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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Development Of A Three Way Catalytic Converter For Elimination Of Hydrocarbons, Carbon Monoxide And Nitric Oxide In Automotive Exhaust

Kandilli, Nur 01 September 2010 (has links) (PDF)
In this work, slurries of powder catalysts are washcoated on 22 mm diameter and 13 mm height cordierite monoliths. CeO2-ZrO2 (CZO) and CeO2-ZrO2- Al2O3 (CZAO) mixed oxides are synthesized by co-precipitation and sol-gel methods respectively, to be used as support materials of Pd and Rh metals. Metal loaded CZO is mixed with gamma phase alumina. Powder catalysts and their slurries are characterized by XRD, BET, ICP-MS and the monolithic catalysts are imaged by SEM. Catalytic activities of monolithic catalysts are tested in dynamic test system which is computerized and basically composed of gas flow control and conditioning units, split furnace, quartz reactor, mass spectrometer and CO analyzer. Gas mixture containing CO, C3H6, C3H8, NO, H2, O2, CO2, SO2, H2O and N2 is used to simulate the exhaust gas of gasoline vehicles. O2 is oscillated at 1 Hz frequency around the stoichiometric condition. Monolithic catalyst in the reactor is heated and cooled between 150 &ordm / C and 600 &ordm / C. Gas composition data from massspectrometer and CO analyzer and temperature data from thermocouple at the monolith entrance, are converted to conversion versus temperature graphs. Results of 26 activity tests are compared. Catalyst containing coimpregnated CZO support material with metals, showed the lowest loss of catalytic performance after exposure to SO2 during activity tests. Catalyst containing separately impregnated CZO support material, showed the highest resistance against thermal aging at 900 &ordm / C and 1000 &ordm / C, and even improved catalytic activity after aging. These catalysts showed higher resistances against the applied procedures than the commercial catalyst.
2

Estudo da desativação hidrotérmica de catalisadores automotivos comerciais / Study of hydrothermal deactivation of commercial automotive catalysts

Douglas Guerreiro Ribeiro 30 April 2013 (has links)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O vapor dágua está presente na exaustão veicular em quantidades significativas e, nas condições de operação do catalisador automotivo, essa espécie pode promover uma série de fenômenos térmicos que podem reduzir a vida útil do sistema. Dentro desse contexto, essa dissertação tem como objetivo estudar os efeitos da desativação hidrotérmica nas propriedades físico-químicas e estruturais, e no desempenho de três catalisadores automotivos comerciais à base de Pd/Rh, designados A, C e E. Esses sistemas foram submetidos a tratamento térmico a 1000C por 12 horas, sob três tipos de correntes gasosas, com a seguinte composição: N2, 14% H2O/N2 e 18% H2O/N2. A caracterização dos catalisadores consistiu das seguintes técnicas: FRX, ICP-OES, ATG-ATD, fisissorção de N2, TPD-H2 e TPR. A partir dos resultados obtidos para as amostras envelhecidas, foram constatados vários fenômenos característicos da degradação térmica, como sinterização da alumina e do óxido misto CeO2-ZrO2, transições de fases cristalina na alumina e segregação de fases no óxido misto. A avaliação da atividade catalítica foi realizada com base na reação de redução do NO pelo CO, e nas reações de oxidação do CO e do C3H8. Para os catalisadores C e E, os envelhecimentos acarretaram em perda de atividade, e os resultados da avaliação catalítica apresentaram uma boa correlação com as propriedades texturais e a redutibilidade desses catalisadores. Em contrapartida, para o catalisador A, os tratamentos térmicos o ativaram para todas as reações. Apesar de os três sistemas terem apresentado boa atividade frente à redução do NO pelo CO, foi observada, para todas as amostras, a formação indesejável de N2O em quantidades significativas, indicando que eles foram pouco seletivos na faixa de temperatura analisada / Water vapor is present in vehicular exhaust in significant amounts and may promote a series of thermal phenomena in the operating conditions of the automotive catalyst, reducing its lifetime. Thus, this dissertation aims to study the effects of hydrothermal deactivation in physicochemical and structural properties, and in catalytic performance of three Pd/Rh-based commercial automotive catalysts nominated A, C and E. These systems were subjected to heat treatment at 1000 C for 12 hours under three types of gas streams with the following composition: N2, 14% H2O/N2 and 18% H2O/N2. The catalysts characterization consisted of the following techniques: XRF, ICP-OES, TGA-DTA, N2 physisorption, TPD-H2 and TPR. The results obtained for the aged samples showed various phenomena characteristic of thermal degradation like sintering of alumina and CeO2-ZrO2 mixed oxide, alumina phase transitions and mixed oxide demixing. The evaluation of the catalytic activity was based on the reduction of NO by CO and the oxidation of CO and C3H8. For catalysts C and E, the aging process resulted in loss of activity, and results of the catalytic evaluation showed a good correlation with the textural properties and reducibility of these catalysts. On the other hand, the heat treatments activated catalyst A for all reactions. Although the three systems showed good activity in the reduction of NO by CO, the undesirable formation of N2O in significant amounts was observed for all samples, indicating that they lacked selectivity in the examined temperature range
3

