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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
51

Estudo da detecção da luz de fluorescência no âmbito da colaboração Auger

Barbosa, Henrique de Melo Jorge 31 March 2000 (has links)
Orientador: Carola Dobrigkeit Chinellato / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Instituto de Fisica "Gleb Wataghin" / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-27T04:20:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Barbosa_HenriquedeMeloJorge_M.pdf: 5185402 bytes, checksum: 617c497724086318864e8c102c403f7c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2000 / Resumo: O objetivo principal do Observatório Pierre Auger é estudar a direção de chegada e o espectro de energia dos raios cósmicos acima de 1019 eV como função da sua composição. Para tanto, serão utilizados detectores ópticos de fluorescência juntamente com uma rede de detectores de superfície. O presente trabalho contribui para um melhor entendimento dos processos envolvidos na detecção da luz de fluorescência, bem como para o aprimoramento dos programas de simulação por método de Monte Carlo desenvolvidos na Unicamp (C.A.Mo.Ca.) e no CBPF (FD Sim). Apresentamos um estudo comparativo sobre a atenuação da luz de fluorescência na atmosfera tratada segundo os modelos clássicos de espalhamentos Rayleigh e Mie e segundo o MODTRAN3. Também mostramos uma comparação entre as eficiências de detecção, para o Observatório Auger, estimadas com os dois programas, onde estudamos o parâmetro de impacto médio e a distribuição dos pontos de impacto dos eventos considerados detectados. É feito ainda um estudo utilizando o programa oficial da colaboração, o FD Sim, para mostrar o efeito do modelo de atenuação utilizado sobre o resultado final da simulação, isto é, sobre a eficiência prevista para o sistema de detecção.Além disso, comparamos a eficiência de detecção para os diversos arranjos de detectores de fluorescência atualmente em pauta para o sítio sul do Observatório Pierre Auger / Abstract: The goal of the Auger Observatory is to study the arrival direction, energy and primary mass composition of cosmic rays above 1019 eV . It will be a hybrid detector, employing two complementary techniques to observe extensive airshowers: a giant array of particle counters and optical air uorescence detectors. The present work contributes towards a better understanding of the detection of air fluorescence light. It also contributes to the improvement of the Monte Carlo simulation programs developed at Unicamp (C.A.Mo.Ca.) and at CBPF (FD Sim). A comparison of atmospheric uorescence light attenuation is shown as given by MODTRAN3 and by classical attenuation losses due to Rayleigh and Mie scattering only. The detection efficiency for the Auger Observatory is estimated using both programs and we show the fluorescence detectors average impact parameter and the distribution of impact points for detected events. We study the uorescence detectors performance with both atmospheric attenuation models for vertical and slanted showers. We also compare the performances of the three configurations of uorescence and ground detectors under discussion for the southern site / Mestrado / Física / Mestre em Física
52

