L’inspiration de choisir le sujet pour ce mémoire vient d’une volonté de savoir quel sens et quelle signification l’utilisation d’Internet peut avoir à des fins éducatives pour les élèves aujourd’hui. Pendant les stages de ma formation professionnelle ici en Suède, j’ai essayé d’utiliser l’ordinateur le plus possible puisque c’est le monde et la réalité des élèves. Faradji et Hocine (2009 : 2) parlent de ce monde changeant où les médias occupent aujourd’hui une place importante dans la vie des familles mais aussi comment l’environnement techno-pédagogique est en train de s’imposer dans le monde scolaire. Pourquoi utilise-t-on la technologie de l’information dans les écoles? Une raison pourrait être la motivation ; les TICE (les technologies de l’information et de la communication pour éducation) sont un instrument très connu pour les élèves. Il faut aussi admettre qu’une des missions de l’école est de distribuer une compétence numérique (Hylén 2007 : 23). En outre, les programmes d’enseignement suédois non obligatoires disent que les élèves doivent s’informer de la réalité complexe avec le grand flux d’information, ainsi c’est très important qu’ils puissent s’entraîner à penser critiquement (Lpf 94 2005 : 39). Pour moi, c’est très important de parler des possibilités d’utiliser Internet dans l’enseignement à cause du développement continu, à la fois qu’on parle des pièges que Internet peur comporter. C’est aussi bien ma volonté de motiver les élèves que le fait que ce soit ma tâche comme futur professeur qui me poussent. J’ai l’ambition de suivre le développement même si cela exige beaucoup de moi. Une source d’inspiration importante pour l’étude est aussi une expérience vécue lors d’un stage en France en 2010. Une didacticienne française à l’université de Pau et des pays de l’Adour nous a montré plusieurs pages d’accueil pédagogiques et comment on peut les utiliser avec ses élèves, aussi bien des sites informatiques que des sites de jeux grammaticaux. Comme futur professeur, je m’intéresse aux opinions des élèves et je me demande si ces élèves préfèrent l’enseignement traditionnel sans technologie et s’ils peuvent en évaluer les avantages et les désavantages ?

The thesis focuses on, and tries to evaluate, the role that the African Union (AU) plays in protecting the peace and security on the African continent. The thesis takes an interdisciplinary approach to the topic by both utilizing international relations and international law theories. The two disciplines are combined in an attempt to understand the evolution of the AU’s commitment to the pragmatist doctrine: responsibility to protect (R2P). The AU charter is considered to be the first international law document to cover R2P as it allows the AU to interfere in the internal affairs of its member states. The R2P doctrine was evolved around the notion of a need to arrive at a consensus in regard to the right to intervene in the face of humanitarian emergencies. A part of the post-Cold War shift in UN behaviour has been to support local solutions to local problems. Hereby the UN acts in collaboration with regional organizations, such as the AU, to achieve the shared aspirations to maintain international peace and security without getting directly involved on the ground. The R2P takes a more holistic and long-term approach to interventions by including an awareness of the need to address the root causes of the crisis in order to prevent future resurrections of conflicts. The doctrine also acknowledges the responsibility of the international community and the intervening parties to actively participate in the rebuilding of the post-conflict state. This requires sustained and well planned support to ensure the development of a stable society.While the AU is committed to implementing R2P, many of the AU’s members are struggling, both ideologically and practically, to uphold the foundations on which legitimate intervention rests, such as the protection of human rights and good governance. The fact that many members are also among the poorest countries in the world adds to the challenges facing the AU. A lack of human and material resources leads to a situation where few countries are willing, or able, to support a long-term commitment to humanitarian interventions. Bad planning and unclear mandates also limit the effectiveness of the interventions. This leaves the AU strongly dependent on regional powerbrokers such as Nigeria and South Africa, which in itself creates new problems in regard to the motivations behind interventions. The current AU charter does not provide sufficient checks and balances to ensure that national interests are not furthered through humanitarian interventions. The lack of resources within the AU also generates worries over what pressure foreign nations and other international actors apply through donor funding. It is impossible for the principle of “local solutions for local problems? to gain ground while this donor conditionality exists.The future of the AU peace and security regime is not established since it still is a work in progress. The direction that these developments will take depends on a wide verity of factors, many of which are beyond the immediate control of the AU.