Estudo da desativação hidrotérmica de catalisadores automotivos comerciais / Study of hydrothermal deactivation of commercial automotive catalysts

Douglas Guerreiro Ribeiro 30 April 2013 (has links)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O vapor dágua está presente na exaustão veicular em quantidades significativas e, nas condições de operação do catalisador automotivo, essa espécie pode promover uma série de fenômenos térmicos que podem reduzir a vida útil do sistema. Dentro desse contexto, essa dissertação tem como objetivo estudar os efeitos da desativação hidrotérmica nas propriedades físico-químicas e estruturais, e no desempenho de três catalisadores automotivos comerciais à base de Pd/Rh, designados A, C e E. Esses sistemas foram submetidos a tratamento térmico a 1000C por 12 horas, sob três tipos de correntes gasosas, com a seguinte composição: N2, 14% H2O/N2 e 18% H2O/N2. A caracterização dos catalisadores consistiu das seguintes técnicas: FRX, ICP-OES, ATG-ATD, fisissorção de N2, TPD-H2 e TPR. A partir dos resultados obtidos para as amostras envelhecidas, foram constatados vários fenômenos característicos da degradação térmica, como sinterização da alumina e do óxido misto CeO2-ZrO2, transições de fases cristalina na alumina e segregação de fases no óxido misto. A avaliação da atividade catalítica foi realizada com base na reação de redução do NO pelo CO, e nas reações de oxidação do CO e do C3H8. Para os catalisadores C e E, os envelhecimentos acarretaram em perda de atividade, e os resultados da avaliação catalítica apresentaram uma boa correlação com as propriedades texturais e a redutibilidade desses catalisadores. Em contrapartida, para o catalisador A, os tratamentos térmicos o ativaram para todas as reações. Apesar de os três sistemas terem apresentado boa atividade frente à redução do NO pelo CO, foi observada, para todas as amostras, a formação indesejável de N2O em quantidades significativas, indicando que eles foram pouco seletivos na faixa de temperatura analisada / Water vapor is present in vehicular exhaust in significant amounts and may promote a series of thermal phenomena in the operating conditions of the automotive catalyst, reducing its lifetime. Thus, this dissertation aims to study the effects of hydrothermal deactivation in physicochemical and structural properties, and in catalytic performance of three Pd/Rh-based commercial automotive catalysts nominated A, C and E. These systems were subjected to heat treatment at 1000 C for 12 hours under three types of gas streams with the following composition: N2, 14% H2O/N2 and 18% H2O/N2. The catalysts characterization consisted of the following techniques: XRF, ICP-OES, TGA-DTA, N2 physisorption, TPD-H2 and TPR. The results obtained for the aged samples showed various phenomena characteristic of thermal degradation like sintering of alumina and CeO2-ZrO2 mixed oxide, alumina phase transitions and mixed oxide demixing. The evaluation of the catalytic activity was based on the reduction of NO by CO and the oxidation of CO and C3H8. For catalysts C and E, the aging process resulted in loss of activity, and results of the catalytic evaluation showed a good correlation with the textural properties and reducibility of these catalysts. On the other hand, the heat treatments activated catalyst A for all reactions. Although the three systems showed good activity in the reduction of NO by CO, the undesirable formation of N2O in significant amounts was observed for all samples, indicating that they lacked selectivity in the examined temperature range
4

Estudo da desativação térmica de catalisadores à base de óxidos mistos de cério e zircônio / Study of thermal deactivation of catalysts based on mixed oxides of cerium and zirconium