Desenvolvimento da instrumentação e análise de dados do Observatório Auger

Souza Filho, Luiz Vitor de 03 December 2004 (has links)
Orientador: Carola Dobrigkeit Chinellato / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T19:06:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SouzaFilho_LuizVitorde_D.pdf: 10858917 bytes, checksum: a5dbef1c1eccba96e3491c646793d681 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / Resumo: Esta tese é inteiramente dedicada à construção e ao início da análise de dados do Observatório Auger. A escolha do tema da dissertação reflete a crença nas pessoas envolvidas nesta Colaboração Internacional de 19 países e revela nosso julgamento sobre as importantes questões a serem respondidas por esse experimento. Infelizmente, esta tese se encerra antes que o número de eventos detectados pelo Observatório, devido ao curto tempo de operação, seja suficiente para produzirmos resultados físicos signi½cativos. Porém, esperamos mostrar até o final desta dissertação que os instrumentos de medidas foram compreendidos e as ferramentas de análise desenvolvidas e testadas de forma satisfatória durante a operação do protótipo. No primeiro tema deste trabalho abordamos o anel corretor do telescópio de fuorescência. Faremos uma rápida descrição do processo de construção na fábrica Schwantz em Indaiatuba e mostraremos um estudo detalhado da eficiência do anel corretor baseado em fotos da estrela Vega tiradas em um dos telescópios do Observatório Auger. Em seguida, descreveremos o programa de simulação de luz de fluorescência por nós desenvolvido a partir do programa CORSIKA. Novas rotinas foram introduzidas no CORSIKA para gerar fótons de .uorescência a partir de cada partícula carregada no chuveiro. Esta abordagem permite, pela primeira vez, uma descrição tridimensional da emissão de luz de fluorescência no chuveiro. Utilizando nosso simulador foi possível estudar a possibilidade de detectarmos a distribuição lateral de um chuveiro atmosférico com os telescópios de fluorescência do Observatório Auger. Uma estimativa da capacidade de medida será apresentada no Capítulo 4. Por último apresentaremos a descrição de um método de reconstrução da direção de chegada do chuveiro utilizando simultaneamente dados dos tanques com água e dos telescópios de .uorescência. Esta técnica híbrida foi re-estudada a partir de novos programas de reconstrução e detalhadas simulações dos detectores. Esta reconstrução por nós desenvolvida foi utilizada para determinar a resolução da técnica para diferentes energias, diferentes partículas primárias e diferentes suposições de descrição do chuveiro. O mesmo programa foi utilizado para produzir uma taxa de elongação preliminar com os dados do protótipo / Abstract: This work is devoted to the construction and the beginning of the data analysis of the Auger Observatory. The choice of the subject for this thesis illustrates our belief in the people involved in this International Collaboration of 19 countries and shows our judgment about the importance of the questions to be answered by this experiment. Unfortunately, this thesis ends before the Observatory had time to detect enough events to produce significant physical results. However, we expect to show in this essay that the instruments have been understood and the analysis tools have been developed and tested satisfactorily during the operation of the prototype. The first subject of this work is the corrector ring of the fluorescence telescopes. We are going to quickly describe the construction of the lenses in the Schwantz Industry (Brazil) and we are going to show a detailed study of the efficiency of the ring based on pictures of the Vega star taken in one of the telescopes of the Auger Observatory. In addition, a new program to simulate fluorescence light is going to be described. We have incorporated new routines into the CORSIKA program in order to generate fluorescence photons for each charged particle in the shower. This approach allows a tridimensional description of the emission of photons never done in the past. As a application of this program we have determined the possibility of measuring the lateral profile of extensive air showers with the Auger Telescopes. As last, we are going to discuss a reconstruction method of the direction of the shower using simultaneously data from the fluorescence telescopes and the water tanks. The hybrid technique has been re-studied with new reconstruction and detailed detector simulation programs. The reconstruction program we have developed was used to determine the reconstruction resolution for various energies, diÿerent primary particles and diÿerent description of the showers. The same program was also used to produce a preliminary elongation rate for the data detected by the prototype / Doutorado / Física / Doutor em Ciências
53

O depósito de energia na atmosfera e a detecção da luz de fluorescência no Observatório Pierre Auger

