This master thesis deals with a design of a Drevnovice tunnel primary lining at planned high speed rail corridor connecting Brno and Přerov. The whole design as well as defining of the most suitable tunnel excavation method are described. Thesis also contains a breakdown of the excavation, construction technology and the scheduling of geotechnical monitoring procedures. The Plaxis 2D program, based on the finite element method, was used to create numerical models of two cross sections of the Dřevnovice tunnel. Based on mathematical modeling outputs, a static calculation of the primary lining was calculated.

The subject topic of this thesis is to establish a suitable technique of tunnel construction using New Austrian Tunnelling Method with the help of mathematical modeling. Based on the mathematical modelling output the dimensioning primary moulding model was executed.

This thesis explores a short drama of Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach, Without Love. It provides not only a complete English translation of the work, but also an interpretative introduction. By first examining the life of Ebner-Eschenbach, I am able to provide insight to the origins of the play. Because Ebner-Eschenbach faced so much opposition in her drama writing career this one act play becomes more relevant. It contains similar themes to her other works such as: gender roles, the role of the aristocracy, and love in marriage. Without Love examines the role of love in marriage by providing the reader with a comedic scenario in which a couple claims to marry without love. While purporting a marriage without love, there is in fact a great deal of love in the play. Love is an enabling power in the story that causes great change in the characters f lives. Ebner-Eschenbach uses love to argue against traditional romantic marriages and lay the pathway for a future where women can reject the patriarchal society and love for themselves. There is however, a distinct irony in the story because the title is after all, Without Love. I propose that love is indeed everywhere throughout the play and that Eschenbach uses this theme to push her own agenda of the modern women in aristocratic societies. Eschenbach writes in both a pre-modern and modern style and uses love to ensure the preservation of her own aristocratic class while advocating for social reform for all classes.

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L’émergence du postmodernisme aux Etats-unis, mouvement esthétique rejetant les dogmes modernistes, date des années 1960. En s’imposant, durant les dernières décennies du 20ème siècle, comme le paradigme esthétique de l’architecture, des arts et de la littérature, le postmodernisme a également créé les conditions propres à une renaissance du roman historique. Cependant, la fiction historique postmoderne constitue maintenant une nouvelle forme du genre basée sur la parodie, l’ironie et le scepticisme envers les discours dominants. Cette nouvelle forme ne se limite plus à la présentation des récits dans un cadre historique réaliste. Elle remet plutôt en question la validité et par conséquent la nature même du discours historique, problématisant et mettant ainsi à l’avant le processus d’interprétation et de reconstruction du passé. Dans cette optique, la fiction historique contemporaine reflète les débats actuels sur les formes de l’historiographie, débats lancés par Hayden White. Dans les années 1980, la fiction historique a de nouveau fleuri dans l'espace culturel allemand tout comme ailleurs. Le présent mémoire analyse des formes postmodernes de la fiction historique en se basant sur trois romans historiques de langue allemande parus entre 1981 et 2005: Die Schrecken des Eises und der Finsternis de Christoph Ransmayr, Die Vermessung der Welt de Daniel Kehlmann et Marbot : Eine Biographie de Wolfgang Hildesheimer. L’analyse s'appuie sur divers modèles de la fiction postmoderne, en particulier sur le schéma de catégorisation du roman historique élaboré par Ansgar Nünning. Le mémoire montre dans quelle mesure ces romans appliquent des moyens stylistiques typiques pour le postmodernisme et portent un regard critique ou comique sur l’histoire et la culture allemande et autrichienne. / Postmodernism, an aesthetic movement that rejects modernist dogmas, emerged in the U.S.A. in the 1960s and became, over the last decades of the twentieth century, the paradigmatic aesthetic in architecture, literature and the arts. Postmodernism also created the conditions for a renaissance of the historical novel. However, the postmodern historical novel now constitutes a new form of the genre which confronts the dominant discourses with parody, irony and skepticism. This new form does not limit itself to narratives situated in a realist historical setting. Rather, it questions the validity and, consequently, the very nature of historical discourse, problematizing and often foregrounding the process of interpretation and reconstruction of the past. In this manner, contemporary historical fiction reflects current debates about the forms of historiography, debates triggered by the work of Hayden White. The 1980s saw a renewed flowering of historical fiction in the German cultural space and elsewhere. This paper examines postmodern forms of historical fiction through an analysis of three postmodern historical novels in the German language published between 1981 and 2005: Christoph Ransmayr’s Die Schrecken des Eises und der Finsternis, Daniel Kehlmann’s Die Vermessung der Welt and Wolfgang Hildesheimer’s Marbot: Eine Biographie. The analysis is based upon various models of postmodern fiction, in particular Ansgar Nünning’s five level categorization schema of the historical novel. This paper illustrates the extent to which these novels deploy postmodern stylistic devices and comment critically and comically upon German and Austrian history and culture. / Die Postmoderne, eine ästhetische Bewegung, die modernistische Dogmen ablehnte, entstand in den USA in den 1960er Jahren und wurde in den letzten Dekaden des 20. Jahrhunderts die paradigmatische Ästhetik in der Architektur, der Literatur und den Künsten. Die Postmoderne schuf ebenfalls die Voraussetzungen für eine Renaissance des historischen Romans. Jedoch stellt der postmoderne historische Roman eine ganz neue Form der Gattung dar, die herrschenden Diskursen parodistisch, ironisch und skeptisch begegnet. Es handelt sich nicht mehr um eine Erzählung mit einem realistischen historischen Rahmen. Diese neue Form historischer Fiktion stellt das Wesen des historischen Diskurses in Frage und rückt häufig den Vorgang der Sinngebung und die historische Rekonstruktion der Vergangenheit in den Vordergrund. Somit spiegelt diese postmoderne Literaturgattung gegenwärtige Debatten über die Formen der Geschichtsschreibung, wie sie von Hayden White angestoßen wurden. In den 1980er Jahren setzte eine neue Blütezeit des historischen Romans auch im deutschen Kulturraum ein. Das Ziel meiner Arbeit ist, postmoderne Formen des historischen Romans zu untersuchen, und zwar durch eine Analyse dreier deutschsprachiger historischer Romane die zwischen 1981 und 2005 erschienen sind: Christoph Ransmayrs Die Schrecken des Eises und der Finsternis, Daniel Kehlmanns Die Vermessung der Welt und Wolfgang Hildesheimers Marbot: Eine Biographie. Die Romane werden anhand verschiedener narratologischer Modelle analysiert, insbesondere des von Ansgar Nünning entwickelten fünfstufigen Modells des historischen Romans. Meine Arbeit veranschaulicht, in welcher Weise diese Romane postmoderne Stilmittel einsetzen und Geschichte und Kultur Deutschlands und Österreich auf kritische und komische Weise beleuchten.

