Extensive experimental data is available from previous research into the behaviour of buoyant jets released into an unstratified ambient. The experimental data has been the basis for theoretical and numerical modelling work, and currently several numerical models exist that are employed in the design of engineering structures built for the disposal of wastewater in the ocean. However there are still flow configurations with limited or no available experimental data, and hence confidence in the use of the models under some circumstances is limited. These circumstances include two-dimensional trajectory flows that are discharged at oblique angles to the ambient and buoyant jet flows with three-dimensional trajectories. As part of the current project an experimental investigation is conducted into the behaviour of discharges that have either two-dimensional or three-dimensional trajectories, focussing particularly on those configurations with currently limited available experimental data. A light attenuation technique is developed for the investigation of such flows, largely because it enables the behaviour of discharges with three-dimensional trajectories to be recorded with relative ease. However, this technique provides integrated views of the flow and hence the interpretation of the integrated concentration data is aided by assumed mean cross-sectional concentration profiles. In the strongly advected region (with the exception of the weak-jet) a double-Gaussian approximation is shown to provide a reasonable representation of mean concentration profiles. In the weakly advected regions and the weak-jet region, it is well- known that a single Gaussian adequately represents the mean flow structure. A new numerical model, the Momentum Model, is developed to assist in the design and to monitor the performance of the experimental investigation. Unlike other models, the behaviour of the flow is determined by the relative magnitudes of the initial excess momentum flux, the buoyancy-generated momentum flux and the entrained ambient momentum flux. It is shown that ratios of these momentum fluxes are equivalent to the length-scales traditionally employed for this task. Predictions from the Momentum Model are compared with data from the current and previous experimental investigations and, in addition, predictions from two representative numerical models, VisJet and CorJet. Predictions from the Momentum Model are shown to be consistent with data for a wide variety of discharge configurations. These predictions are also generally consistent with those of VisJet and CorJet. However, the experimental results from the II buoyant jet discharged in a moving ambient show that the spreading rates of the strongly advected flows (puffs and thermals) differ, and while this difference is incorporated into the Momentum Model, it is not evident in the VisJet and CorJet predictions. Numerical model predictions of negatively buoyant discharges are shown to be inadequate. This discharge configuration is investigated in some detail experimentally and additional analytical solutions of the flow behaviour are developed to aid in the interpretation of the flow behaviour. The experimental results show that buoyancy-induced instabilities on the inner side of the jets, which generate additional vertical mixing, significantly alter the form of the mean concentration profiles in this region. This results in considerably higher integrated dilutions along the flow centreline. Another significant difference between the newly developed Momentum Model and the existing numerical models (VisJet and CorJet), is the approach taken to dealing with oblique discharges in a cross-flow. Experimental results in combination with additional analytical solutions show that for initial discharge angles of 20° and less, an oblique discharge in a cross-flow becomes a weak-jet in the strongly advected region, and for angles of 40° and above, the flow becomes a puff. The strongly advected behaviour predicted by the Momentum Model changes abruptly at the transition angle, and is reasonably consistent with the data. The gradual change in strongly advected behaviour employed by VisJet and CorJet does not appear to be appropriate in the puff region. Finally a preliminary experimental investigation of discharges with three-dimensional trajectories shows that there are significant discrepancies between the predicted behaviour and the experimental data. This is surprising given the numerical models are, for the most part, able to predict the behaviour of flows with two-dimensional paths with reasonable accuracy. It is evident that flows with three-dimensional paths are modified more severely by the different directions of the initial, buoyancy-generated, and entrained ambient momentum fluxes than the current models suggest.

No description available.

Astrophysical models that address stellar energy generation and nucleosynthesis require a considerable amount of input from nuclear physics and are very sensitive to the detailed structure of nuclei, both stable and unstable. Radioactive nuclei play a dominant role in several stellar environments such as supernovae, X-ray bursts, novae etc. and nuclear data are important in the interpretation of these phenomena. When carbon, nitrogen and oxygen isotopes are present in substantial quantities in a star of sufficient mass, the fusion of four hydrogen nuclei to form a helium nucleus proceeds via the CNO cycles. Energy release in the CNO cycles is limited by the long lifetimes of 14O and 15O. In explosive stellar scenarios such as X-ray bursts, the energy output is very large, suggesting a breakout from the CNO cycles. 15O(α,γ)19Ne is the first reaction that breaks out of the CNO cycle. Nuclear structure information on high lying states in 19Ne is required to calculate the rate of the 15O(α,γ)19Ne reaction. This work focuses on the study of states in 19Ne above 3.53 MeV. The lifetimes of five states in 19Ne above 3.53 MeV were measured in this work. The states in 19Ne were populated via the 3He(20Ne,α)19Ne reaction at a beam energy of 34 MeV. The lifetimes were measured using the Doppler Shift Attenuation Method. The lifetimes of five states were measured and an upper limit was set on the lifetime of a sixth state. Three of the measurements are the most precise thus far. The lifetimes of the other three states agree with the values of the only other measurement of the lifetimes of these states. An upper limit on the rate of the 15O(α,γ)19Ne reaction was calculated at the 90% confidence level using the measured lifetimes. The contributions to the 15O(α,γ)19Ne reaction rate from several states in 19Ne at different stellar temperatures are discussed.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2008. / Description based on contents viewed Feb. 10, 2009; title from PDF t.p. Includes bibliographical references (p. 33).