Daniela Cruz Damasceno Da Silva 07 August 2009 (has links)
Em termos ambientais, os catalisadores automotivos se destacam pelos resultados altamente significativos alcançados após seu uso obrigatório em veículos leves. No entanto, as condições térmicas em que eles operam podem levar a um processo de perda de atividade significativa, após certo tempo de operação. Dentro desse contexto, este trabalho estudou o efeito da temperatura na desativação térmica de catalisadores automotivo modelo. Foram preparados catalisadores baseados em óxido misto de cério e zircônio na proporção 50% em mol de cério e zircônio (CZ). A partir dele foram produzidos os catalisadores Pd-CZ e Pd-CZ-LaAl. O catalisador Pd-CZ foi produzido pela impregnação do CZ com Pd na concentração de 0,5% m/m de CZ. O catalisador Pd-CZ-LaAl foi produzido a partir de uma mistura física do Pd-CZ com o suporte LaAl (alumina dopada com La na concentração de 1,9 % m/m de Al2O3), seguida de calcinação a 500˚C. Foram realizados envelhecimentos a 900C e 1200C em mufla com atmosfera oxidante por 12 e 36h. Os catalisadores foram caracterizados por um conjunto de técnicas físico-químicas. Foram realizadas análises de fisissorção de N2 para a medição da área específica e o estudo da evolução do diâmetro e volume de poros das amostras novas e envelhecidas. Análises de difração de raios X (DRX) foram feitas de forma a acompanhar possíveis transições de fases após o envelhecimento das amostras. Foi realizada análise química para validar a composição das amostras e ensaios de análise térmica para o catalisador CZ visando identificar a temperatura onde ocorre o fenômeno de segregação de fases. Realizaram-se ensaios de redução a temperatura programada (RTP) visando quantificar o consumo de hidrogênio e associá-lo à evolução da redutibilidade das amostras após o envelhecimento térmico. Finalmente, a avaliação catalítica foi realizada com base nas reações de oxidação do CO e do propano e de redução do NO pelo CO, através da obtenção de curvas de lightoff. As análises de DRX mostraram que o envelhecimento a 900C ocasionou alterações de fases da alumina, mas não foi verificada segregação de fases no CZ. Já a 1200C observou-se a referida segregação de fases, que coincide com a drástica queda na área específica das amostras, em alguns casos observando-se o colapso das propriedades texturais do catalisador. As análises de RTP mostraram que, em determinadas condições, o envelhecimento térmico promove a redutibilidade do sistema CZ e a introdução de Pd torna o catalisador mais facilmente redutível o que é evidenciado pelo deslocamento dos picos de redução para temperaturas mais baixas em comparação ao CZ puro. Os testes catalíticos mostraram que a introdução do Pd é um fator fundamental para a conversão do propano. Os catalisadores contendo Pd também converteram melhor o CO. Para os catalisadores envelhecidos a 1200C, o único resultado positivo foi no caso do Pd-CZ-LaAl que apesar deste tratamento térmico, ainda converteu o CO, propano e NO. Desta forma o catalisador Pd-CZ-LaAl apresentou resultados mais satisfatórios e isto evidencia que a mistura com LaAl melhora o desempenho e a estabilidade térmica do catalisador em altas temperaturas (acima de 300C). / The automotive catalyst has significantly contributed to environmental protection since its use in light vehicles became mandatory. However, it is constantly subjected to severe thermal conditions which may cause a significant decrease in catalytic activity. Thus, this work studied the effect of temperature in the thermal deactivation of model automotive catalysts. All the catalysts were prepared with cerium and zirconium mixed oxides containing 50 mol % of cerium and zirconium (CZ). The Pd-CZ and Pd-CZ-LaAl catalysts were prepared by impregnation of CZ with Pd to obtain 0.5% of the noble metal in the catalyst. The Pd-CZ-LaAl catalyst was prepared from a physical mixture of Pd-CZ and the LaAl support (alumina doped with 1,9 wt% of La), followed by calcination at 500C. The samples were subjected to aging at 900C and 1200C in oxidizing atmosphere for 12 and 36h. The catalysts were characterized by a set of physicochemical techniques. Analyses of N2 physisorption for the determination of the surface area and the study of the evolution of the pore volume and diameter for fresh and aged samples were carried out. X-ray diffraction (XRD) experiments were done to follow possible phase transitions after aging. Chemical analysis was carried out to validate the composition of the samples. The CZ samples were subjected to thermal analysis to identify the temperature in which phase segregation occurs. Temperature programmed reduction (TPR) experiments were carried out to quantify the amount of hydrogen necessary to the catalyst reduction and to associate it to the samples reducibility after thermal aging. Finally, catalytic evaluation was based on the lightoff curves obtained for CO and C3H8 oxidation and reduction of NO by CO. XRD analyses evidenced alumina phase transitions after aging at 900C, but not for CZ. However, after aging at 1200C, there was phase segregation, which is consistent with the drastic decrease in surface area. Some catalysts presented collapse of the textural properties. TPR analyses showed that, in determined conditions, thermal aging promotes the reduction of CZ system and the introduction of Pd promotes the catalyst reduction. This is evidenced by the shift of the reduction peaks to lower temperatures observed in PdCZ profiles compared to pure CZ profiles. Catalytic tests showed that Pd introduction is crucial for C3H8 conversion. Pd catalysts also achieved higher CO conversions. For the catalysts aged at 1200C, the only positive result was obtained with the Pd-CZ-LaAl catalyst, which still converted CO, C3H8 and NO. Thus, the Pd-CZ-LaAL catalysts presented the best results, indicating that the impregnation of Pd-CZ with LaAl improves the performance and the stability of the catalyst at high temperatures (above 300C).
5