Barbosa, Henrique de Melo Jorge 30 March 2004 (has links)
Orientador: Carola Dobrigkeit Chinellato / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T21:59:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Barbosa_HenriquedeMeloJorge_D.pdf: 4495381 bytes, checksum: 9c5be9e5cb225ae2cbd3be46f3aca1c1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / Resumo: Nos últimos anos, a busca por soluções para os vários mistérios relacionados à radiação cósmica tem se intensificado. Entre os tópicos mais interessantes estão a existência de um corte no espectro de energia, a possível anisotropia das fontes e os mecanismos de propagação dos raios cósmicos de energia ultra alta. O Observatório Pierre Auger foi concebido para solucionar estes mistérios. Diferentemente de outros experimentos, ele utiliza uma técnica de detecção híbrida, combinando detectores de superfície e de fluorescência. A calibração cruzada entre os detectores possibilitará uma grande precisão na determinação da direção de chegada e da energia dos chuveiros. Neste trabalho estudamos o depósito de energia na atmosfera visando uma redução dos erros sistemáticos envolvidos na reconstrução dos eventos. Parametrizamos a energia do primário em função da energia calorimétrica. Nossos resultados reduziram a energia reconstruída pelos detectores de fluorescência em ~ 5%. Descrevemos nosso código de Monte Carlo para a produção da luz de fluorescência dentro do CORSIKA. Determinamos a capacidade dos detectores de fluorescência de distinguir a distribuição lateral do chuveiros. Nossos resultados mostram, para energia de 10 19 eV, que os telescópios utilizados no Auger só conseguem distinguir a distribuição lateral de eventos localizados a menos que 8 km / Abstract: In the last years, the quest to unravel the many mysteries related to the cosmic radiation has been intensified. Amongst the most interesting topics are the existence of a cut in the cosmic ray spectrum, the possible anisotropy of the sources and the propagation of the ultra high energy cosmic rays. The Pierre Auger Observatory has been conceived to solve these mysteries. Differently from other experiments, a hybrid technique is being used combining surface and fluorescence detectors. The cross calibration between both detectors will allow for a great precision in the determination of the showers' arrival direction and energy. In this work we study the energy deposition in the atmosphere aiming for a reduction in the systematic errors in the event reconstruction. We parametrized the primary energy as a function of the calorimetric energy. Our results reduced the energy reconstructed by the fluorescence detectors by ~ 5%. We describe our Monte Carlo code for the production of fluorescence photons in the CORSIKA framework. We determined the sensitivity of the fluorescence telescopes to the shower lateral distribution. For an energy of 10 19 eV, our results show that the telescopes used in Auger are able to distinguish the lateral distribution for events closer than 8 km / Doutorado / Física / Doutor em Ciências
54

Relativistic atomic structure calculations applied to electronic transitions in atoms

Sankari, A. (Anna) 29 February 2008 (has links)
Abstract In this thesis, the electronic structure of selected atoms was investigated by means of electron and uorescence spectroscopy. Synchrotron radiation was used to excitate atoms in gas phase. In particular, the photoionization and subsequent Auger decay processes in metal vapours were studied as well as the resonant Auger decay in rare gases. The experimental results were analyzed together with theoretical predictions obtained utilizing the multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock method.
55

The calculation of some X-ray levels

Gianturco, Franco A. January 1967 (has links)
No description available.
56

Development of the Signal Detection Electronics for an Auger Spectrometer (Part B)

Donnison, William R. 04 1900 (has links)
One of two Project Reports; Part A: http://hdl.handle.net/11375/17663 / No abstract provided / Thesis / Master of Engineering (ME)
57

Spectroscopy of fulminic acid HCNO with VUV- and soft X-ray radiation / Spektroskopie der Fulminsäure HCNO mit VUV- und weicher Röntgenstrahlung