Thesis (M. S.)--Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. / Committee Chair: Jacobs, Laurence J.; Committee Member: Kim, Jin-Yeon; Committee Member: Qu, Jianmin. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.

xv, 108 p. : ill. (some col.) A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. / Studies on seismic attenuation are an important complement to those on seismic velocity, especially when interpreting results in terms of temperature. But estimation of attenuation (t*) is more computationally involved and prone to contamination by noise, especially signal-generated noise. We have examined the effects of various forms of synthetic noise on t* estimation using time and frequency domain methods with varying window lengths and data frames of reference. We find that for S-waves, error due to noise can be reduced by rotating the data into the estimated polarization direction of the signal, but unless the exact nature of the noise is known, no method or window size is clearly preferable. We recommend the use of multiple estimation methods including a careful assessment of the uncertainty associated with each estimate, which is used as a weight during inversion for 1/Q. Our synthetic tests demonstrate that the misfit between actual and estimate-predicted traces or spectra correlates with t* error, and a similar relationship is suggested for real data. Applying this approach to data from the Yellowstone Intermountain Seismic Array, we employ two important constraints during inversion. First, we scale the misfit values so that the resulting weights are comparable in magnitude to the squares of the eventual data residuals. Second, we smooth the model so that the maximum attenuation (1/Q) does not exceed a value which would totally explain the observed velocity anomaly. The tomographic models from all the estimation methods are similar, but in the vicinity of the Yellowstone mantle plume, S-wave models show greater attenuation than do P-wave models. We attribute this difference to greater focusing by the plume of S-waves. All models show relatively high attenuation for the plume at depth, but above 250 km attenuation in the plume drops rapidly to values less than those of the surrounding mantle. We attribute this drop to the onset of partial melting, which dehydrates the olivine crystals, suppressing dislocation mobility and thereby attenuation. These attenuation models suggest excess plume temperatures at depth which are too low to support a plume origin in the lower mantle. This dissertation includes unpublished co-authored material. / Committee in charge: Eugene Humphreys, Chairperson, Geological Sciences; Emilie Hooft Toomey, Member, Geological Sciences; Douglas Toomey, Member, Geological Sciences; James Isenberg, Outside Member, Mathematics

Orientador: João Carlos Dourado / Banca: Carlos Alberto Mendonça / Banca: Walter Malagutti Filho / Resumo: Este trabalho discute a aplicabilidade do método geofísico Eletromagnético Transiente (TEM) a partir de análise comparativa com o método de Eletrorresistividade, em uma área industrial contaminada por derivados de petróleo e atualmente sob processos de Atenuação Natural. Dentre os contaminantes presentes no solo e água subterrânea estão o Benzeno, Tolueno, Xileno, 1,2 Dicloroetano, Sódio, Cloreto e Sulfato. A remediação da área é realizada exclusivamente por Atenuação Natural, ou seja, ação de processos físicos, químicos e biológicos responsáveis pela degradação, dispersão e diluição dos contaminantes. Foram utilizadas as técnicas de sondagem eletromagnética de "loop" central, caminhamento eletromagnético, sondagem elétrica vertical e caminhamento elétrico. Os resultados apresentam uma anomalia de baixa resistividade adjacente aos poços de injeção, e anomalias de alta resistividade sob estes poços. A grande área abrangida pela anomalia de baixa resistividade é fruto principalmente da biodegradação dos contaminantes de fase líquida leve não aquosa - LNAPL, cujas sucessivas quebras em compostos mais simples por ação de microorganismos resulta em ácidos orgânicos que corroem grãos minerais, que são liberados ao meio sob a forma iônica. A pequena área abrangida pela anomalia de alta resistividade é produto da concentração de contaminantes pouco degradados, caracterizados por elevada resistividade em relação á água. O TEM se mostrou aplicável no estudo de áreas contaminadas e o processo de Atenuação Natural está sendo eficaz na remediação da área. / Abstract: This work discuss the applicability of the Transient Electromagnetic Method (TEM) from comparative analysis with the Electrical Method, in an industrial area contaminated by oil derived and currently under processes of Natural Attenuation. Amongst the contaminants presents in the soil and groundwater they are the Benzene, Toluene, Xylene, 1,2 Dichloroetene, Sodium, Chloride and Sulphate. A remediation of the area is carried through exclusively by Natural Attenuation, or