Cette étude revient sur la problématique du changement institutionnel que les pays de l’Europe de l’est traversaient depuis un peu plus de deux décennies et qui présente encore une acuité certaine pour saisir le sens des différences des performances économiques observées entre eux. Pour comprendre le succès inégal de ce processus, nous avons élargi dans une perspective évolutionniste, le cadre méthodologique néo-institutionnaliste par l’interrogation des systèmes anthropologiques qui portaient tout projet de société y compris l’idée même de faire de l’économie. La science anthropologique qui étudie les rigidités mentales, cherche à savoir pourquoi des sociétés si proches géographiquement ne fusionnent pas pendant des millénaires. Le principe de la diversité culturelle du monde permettait de comprendre comment les institutions informelles émergeaient et influençaient les performances économiques. Une augmentation du stock de connaissances doublée d’une transition démographique constituerait le socle de la transition mentale qui, accompagnée par des institutions fiables, serait capitale dans la réussite d’un processus de changement politique et économique. La révolution culturelle synonyme d’évolution des mentalités est un phénomène autonome qui précède dans le temps le développement économique et la modernité politique. S’appuyant d’emblée sur une trame de mentalités, le politique et l’économique n’agissaient pas dans le vide. Ils sont par nature endogènes et contingents, car une société ne changera jamais que si elle convient de la nécessité du changement. / This study returns to the issue of institutional change that Eastern European countries have experienced for the past two decades. This change still presents a certain acuteness to grasp the sense of the differences in the economical performances observed between the economies in transition. To understand the uneven success of this process we broadened in an evolutionist approach the neo-institutionalist methodological framework by questioning the anthropologic systems that supported all society projects including the very idea of doing economics. The anthropological science that studies mental rigidity is trying to understand why societies that are so geographically close do not merge for millenniums. The principle of the world’s cultural diversity allowed to understand how informal institutions emerged and influenced economic performance. An increase in the stock of knowledge combined with a demographic transition would constitute the base of mental transition which supported by reliable institutions would be decisive in the success of the process of political and economic change. Political and economic change is just the reflection of a mental transition taking part in the core structures of a society. The Cultural Revolution, synonym of evolution of the mentalities, is an autonomous phenomenon that precedes economic development and political modernity. Relying at once on a framework of mentalities, the politics and the economics never act without results. They are, by virtue of their nature, endogenous and contingent because a society can only change if it acknowledges the necessity for change.