Gerlach, Marius David January 2023 (has links) (PDF)
Die Fulminsäure HCNO wurde zum ersten Mal im Jahre 1800 synthetisiert und wurde seitdem immer wieder verwendet, um neue chemische Konzepte und Theorien zu entwickeln. Durch die erstmalige Entdeckung der Fulminsäure im Weltall im Jahr 2009 ist die Fulminsäure heutzutage vor allem im Bereich der Astrochemie interessant. In dieser Doktorarbeit haben wir die Interaktion von Fulminsäure mit interstellar Strahlung, genauer mit VUV- sowie weicher Röntgenstrahlung untersucht. In Zuge der Messung mit VUV-Strahlung konnten wir das Photoelektronenspektrum von HCNO mit hoher Auflösung aufnehmen und den Renner-Teller verzerrten Grundzustand des Kations mit Hilfe von Wellenpaketdynamiksimulationen beschreiben. Außerdem konnten wir den Mechanismus der dissoziativen Photoionisation bis zu einer Bindungsenergie von 15.3 eV aufklären. Mit weicher Röntgenstrahlung ist es möglich die 1s Elektronen des HCNO zu ionisieren oder anzuregen. Der erzeugte Zustand zerfällt anschließend durch einen Auger-Meitner Prozess, bei dem ein Auger-Elektron erzeugt wird. Im Zuge der Auger-Elektronenspektroskopie haben wir die kinetische Energie dieser Elektronen gemessen und konnten mittels quantenchemischer Rechnung die beobachten Signale analysieren. Wir untersuchten außerdem, wie das durch den Auger-Meitner Prozess erzeugte Ion zerfällt. Hier konnten wir eine Selektivität des Zerfalls beobachten, je nachdem welches der 1s Elektronen im ersten Schritt angeregt oder ionisiert wurde. Diese Beobachtung konnten wir durch ein einfaches thermodynamisches Argument erklären. Diese Arbeit gibt also ein vollständiges Bild über die Interaktion von HCNO mit ionisierender Strahlung. Die erhaltenen Daten könnten für die Beschreibung von HCNO im interstellaren Raum Bedeutung haben. / Fulminic acid, HCNO, was first synthesized in the year 1800 and has since then been used numerous times to develop new chemical theories and concepts. Nowadays, research on HCNO is mainly motivated due to its detection in interstellar space in the year 2009. In this thesis, we investigated the interaction of fulminic acid with VUV- and soft X-ray radiation, i.e., radiation that is also present in the interstellar medium. In our study using VUV radiation, we were able to record the photoelectron spectrum of HCNO with high resolution and we were able to simulate the Renner-Teller distorted ground state of the cation using simulation of wavepacket dynamics. We also elucidated the mechanism of the dissociative photoionisation up to 15.3 eV binding energy. Using soft X-ray radiation enables us to ionise or excite the 1s electrons of HCNO. The created state can decay via an Auger-Meitner process, which produces an Auger electron. We measured the kinetic energy of these auger electron and were able to analyse the observed signals using quantum chemical calculations. We also investigated how the ion fragments after the Auger-Meitner process. We observed a site-selectivity, where the initial ionisation/excitation site influenced the product distribution. We were able to explain this observation with a simple thermodynamic argument. This thesis provides a comprehensive description of the interaction of HCNO with ionising radiation. The obtained data may be valuable for the description of the behaviour of HCNO in interstellar space.
58

Análise da estrutura energética e da dinâmica de portadores fotogerados em heteroestruturas semicondutoras de InGaAs/InP e AlGaAs/GaAs / Analyses of the energy structure and dynamics of photogenerated carriers in InGaAs/InP and GaAs/AlGaAs semiconductor heterostructures