either, action of physical, chemical and biological processes responsible for the degradation, dispersion and dilution of contaminants. The techniques of electromagnetic sounding of central loop, electromagnetic tomography, vertical electric sounding and electric tomography had been used. The results present an anomaly of low adjacent resistivity to the injection wells, and anomalies of high resistivity under these wells. The great area enclosed for the anomaly of low resistivity is fruit mainly of the biodegradation of the contaminants of light non-aqueous phase liquid - LNAPL, whose successive breakings in simpler composites for action of microorganisms result in acid organic that corrode mineral grains, that are set free to the way under the ionic form. The small area enclosed for the anomaly of high resistivity is product of the concentration of contaminants little degraded, characterized for raised resistivity in relation a water. The TEM if it showed applicable in the study of contaminated areas and the process of Natural Attenuation is being efficient in the remediation of the area. / Mestre

Orientadores: Clarice Weis Arns, Fernando Rosado Spilki / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T04:41:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_MarciaMercesAparecidaBianchidos_D.pdf: 3376725 bytes, checksum: 4e17791ec1d7e56265e067f2ce1f62bf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: O Metapneumovirus aviário (aMPV) pertence à família Paramyxoviridae, subfamília Pneumovirinae, gênero Metapneumovirus. O vírus, relatado pela primeira vez no Brasil em 1995, é o agente etiológico da Rinotraqueíte em perus (TRT) e está associado também à Síndrome da Cabeça Inchada (SHS) em frangos e poedeiras comerciais. O presente estudo foi dividido em três partes. Na primeira foi avaliada a suscetibilidades de oito sistemas celulares para a propagação de amostras virais do aMPV subtipos A e B. As células chicken embryo related (CER), Vero e baby hamster kidney cells (BHK-21) demonstraram ser as mais apropriadas para a multiplicação de ambos os subtipos. Além disso, cultivo de anel de traquéia (TOC) e cultivo primário de embrião de galinha (CEF) foram permissíveis à infecção por aMPV após terem sido isolados e propagados em CER. As curvas da cinética viral foram realizadas nas três linhagens celulares e ambos os subtipos tiveram títulos mais altos em CER durante as primeiras 30 horas após a infecção. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os títulos obtidos em células CER e Vero, demonstrando que as células CER são tão adequadas à propagação do aMPV quanto as células Vero. A segunda parte do trabalho consistiu em analisar a virulência de uma amostra de aMPV subtipo B após sofrer passagens seriadas em células CER. Cinco variantes provenientes das passagens em CER foram inoculadas em galinhas e a excreção viral foi analisada. Os resultados obtidos com as amostras de traquéia demonstram que a virulência do aMPV diminui gradualmente enquanto o título viral aumenta com o número de passagens. Em contrapartida, nas amostras de seio nasal foi observado aumento da carga viral, demonstrando que não houve diminuição no fitness viral para este órgão. As seqüências do gene G das amostras utilizadas para desafio foram obtidas, porém este gene parece não ser afetado pela propagação em células CER. Na terceira e última parte deste estudo, foi avaliada a proteção viral conferida por uma vacina comercial contra isolados brasileiros do aMPV subtipos A e B em frangos de corte. Para tanto, uma amostra de cada subtipo foi avaliada quanto à sua virulência. O isolado do subtipo B foi detectado em um período mais longo e em maiores quantidades quando comparado ao subtipo A. Os resultados da analise da proteção demonstram que algumas aves imunizadas receberam proteção viral completa contra o vírus virulento heterólogo. Porém, a mesma vacina forneceu proteção viral parcial quando as aves foram desafiadas com o vírus virulento homologo ao vacinal / Abstract: Avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) belongs to the Paramyxoviridae family, Pneumovirinae subfamily, within the genus Metapneumovirus. The virus, first described in Brazil in 1995, is responsible for an acute rhinotracheitis in turkeys (TRT) and is associated with swollen head syndrome in broiler chickens and layer hens. The present study is divided in three parts. In the first part, eight cell culture systems were evaluate for the propagation of aMPV subtypes A and B. The chicken embryo related (CER) cells, Vero and baby hamster kidney cells (BHK-21) cells were shown to be the most appropriate for propagation of both subtypes of aMPV. In addition, propagation of aMPV in chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF) and tracheal organ culture (TOC) remained efficient after the primary isolation and several passages of viruses in the CER cell line. The growth curves were created using CER, Vero and BHK-21 cell