This thesis focuses on in-situ studies at the solid-liquid interface by combining scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) with gold and platinum mercury amalgam microelectrodes. It is shown that stripping voltammetry experiments at imaging amalgam microelectrodes provide laterally resolved insight on the electrochemistry of biogeochemically relevant processes. SECM provides information on electroactive surface processes with high spatial resolution, and offers the opportunity to study heterogeneous electron-transfer reactions. Thereby, chemical species of interest, such as metal ions, can be electrochemically detected at mercury amalgam electrodes. Platinum and gold mercury amalgam microelectrodes were developed for the detection of biogeochemically relevant analytes such as manganese and iron during SECM imaging experiments at the mineral/water interface establishing the fundamental basis of SECM imaging with amalgam microelectrodes. SECM experiments were performed for the quantitative determination of Mn2+ during the dissolution of microstructured manganese carbonate (rhodochrosite) precipitates at mildly acidic conditions. SECM images along with spatially resolved quantitative data on the Mn2+ concentration were obtained. This measurement concept was then extended to the investigation of the corrosion behavior of diamond-like carbon (DLC) protected zinc selenide (ZnSe) waveguides applied in mid-infrared attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy at strongly oxidizing conditions. The corrosion behavior of DLC coated and uncoated ZnSe crystals was studied obtaining laterally resolved information on the oxidative degradation of ZnSe at defects of the DLC layer utilizing SECM in combination with square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) at gold amalgam microelectrodes. Thereby, insight on the corrosion behavior of ZnSe and concentration profiles of Zn2+ at oxidizing conditions was obtained. These results corroborate the utility of SECM imaging with amalgam microelectrodes for addressing relevant analytical questions. Finally, the developed amalgam microelectrodes were applied for SECM studies of iron-reducing proteins separated from Shewanella microbes in native polyacrylamide gels. After calibration of Pt/Hg microelectrodes in bulk solution for the targeted analytes (iron and sulfur species), SECM approach curves recorded above the native gel enabled positioning of the amalgam electrode in close proximity above protein bands with suspected iron-reducing activity. This technique enabled the (semi)quantitative determination of the anaerobic respiratory activity associated with microbial proteins/protein complexes responsible for the reductive dissolution of manganese and iron oxides above microbial protein bands separated in a native gel matrix.

This research proposes a novel polymer-based optical waveguide made with Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) for optical detection applications. Alternative to other fiber-based sensor, the proposed optical sensor uses PDMS waveguide as the main sensing component. PDMS has excellent optical properties which is essential for bio-photonic detection, including highly optical transparency, good flexibility and high bio-compatibility. Uncured PDMS polymer is cast in a Teflon tubing to form the PDMS rod. Since the reflective index of PDMS is as high as 1.43, that the bare PDMS can be an optical waveguide while the reflective index of the surrounding media is smaller than 1.43. The cast PDMS waveguide is then connect with plastic optical fibers to form the proposed optical waveguide system. In order to improve the optical performance of the PDMS waveguide, a surface coating process is used to reduce the surface roughness of the PDMS waveguide. The measured insertion loss with and without performing the surface coating procedure is 1.14 and 1.71dB/cm, respectively. Once the PDMS waveguide is formed, Au nanoparticles (Au-Nps) were coated on the PDMS surface with the assistance of a positive charge polymer of PDDA to form an optical waveguide capable of localized SPR detection. In addition, an atmospheric plasma treating process is used to enhance the coating ratio and speed of Au-Nps. UV-VIS spectrum and the SEM observation of the Au-particle coated PDMS waveguide confirm that the plasma treatment process significantly improves the coating results of Au-Nps. Liquid samples with different refractive index were used to demonstrate the LSPR sensing ability of the fabricated optical waveguide. The label free DNA detection was demonstrated by the system. The thiolated single strand DNA was modify on the PDMS optical waveguide as a DNA probe and bound with target DNA by DNA hybridization. The detection limit is as low as 10 pM. This research provides a simple and fast fabrication method to fabricate waveguide-based LSPR sensors.