Patricio, Marco Antonio Tito 21 November 2018 (has links)
Esta tese apresenta um estudo experimental em sistemas eletrônicos multicamadas formados em diversas heteroestruturas semicondutoras de alta qualidade crescidas por epitaxia de feixes moleculares. Especificamente, poços quânticos isolados baseados em InGaAs/InP e super-redes baseadas em GaAs/AlGaAs foram caraterizados por meio de medidas de fotoluminescência (PL) em função da temperatura, potência de excitação e do campo magnético. O estudo de efeitos na dinâmica de processos de recombinação destes sistemas eletrônicos é a base principal deste trabalho. Além disso, exploramos os efeitos da desordem sobre os processos de recombinação e demonstramos que o espalhamento por rugosidade interfacial é responsável pela resposta óptica destes sistemas. Nas amostras de InGaAs/InP com maior largura do espaçador observamos um novo efeito, o tempo de recombinação Auger aumenta notavelmente com a potência de excitação. Atribuímos este novo efeito à distribuição de elétrons fotoexcitados em diferentes vales da banda de condução. E em amostras de menor largura do espaçador, o relaxamento da regra de seleção do momento induzido pela desordem faz que o tempo de recombinação Auger diminua com o aumento da potência. Por outro lado, nas amostras de GaAs/AlGaAs, evidenciamos que a desordem gerada pela rugosidade interfacial afeta consideravelmente o transporte dos elétrons da banda de condução, e em poços quânticos de largura apropriada resulta em uma transição metal-isolante. A borda de mobilidade Ec, energia crítica que separa os estados estendidos dos estados localizados, foi determinada a partir das medidas do tempo de recombinação em função da energia de emissão de PL. Para uma desordem crítica, a Ec mostra uma interseção com a energia do nível de Fermi, a qual corresponde à transição metal-isolante. Além disso, realizamos medidas de PL resolvida no tempo em função do campo magnético. Observamos que a redistribuição espacial de elétrons causada pelo campo magnético afeta os tempos de recombinação. Nas amostras metálicas, os resultados mostraram deslocamento da Ec para altas energias, devido à quantização da energia dos elétrons provocada pelo campo magnético. No entanto, nas amostras isolantes, o campo magnético foi responsável pelo relaxamento significativo da regra de seleção do momento, que aumenta a probabilidade de recombinação dos elétrons localizados com os buracos fotoexcitados da banda de valência e, por consequência, diminui o tempo de recombinação. / This thesis presents an experimental study in multilayer electronic systems formed in several high quality semiconductor heterostructures grown by molecular beam epitaxy. Specifically, GaAs/AlGaAs based superlattices and isolated quantum wells based on InGaAs/InP were characterized by photoluminescence (PL) measurements as a function of temperature, pump power and magnetic field. The study of effects on the dynamics of the recombination processes of these electronic systems is the principal goal of this work. In addition, we explore the effects of the disorder on the recombination processes and show that the interfacial roughness scattering is responsible for the optical response in these systems. In the small spacer InGaAs/InP samples, we observed a new effect, the Auger recombination time becomes larger with the increasing the pump power. We propose that the distribution of photoexcited electrons over different conduction band valleys might account for this effect. In large spacer quantum wells, the non-radiative recombination time is reduced with the increasing pump power, as a consequence the disorder-induced relaxation of the momentum rule. On the other hand, in GaAs/AlGaAs samples, we showed that the disorder generated by interfacial roughness considerably affects transport of the conduction band electrons and at appropriate quantum wells width results in a metal-to-insulator transition. The mobility edge energy Ec was determined from the measurements of the recombination time as a function of energy allowed. At a critical disorder, the mobility edge energy demonstrates intersection with the Fermi level energy which correspond to the metal-insulator transition. In addition, we perform time-resolved PL measurements as a function of the magnetic field. We observed that the spatial distribution of electrons caused by the magnetic field influence on the recombination time. In the metallic samples was observed a shift of the mobility edge to higher energy due to the magnetic field quantization of conduction band electron energy. However, in the insulating samples, the magnetic field was responsible to cause a significant relaxation of the momentum selection rule which enhances the probability of recombination of the localized electrons with the photoexcited holes of the valence band, and consequently the recombination time is reduced.
59

Unloading using auger tool and foam and experimental identification of liquid loading of low rate natural gas wells