Estudo da desativação térmica de catalisadores à base de óxidos mistos de cério e zircônio / Study of thermal deactivation of catalysts based on mixed oxides of cerium and zirconium

Daniela Cruz Damasceno Da Silva 07 August 2009 (has links)
Em termos ambientais, os catalisadores automotivos se destacam pelos resultados altamente significativos alcançados após seu uso obrigatório em veículos leves. No entanto, as condições térmicas em que eles operam podem levar a um processo de perda de atividade significativa, após certo tempo de operação. Dentro desse contexto, este trabalho estudou o efeito da temperatura na desativação térmica de catalisadores automotivo modelo. Foram preparados catalisadores baseados em óxido misto de cério e zircônio na proporção 50% em mol de cério e zircônio (CZ). A partir dele foram produzidos os catalisadores Pd-CZ e Pd-CZ-LaAl. O catalisador Pd-CZ foi produzido pela impregnação do CZ com Pd na concentração de 0,5% m/m de CZ. O catalisador Pd-CZ-LaAl foi produzido a partir de uma mistura física do Pd-CZ com o suporte LaAl (alumina dopada com La na concentração de 1,9 % m/m de Al2O3), seguida de calcinação a 500˚C. Foram realizados envelhecimentos a 900C e 1200C em mufla com atmosfera oxidante por 12 e 36h. Os catalisadores foram caracterizados por um conjunto de técnicas físico-químicas. Foram realizadas análises de fisissorção de N2 para a medição da área específica e o estudo da evolução do diâmetro e volume de poros das amostras novas e envelhecidas. Análises de difração de raios X (DRX) foram feitas de forma a acompanhar possíveis transições de fases após o envelhecimento das amostras. Foi realizada análise química para validar a composição das amostras e ensaios de análise térmica para o catalisador CZ visando identificar a temperatura onde ocorre o fenômeno de segregação de fases. Realizaram-se ensaios de redução a temperatura programada (RTP) visando quantificar o consumo de hidrogênio e associá-lo à evolução da redutibilidade das amostras após o envelhecimento térmico. Finalmente, a avaliação catalítica foi realizada com base nas reações de oxidação do CO e do propano e de redução do NO pelo CO, através da obtenção de curvas de lightoff. As análises de DRX mostraram que o envelhecimento a 900C ocasionou alterações de fases da alumina, mas não foi verificada segregação de fases no CZ. Já a 1200C observou-se a referida segregação de fases, que coincide com a drástica queda na área específica das amostras, em alguns casos observando-se o colapso das propriedades texturais do catalisador. As análises de RTP mostraram que, em determinadas condições, o envelhecimento térmico promove a redutibilidade do sistema CZ e a introdução de Pd torna o catalisador mais facilmente redutível o que é evidenciado pelo deslocamento dos picos de redução para temperaturas mais baixas em comparação ao CZ puro. Os testes catalíticos mostraram que a introdução do Pd é um fator fundamental para a conversão do propano. Os catalisadores contendo Pd também converteram melhor o CO. Para os catalisadores envelhecidos a 1200C, o único resultado positivo foi no caso do Pd-CZ-LaAl que apesar deste tratamento térmico, ainda converteu o CO, propano e NO. Desta forma o catalisador Pd-CZ-LaAl apresentou resultados mais satisfatórios e isto evidencia que a mistura com LaAl melhora o desempenho e a estabilidade térmica do catalisador em altas temperaturas (acima de 300C). / The automotive catalyst has significantly contributed to environmental protection since its use in light vehicles became mandatory. However, it is constantly subjected to severe thermal conditions which may cause a significant decrease in catalytic activity. Thus, this work studied the effect of temperature in the thermal deactivation of model automotive catalysts. All the catalysts were prepared with cerium and zirconium mixed oxides containing 50 mol % of cerium and zirconium (CZ). The Pd-CZ and Pd-CZ-LaAl catalysts were prepared by impregnation of CZ with Pd to obtain 0.5% of the noble metal in the catalyst. The Pd-CZ-LaAl catalyst was prepared from a physical mixture of Pd-CZ and the LaAl support (alumina doped with 1,9 wt% of La), followed by calcination at 500C. The samples were subjected to aging at 900C and 1200C in oxidizing atmosphere for 12 and 36h. The catalysts were characterized by a set of physicochemical techniques. Analyses of N2 physisorption for the determination of the surface area and the study of the evolution of the pore volume and diameter for fresh and aged samples were carried out. X-ray diffraction (XRD) experiments were done to follow possible phase transitions after aging. Chemical analysis was carried out to validate the composition of the samples. The CZ samples were subjected to thermal analysis to identify the temperature in which phase segregation occurs. Temperature programmed reduction (TPR) experiments were carried out to quantify the amount of hydrogen necessary to the catalyst reduction and to associate it to the samples reducibility after thermal aging. Finally, catalytic evaluation was based on the lightoff curves obtained for CO and C3H8 oxidation and reduction of NO by CO. XRD analyses evidenced alumina phase transitions after aging at 900C, but not for CZ. However, after aging at 1200C, there was phase segregation, which is consistent with the drastic decrease in surface area. Some catalysts presented collapse of the textural properties. TPR analyses showed that, in determined conditions, thermal aging promotes the reduction of CZ system and the introduction of Pd promotes the catalyst reduction. This is evidenced by the shift of the reduction peaks to lower temperatures observed in PdCZ profiles compared to pure CZ profiles. Catalytic tests showed that Pd introduction is crucial for C3H8 conversion. Pd catalysts also achieved higher CO conversions. For the catalysts aged at 1200C, the only positive result was obtained with the Pd-CZ-LaAl catalyst, which still converted CO, C3H8 and NO. Thus, the Pd-CZ-LaAL catalysts presented the best results, indicating that the impregnation of Pd-CZ with LaAl improves the performance and the stability of the catalyst at high temperatures (above 300C).
6