Thesis title: The institute of the citizenship of the Republic of Austria Citizenship is often defined as a status of a person, who is recognised under the law as being a legal member of a sovereign state. This status is usually connected with certain rights and privileges, along with corresponding duties, which belong to the citizens only. This master thesis aims to give a detailed analyse of the valid legislation of Austrian citizenship and to evaluate it critically. The main goal of the thesis is to answer the questions, whether the nowadays valid regulation is still actual and whether it would not be better to regulate certain issues in a different or more suitable way. In the introduction of this thesis the term citizenship and the related key concepts are explained. Mentioned are also the leading principles of the regulation of the Austrian citizenship, structured by their importance according to the Austrian legal literature. Introduced are also the sources of Austrian law - the significant international treaties and the regulation in the European Union and in the Austrian constitution. However, the main emphasis is put on the valid Austrian Citizenship Act, which contains large number of information related to this thesis. Described are also the ways of obtaining and losing the Austrian...

Concentration camp scholarship has been impacted by an ‘island syndrome’: most research limits itself to one site, focuses either on its life or afterlife, and overlooks interactions among functionaries, inmates, and local people. Central themes connected to the camps thus remain shrouded in popular misconceptions. This study breaks with historiographical orthodoxies and addresses common confusions through a new framework. Drawing on Ebensee and the Loiblpass, two forced labour outposts of the Mauthausen complex, it presents the first integrated account of the divergent factors that shaped the legacies of these sites and the fates of their subjects. A focus on Ebensee shows how gravely the local bureaucracy, relief workers, and US Army impacted on the early postwar lives of former camp inmates. Victim groups were marginalised by local and Allied actors precisely because of a broad awareness and continued survivor presence. The Loiblpass figured less prominently in the postwar lives of its surrounding communities. At the core of postwar views lay pre-1945 experiences. Living in an epicentre of territorial struggles, Loibl Valley inhabitants did not externalise a strong political agenda and instead communicated a binary ‘selective association process’. The memory of the camp prompted a positive association in socioeconomic terms; political allusions provoked a relativizing of brutality and a claim to personal victimhood. The local context and postwar dimension constitute a missing link in our understanding of these sites, their neighbouring communities, and the early postwar period more broadly. While the causal relationship between a social reintegration of Nazis and a re-marginalisation of genuine victims has thus far been viewed chiefly through the lens of federal politics, this development was already long under way—aided by all local actors—when amnesty laws encouraging the rehabilitation of former National Socialists came into effect; national and Allied policy decisions in the wake of the burgeoning Cold War only further catalysed this development from 1947 onwards.

[pt] Entre 1911 e 1937, o escritor austríaco Robert Musil publicou ensaios com regularidade em algumas das principais revistas e jornais literários em língua alemã. A análise desse conjunto de textos permite reconhecer na trajetória do escritor não apenas a transformação do seu pensamento, mas também a dilatação da ideia do ensaio, de um modelo literário, para ensaísmo, um paradigma para ação. Esse processo ganha corpo nos anos 1920, quando começa a escrever O Homem sem Qualidades, no qual os impasses da modernidade são encenados através personagens, enredos circunstâncias. Não há, contudo, uma saída, uma solução. Levar a sério a postura ensaística significa, afinal, viver em acordo com essa incompletude. Musil, o autor que um dia esteve entre os mais promissores de sua geração, morre esquecido no exílio, escrevendo diariamente um livro que não poderia ter fim. Combinando a leitura da experiência biográfica com a ideia de aspiração, a ideia da tese é propor o fracasso como uma chave de leitura da obra de ensaística do escritor. / [en] Between 1911 and 1937 Musil regularly published essays in some of the leading magazines and literary journals in German. The analysis of this set of texts allows us to recognize in the path of the writer not only the transformation of his thought but the expansion of the idea of the essay from a literary model to a paradigm for action. This process matured in the 1920s, when he began to write The Man without Qualities, in which the impasses of modernity are staged through characters, tangled in particular circumstances. There is, however, no way out, no solution. Taking the essay position seriously means, after all, living in accordance with this incompleteness. Musil, the author who was once among the most promising of his generation, dies forgotten in exile, writing a book that could never have an end. Combining the reading of the biographical experience with the idea of aspiration, the idea of the thesis is to propose the failure as a key of reading of the essayist work of the writer.

Throughout history, at multiple times, countries have implemented central banking systems by monopolizing currencies. The following study looks at key indicators such as bond yields, central bank legislation and free banking era legislation to identify whether changes were due to economic necessity or political opportunism on the part of politicians. The study will analyze 5 countries, most notably Australia, Sweden, Switzerland, United States and Scotland, all of which have had a free banking period and can shed some light on the topic of transition from a free banking system to a centralized monopoly. The comparison draws light on the diverse problems and challenges that arose, most notably finding that in the majority of cases, government intervention caused the banking system to become unstable and help governments to engage in large debt financing under the central banking era. Keywords: Free Banking; Rent-Seeking; Comparative Banking Systems; Central Banks; Political Economy of Monetary Institutions JEL Classification: B53, E02, E42, E44, F59, N13, N14, N11, N12, N21, N22, N23, N24