lines. Compared with growth, both yielded higher titres in CER cells during the first 30 hours after infection, but no significant difference was observed in the results obtained from CER and Vero cells. This data show that CER cell are adequate for aMPV propagation, giving similar results to Vero cells. The second part of this study was conducted to analyze the virulence of an aMPV subtype B strain after serial passage in CER cells. To accomplish this, chickens were infected with 5 different variants derived from serial passage and the amount of viral shedding was determined. The results of tracheal samples showed that the virulence decreases gradually with passage, while in vitro viral titre increases. However, an increase in viral shedding was observed in sinusal samples, demonstrating no decrease in fitness for this organ. The G gene sequences of challenge samples were analyzed, however this gene appears to not be affected when aMPV is propagated in CER cells. Finally, the last part of this study aimed to examine a commercially available vaccine in broiler chickens in terms of it ability to provide virological protection against aMPV subtypes A and B. To accomplish this, the virulence of each virulent strain was analyzed. The results demonstrate that the subtype B virulent strain could be observed longer and in larger quantities compared to subtype A. A complete heterologous virological protection was provided by the subtype B vaccine; however, a lack of complete homologous virological protection was observed when chickens were challenged with the homologous subtype B strain / Doutorado / Microbiologia / Doutor em Genetica e Biologia Molecular

Orientador: Marcelo Brocchi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T01:23:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pivetta_LucianeBeneditaDuarte_M.pdf: 4595229 bytes, checksum: 95f48747caf7eb8ddce4f6ccacc9d5d4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Sorovariedades patogênicas de Salmonella enterica constituem um problema de saúde global, que abrange desde gastroenterites até doenças sistêmicas, sendo que ambas podem ser letais. Linhagens atenuadas de S. enterica são promissoras como vacinas vivas, pois são facilmente administradas via oral e capazes de induzir o sistema imune sistêmico e de mucosas do hospedeiro. Além disso, apresentam o potencial de atuar como vacinas multifatoriais, expressando antígenos de outros agentes infecciosos. Neste trabalho, linhagens recombinantes de Salmonella enterica foram construídas e a atenuação da virulência e a estimulação do sistema imune foram avaliadas no modelo murino da salmonelose. As linhagens recombinantes foram desenvolvidas a partir do sistema de recombinação homóloga ?Red, com a deleção de um ou mais genes com efeitos pleiotrópicos na virulência de Salmonella. Após a confirmação da deleção do gene alvo por PCR, as linhagens foram transduzidas com o bacteriófago P22, visando eliminar possíveis problemas com a integridade de lipopolissacarídeos. Posteriormente, caracterizações fenotípicas foram realizadas, por meio de curvas de crescimento in vitro, verificação da capacidade de invasão e sobrevivência no interior de macrófagos e resistência a espécies reativas de oxigênio e nitrogênio. A atenuação da virulência das linhagens foi avaliada in vivo por meio de inoculações orais e intraperitoneais em camundongos BALB/c/AnUnib e a dose letal média também foi estabelecida. Variados níveis de atenuação foram atingidos e dentre as linhagens desenvolvidas, a duplo mutante para os genes hupA e hupB foi a que apresentou os resultados mais promissores. Nos ensaios de proteção e desafio, 100% dos animais vacinados com duas doses da linhagem 'delta'hupA'delta'hupB sobreviveram ao desafio com doses letais da linhagem selvagem. Para a linhagem duplo mutante também foi verificada a capacidade de colonização bacteriana no sangue, placas de Peyer e baço, assim como a produção de anticorpos IgG e IgA. A obtenção de uma linhagem atenuada, porém capaz de induzir com eficácia o sistema imune do hospedeiro é idealmente almejada no desenvolvimento de uma vacina viva. No entanto, atingir esse balanço é um desafio, já que a deleção de genes de virulência de Salmonella acarreta em diferentes níveis de atenuação, mesmo quando os genes são intimamente relacionados. Uma perspectiva futura é o refinamento das linhagens atenuadas por meio da introdução de antígenos heterólogos e de um sistema de expressão regulado, com o estabelecimento de vacinas multifatoriais / Abstract: Pathogenic Salmonella enterica serovars are the cause of a global health problem that ranges gastroenteritis to lethal systemic disease. Attenuated strains of Salmonella enterica are promising as live vaccines because they are orally administrated and capable of inducing a mucosal and systemic immune response in the host. Besides, they can act as multifactorial vaccines delivering antigens from other diseases. In this