Studies on Sr-Fe Mixed Oxides for Purifying Automotive Exhaust Gas / 自動車排気ガス浄化を指向したSr-Fe系複合酸化物に関する研究

Beppu, Kosuke 26 March 2018 (has links)
京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第21122号 / 工博第4486号 / 新制||工||1697(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科分子工学専攻 / (主査)教授 田中 庸裕, 教授 陰山 洋, 教授 佐藤 啓文 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM
7

Development and Assessment of Regeneration Methods for Commercial Automotive Three-Way Catalysts

Birgersson, Henrik January 2006 (has links)
Car exhaust catalysts were introduced in the early 1980’s, to limit the release of pollutants such as hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides. These catalysts contain noble metals such as palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt) and rhodium (Rh) and are able to simultaneously abate all three of the above-mentioned pollutants, hence the name three-way catalyst (TWC). The exposure to high temperatures (800-1000 °C) during operation and the presence of additives in gasoline and lubricants will, after a certain time, lower the activity of the TWC. High temperatures reduce the active area by causing the noble metals to agglomerate and sinter, whereas the additives alter the activity either by fouling the pores of the support material or by interacting with the metals. The main objective of this work was to develop a method which allows for the removal of contaminants (additives) from the washcoat and enables the redispersion of the active sites (noble metals), in an effort to recover lost catalyst activity. For this purpose, regeneration experiments were carried out on a wide spectrum of different commercial car exhaust catalysts. The influence of a thermal treatment in a controlled gas atmosphere, such as oxygen or hydrogen, and a redispersing agent, e.g. chlorine, on the activity of TWC was investigated by means of laboratory-scale activity measurements. Several complementary characterization methods such as SEM/TEM, XRD, BET, LA, XPS and TPR were employed to verify the effects of the regeneration treatments on the catalyst morphology (Papers I, II). The results show that partial regeneration of catalyst activity and noble metal dispersion was achieved after thermal treatment in an oxygen-chlorine rich atmosphere at temperatures below 500 °C. A wet-chemical regeneration treatment with dilute oxalic and citric acid solutions is evaluated in Paper III. These acidic solutions are able to dissolve and remove contaminants from the washcoat, thus partly restoring the catalyst activity. An investigation of the effects of an oxy-chlorine thermal treatment for regeneration of a ‘full-scale’ commercial automotive three-way catalyst was carried out (Paper IV). Improved catalyst activity for a high mileage catalyst could be observed, with emissions lowered by approximately 30 to 40 vol.% over the EC2000 driving cycle. The properties of fresh, aged and regenerated catalysts were then studied by means of labscale experiments, on a local as well as a global level using a mathematical model (Paper V). The model allows for comparison of the intrinsic properties of the active surface by deriving and tuning parameters of a fresh catalyst and verifying the activity of a regenerated or aged catalyst. / QC 20100812
8