Bose, Rana 17 September 2007 (has links)
Low-pressure, low-producing natural gas wells commonly encounter liquid loading during production. Because of the decline in the reservoir pressure and the flow capacity, wells can fall below terminal velocity. Identifying and predicting the onset of liquid loading allows the operators to plan and prepare for combating the liquid loading hence saving valuable reserves and downtime. The present industrial applications of artificial lift, wellhead pressure reduction by compressor installation at the wellheads and reduction in tubing size are costly and often intermittent. The thesis examines the above aspects to generate a workflow for identifying and predicting the liquid loading conclusively and also assessing the application of Auger Tool and foam combination towards achieving a cost effective and more efficient solution for liquid unloading. In chapters I-IV, I describe the process of using production surveillance software of Halliburton Digital Consulting Services, named DSS (Dynamic Surveillance Software), to create a workflow of identifying the liquid loaded wells based on well data on daily basis for field personnel and engineers. This workflow also decides the most cost effective solution to handle it. Moreover, it can perform decline analysis to predict the conditions of liquid loading. In chapters V-VIII of the thesis, I describe the effort of handling the problem of liquid loading in a cost effective manner by introduction of an inexpensive Auger Tool in the bottomhole assembly and using WhiteMax surfactant soapstick from J&J Solutions. Four different combinations of well completion and fluid were tested for performance in respect to liquid hold up, pressure loss in the tubing, unloading efficiency and critical flow requirement. The test facilities and instruments, along with the operational methods, are discussed in chapter VI. Except for the reduction of the operational envelope with the inclusion of Auger Tool, the performance improved with the insertion of Auger Tool. The best combination of Auger and foam system could be a result of flow modification by the Auger Tool caused by reduced pressure loss and increase in drag coefficient and also by reduced density and surface tension of foam.
60

Radiothérapie par photoactivation de nanoparticules et effet Mössbauer / Radiotherapy by photoactivation of nanoparticles and Mössbauer effect

Gimenez, Paul 27 October 2015 (has links)
Une radiothérapie efficace nécessite un dépôt de dose localisé à la tumeur, et donc un contraste entre le tissu tumoral et les tissus sains environnants. Une irradiation de basse énergie monochromatique au synchrotron d'une tumeur chargée en éléments lourds permet de maximiser l'interaction photoélectrique dans la tumeur et d'épargner les tissus sains, car les photoélectrons et les électrons Auger produits ont un TEL très élevé et déposent leur énergie autour des éléments lourds, augmentant fortement le dépôt de dose. Ils peuvent induire des dommages à l'ADN (cassures double brin) fortement létaux. Un autre phénomène permet également de promouvoir l'émission d'électrons Auger et d'augmenter ainsi la dose, l'effet Mössbauer. Cette interaction résonante et sans recul spécifique à certains isotopes dont le 57Fe présente une section efficace 450 fois plus importante que celle de l'effet photoélectrique. Ce travail de doctorat a évalué l'utilisation in vitro de nanoparticules de magnétite combinées à ces deux effets physiques. Les nanoparticules présentent une internalisation et une distribution dans les cellules F98 qui sont très propices à la radiosensibilisation : de grandes concentrations proches du noyau des cellules, et peu de toxicité ont été obtenues. Ceci a permis d'obtenir par photoactivation des NPFe un facteur d'augmentation de 3 ce qui est considérable. Ce travail multidisciplinaire rassemble des expériences de physique, de biologie et de chimie, pour évaluer les applications de nanoparticules de fer à la radiothérapie. / An efficient radiotherapy needs a localized dose to the tumour, which means a high contrast between tumorous and healthy tissues. A synchrotron low energy monochromatic irradiation of a tumour charged in high-Z elements allows maximizing photoelectric interactions in the tumour and spare the healthy tissues. Photoelectrons and high LET Auger electrons thus produced deposit their energy locally, enhancing radiation dose to tumor cells. Another interaction allows to enhance the dose by Auger electrons: the Mössbauer effect. This resonant and recoilless interaction specific to some isotopes like 57Fe has a cross section 450 times bigger than photoelectric effect. This thesis evaluates the in vitro use of magnetite nanoparticles combined with those 2 types of interactions. The nanoparticles evaluated present a high internalisation and a perinuclear distribution inside F98 cells. A dose-enhancement factor of 3 was obtained by photo activation of the iron Nps, this represents a huge increase. This multidisciplinary work encompasses experiments in chemistry, physics and biology in order to evaluate the applications of magnetite nanoparticles to radiotherapy.

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