work, attenuated strains of Salmonella enterica were produced and the attenuation of the virulence and the induction of an immunologic response were evaluated in the murine model of salmonellosis. The recombinant strains were constructed using the ?Red system of homologous recombination deleting one or more genes with pleiotropic effects on Salmonella virulence. After that, a PCR to confirm the deletion of the target gene was made and the strains were transduced with bacteriophage P22 to avoid problems with lipopolysaccharide's integrity. Phenotypic characterization as the in vitro growth curve of the strains, the resistance to ROI and RNI species and the ability of survival inside J774 macrophages cultures were performed. The attenuation of the strains was evaluated in vivo trough oral and intraperitoneal inoculations of the strains into BALB/c/AnUnib mice and the median lethal dose was also established. Many levels of attenuation were reached and among the developed strains, the double mutant strain for the genes hupA and hupB was the one with the best results. In the protection and challenge assays, 100% of the animal vaccinated with two doses of the 'delta'hupA'delta'hupB strain survived to the challenge with lethal doses of the wild type strain. For this strain it was also verified the capacity of colonization into blood, peyer's patches and spleen as well as the production of IgG and IgA antibodies. In the developmente of a live vaccine it is ideal to have a strain that is attenuated but still capable of inducing an immune response in the host. Reaching this balance is a challenge and the deletion of virulence genes in Salmonella entails different levels of attenuation although they are closely related. A future prospect is the improvement of these attenuated strains with the insertion of controlled expression systems and heterologous antigens, creating a multifactorial vaccine / Mestrado / Bioquimica / Mestre em Biologia Funcional e Molecular

Discutimos nesta pesquisa o uso dos elementos de Cortesia, em especifico, a atenuação, entendida como categoria pragmática que afeta as relações interpessoais enquanto atividade linguística (redução do dito e do dizer) e social (aproximação ou não distanciamento do outro). Enfatizando estes aspectos, o trabalho tem como objetivo comparar o emprego de procedimentos linguísticos de atenuação na produção de atos diretivos e respostas não preferidas (atos de fala não corteses), por estudantes universitários das cidades de São Paulo (Brasil) e Córdoba (Argentina). Ainda, explicar as diferenças tendo como base os conceitos de sociedades de aproximação e distanciamento (HAVERKATE, 2004 e BRIZ, 2007) e analisar as diferenças nas interpretações que realizaram os estudantes da cidade argentina dos enunciados formulados pelos paulistanos. Nesta investigação, formulou-se e aplicou-se questionário de coleta de dados denominado testes sociais no qual apareceram situações de interação no ambiente de trabalho e da faculdade. No processo analítico deste fenômeno, usamos o método comparativo salientando as relações quantitativas e qualitativas dos enunciados estabelecidos pelos paulistanos e cordobeses, analisando dois tópicos, a comparação dos procedimentos de atenuação empregados; e a interpretação dos enunciados (dos estudantes paulistanos) feita pelos alunos de Córdoba. Como resultado, verificamos o uso acentuado de procedimentos de atenuação por parte dos paulistanos, causando interpretações díspares por parte dos cordobeses. / Discussed in this study the use of Courtesy elements in specific, attenuation, understood as a pragmatic category that affects interpersonal relationships as linguistic activity (reduction of said and say) and social (approximation or not distancing from another). Emphasizing these aspects, the study aims to compare the use of linguistic attenuation procedures in the production of directive acts and not preferred answers (speech acts not polite), for university students from São Paulo (Brazil) and Córdoba (Argentina). Also explain the differences based on the concepts of proximity and distance in social interactions (HAVERKATE, 1994 and BRIZ, 2007) and analyze the differences in interpretations that made by students of Córdoba city from statements made by students of São Paulo. In this investigation, it is formulated and applied data collection questionnaire called social tests in which appeared interaction situations in the workplace and college. In the analytical process of this phenomenon, we use the comparative method emphasizing the quantitative and qualitative relationships of statements established by Paulistanos and Cordobeses, analyzing two topics, the comparison of attenuation procedures used and the interpretation of these statements (of São Paulo students) made by students of Cordoba. As a result, we see the vast use of mitigation procedures on the part of São Paulo, causing differing interpretations by the students of Córdoba.