parallèlement à cela, une nouvelle réaction d’oléfination a pu être découverte, donnant accès à des dérivés succinates. Un mécanisme réactionnel a pu être proposé, en se basant notamment sur des expériences de deutération. Dans un deuxième temps, nous nous sommes intéressés au développement de réactions énantiosélectives catalysées par des complexes chiraux d’or(I), et utilisant des substrats énynes. Une première réaction de cyclisation d’énynes-1,5, suivie d’une addition nucléophile a été développée en utilisant des complexes d’or de structure TADDOL-phosphoramidite-AuCl. Ce catalyseur a permis l’obtention de vingt dérivés cyclopentènes avec de bons rendements et des excès énantiomériques atteignant 94% ee. Finalement, des substrats énynes-1,6 correctement substitués ont été utilisés dans une réaction de cyclisation, suivie d’un piégeage intramoléculaire, afin de donner accès à des composés tétracycliques et pentacycliques complexes. Les composés racémiques ont été isolés avec de bons rendements et la version asymétrique a également été développée, par l’utilisation de complexes chiraux d’or(I). / Phosphines play a major role in modern organic chemistry. In the field of catalysis, organophosphorus derivatives can be applied as catalysts in numerous transformations by itself, as organocatalysts, or as ligands in organometallic catalysis. This thesis focused on the application of phosphines both in phosphine organocatalysis and in asymmetric gold(I) catalysis. In the organophosphorus catalysis part, we have developed a phosphine-catalyzed Michael addition/Wittig reaction by using a well-chosen cyclic phosphine catalyst. In this process, silane was used as reducing agent to selectively reduce in situ the phosphine oxide. A series of highly functionalized 1,2-dihydroquinolines were prepared. Besides, a new olefination process was discovered for the synthesis of succinate derivatives. Detailed mechanism research was carried out with H/D exchange experiments. In the asymmetric gold(I) catalysis part, we have developed two new methodologies based on cyclization reactions of 1,n-enyne substrates. A 1,5-enyne cyclization/nucleophilic addition reaction was first developed with an acyclic TADDOL-derived phosphoramidite-Au(I) complex. Twenty examples were carried out with good to excellent yields and up to 94% enantiomeric excess. For the 1,6-enyne cyclization/intramolecular nucleophilic addition sequence, we have synthesized a range of racemic tetracyclic and pentacyclic compounds in high yields. The enantioselective version of this transformation was carried out successfully with both high reactivity and enantioselectivity.

Les organosilices sont des matériaux en plein essor, qui combinent les propriétés des fragments organiques et ceux de la matrice siliciée. Ces matériaux hybrides ont trouvé des applications dans les domaines de la catalyse, de l'optique, de l'électronique etc. Ils peuvent être préparés par le procédé sol-gel à partir d'organosilanes contenant des fragments organiques à propriétés désirées. Pour former ces matériaux, il est essentiel de simplifier la préparation des organosilanes fonctionnels en réduisant le nombre d'étapes réactionnelles. Aussi, l'un des buts de cette thèse est de développer une méthode de préparation sélective, universelle et à spectre large pour les organo(trialcoxy)silanes. Dans ce but, la réaction Click de CuAAC, connue comme une approche simple de couplage, a été adaptée pour les composés sensibles à l'eau. En utilisant des azotures ou des alcynes contenant la fonction triéthoxysilane avec des partenaires organiques, nous avons réussi à préparer des séries de précurseurs silylés par réaction Click. La réaction est rapide, quantitative et sélective, et tolère une gamme étendue de substrats. De plus, de nouveaux alcynes et azotures comportant deux fonctions triéthoxysilyle ont été préparés, afin d'être clickés sur différentes molécules organiques. Ces précurseurs bissilylés sont des organo(triéthoxy)silanes clickables, précurseurs de silsesquioxanes pontés. En utilisant des molécules fonctionnelles comportant un seul site de dérivatisation, des organosilanes pontés peuvent être obtenus, présentant un fragment organique pendant. De plus, un précurseur contenant une fonction alcyne protégée a été obtenu, ce qui permettra la formation de matériaux multifonctionnels. Certains des précurseurs sol-gel obtenus ont été transformés en matériaux hybrides par le procédé sol-gel. Ceux contenant des fragments organiques connus comme des ligands chiraux actifs ont été choisis pour des tests en catalyse asymétrique. Par ce biais, des ligands chiraux supportés ont été formés, et testés pour quelques réactions bien connues. De plus, cette thèse s'est intéressée à la nano-structuration de matériaux. Des molécules contenant des systèmes aromatiques et des fonctions urée, capables de s'auto-assembler grâce à des interactions non covalentes, ont été conçues et préparées. Dans certains cas, en particulier les systèmes à base de Binol avec des fonctions urée, des nanostructures régulières ont été observées sur des surfaces localisées. En conclusion, les travaux présentés dans cette thèse ont apporté de nouvelles possibilités pour la synthèse d'organo(triéthoxy)silanes, ainsi que des matériaux hybrides à propriétés et applications ciblées. / Organosilicates are attracting considerable attention, owing to the combined properties of the organic fragment and inorganic silica matrix. These hybrid materials have found application in catalysis, optics, electronics, etc. They can be prepared by the sol-gel hydrolysis of functional organosilanes with the desired properties. To apply these materials in industry, it is essential to make the preparation of these silylated precursors easier and more efficient by reducing the number of reaction steps. Therefore one of the aims of this thesis is to develop a universal, wide scope and selective method of preparation for trialkoxyorganosilanes. For this purposes the “CuAAC reaction”, known for its simple approach, has been adapted for water-sensitive substrates. Using a silylated azide or silylated alkyne with an organic counterpart, we were able to prepare a series of clicked sol-gel precursors. The reaction is quantitative, fast, and selective and tolerates a wide range of substrates. Moreover, new bissilylated alkynes and azides which can be clicked to various organic molecules were prepared. They represent new families of bridged organotrialkoxysilanes to which a desired organic molecule, bearing only one bonding site, can be incorporated as a pending group with a targeted functionality. Furthermore, a bissilylated precursor bearing a protected alkyne function was prepared, allowing the synthesis of bifunctional materials. Some of the prepared precursors were transformed into hybrid silicas by the sol-gel process. Those containing organic molecules known as active chiral ligands for enantioselective reactions were chosen. By this way, supported chiral ligands were formed and we tested their activity according to known reactions. Additionally, in this thesis the structuring of the materials was also attempted. Molecules bearing aromatic systems and urea functions, which are capable of self-organization thanks to the weak non-covalent bonding interactions, were designed and prepared. In some cases, especially Binol systems with urea function, regular nanostructures on localized areas have been observed. Overall, this thesis brings new possibilities in the synthesis of both trialkoxyorganosilanes precursors and hybrid materials with desired properties and applications.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第22662号 / 工博第4746号 / 新制||工||1742(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科合成・生物化学専攻 / (主査)教授 杉野目 道紀, 教授 村上 正浩, 教授 中尾 佳亮 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DGAM