To improve the wire bondability, interfacial adhesion and popcorn cracking resistance in the packaging processing of IC and MEMS chips, this thesis utilized oxygen and helium plasmas to modify and clean the surface of metal pads. The influences of the plasma cleaning time, metal pad materials and wire bonding time/temperature/power on the strength of wire bonding were investigated. Two different wire materials (Al wire with 32 £gm in diameter and Au wire with 25 £gm in diameter) were bonded on the surface of Al, Au and Pt metal pads using a commercial ultrasonic wire bonder (SPB-U688), respectively. The pull strength detection of the implemented micro joints is characterized by an accurate pull strength testing system (Dage SERIES-4000). Based on hundred measurement results, this research has three conclusions described as follows. (I) The pull strength of Au pad is higher than that of Al and Pt pads no matter with the plasma cleaning process or not. The maximum pull strength (12.286 g) can be achieved as the surface of Au pad was modified by the helium plasma for 180 seconds. (II) Helium plasma cleaned wafer can obtain larger improvement of pull strength than that of the oxygen plasma under the same plasma time. However, this result can not be concluded in Al and Pt pads. (III) The optimized wire bonding time/power of the Au, Al and Pt pads are 0.07 s/2.1, 0.05 s/0.6 W and 0.03 s/2.7 W, respectively.

De par leur structure, les écosystèmes souterrains présentent des variations thermiques extrêmement faibles (± 1°C sur l'année). De ce fait, les animaux hypogés devraient présenter des caractéristiques de sténothermes (faible tolérance aux variations thermiques), puisqu'ils ne subissent aucune variation de la température durant leur cycle de vie. Pourtant, plusieurs biospéologistes ont constaté que le crustacé aquatique souterrain Niphargus rhenorhodanensis pouvait supporter des températures négatives. Afin de déterminer l'échelle thermobiologique de N. rhenorhodanensis ainsi que les mécanismes adaptatifs lui permettant de tolérer les basses températures, nous avons comparé ses réponses à celles d'un autre amphipode souterrain (N. virei), ainsi qu'à celles d'un crustacé morphologiquement proche vivant dans les cours d'eau épigé (Gammarus fossarum). N. rhenorhodanensis montre des temps de survies à -2°C significativement supérieurs à ceux des deux autres organismes. Les mesures de performance (métabolisme, activité locomotrice, ventilation) en fonction de la température (sur une gamme allant de -2°C à 28°C) démontrent que N. rhenorhodanensis présente les caractéristiques d'un organisme eurytherme : il maximise sa performance sur large plage de température. Enfin, lors d'une exposition au froid, N. rhenorhodanensis accumule des substances cryoprotectrices dans ses tissus (tréhalose, acides aminés libres), diminue sa teneur en eau libre (eau corporelle disponible pour la congélation), et tolère la congélation lorsqu'elle est initié par contact avec la glace. A l'inverse, chez les deux autres organismes, la congélation est mortelle, les teneurs en substances cryoprotectrices n'augmentent que très peu et l'eau libre ne varie pas. Avec l'appui de récents travaux phylogéographiques, nous émettons l'hypothèse que la présence de telles adaptations chez N. <br />rhenorhodanensis serait liée à son histoire de vie durant les dernières ères glaciaires.

Diss.--Frankfurt am Main, 1999. / Bibliogr. p. 219-244.

Dissertation--Nürnberg, 2004. / Bibliogr. p. 205-228.

Texte remanié de: Th. doct.--Sci. écon.--Rennes--École nationale supérieure agronomique de Rennes, 2001. Titre de soutenance : Changement institutionnel à Mayotte : transition ou métissage ? La recomposition des pratiques agricoles et foncières face à une politique de développement. / En appendice, choix de documents. Bibliogr. p. 215-221. Glossaire.

Texte remanié de: Thèse de doctorat--Science politique--Paris 10, 2002. / Bibliogr. p. 437-438.