Development of a regeneration procedure for commercial automotive three-wy catalysts

Birgersson, Henrik January 2004 (has links)
<p>Car exhaust catalysts were introduced in the early 1980’s, to limit the release of pollutants such as hydrocarbons, carbon monoxides and nitrogen oxides. These catalysts contain noble metals such as palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt) and rhodium (Rh) and are able to simultaneously abate all three of the above-mentioned pollutants, hence the name three-way catalyst (TWC). The exposure to high temperatures (800-1000 °C) during operation and the presence of additives in petrol such as lead, calcium, silicon, magnesium, manganese, chromium, sulphur and phosphorus will after a certain time start to lower the overall effectiveness of the catalyst. These effects are either of a mechanical or a chemical nature. High temperatures reduce the active area by causing the noble metals to agglomerate and sinter whereas the additives alter the activity by either fouling the pores of the support material (phosphorus) or by interacting with the metals (sulphur and lead).</p><p>The main objective of this work was to develop a method to redisperse the catalytically active sites, comprising Pd, Pt and Rh on the washcoat surface, in an effort to regain lost catalyst activity. For this purpose, a wide spectrum of different commercial car exhaust catalysts containing varying noble metal loadings, aged under various driving conditions and with mileages ranging from 30 to 100 000 km were evaluated.</p><p>The influence of a thermal treatment in a controlled gas atmosphere, such as oxygen or hydrogen and a redispersing agent, e.g. chlorine, on the activity of TWC was investigated by means of laboratory-scale activity measurements. Several complementary characterisation methods such as SEM/TEM, XRD, BET and TPR were used to verify the effects of the regeneration treatments on the catalyst morphology (Paper I). Partial regeneration of catalyst activity and noble metal dispersion was achieved after thermal treatment in an oxygen-chlorine rich atmosphere at temperatures below 500 °C.</p><p>Finally, an investigation of the effects of an oxy-chlorine thermal treatment for regeneration of a ‘full-scale’ commercial automotive three-way catalyst was performed. Catalyst activity and performance prior to and after the oxy-chlorine thermal treatment was measured on a test vehicle in accordance with the European driving cycle (EC2000). The catalyst surface was further characterised using XRD and EDX (Paper II). Improved catalyst activity for a high mileage catalyst could be observed, with emissions lowered by approximately 30 to 40 vol% over the EC2000 driving cycle</p>
9

Estudo de catalisadores modelo à base de CeO2-ZrO2 dopado com cobre para controle de emissões de NOx / Study of model catalysts based on CeO2-ZrO2 doped with copper to control NOx emissions

Karen Gonçalves Rachele 29 February 2012 (has links)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Convencionalmente, metais nobres são empregados como metais ativos em catalisadores automotivos, mas o uso de cobre vem sendo estudado pelo fato de promover sítios ativos para adsorção química e redução de NOx. Diante deste contexto, esta dissertação visa testar novas formulações de catalisadores, com foco em seu desempenho na reação de redução do NO pelo CO e sua seletividade a N2. Foram avaliados o método de adição de cobre no preparo e os teores de cobre utilizados na preparação. Os métodos de adição utilizados foram impregnação a seco (IS), reação em estado sólido (RS) e coprecipitação (CO). Os teores de cobre estudados ficaram entre 0,36 e 6,9% (m/m). Além disso, foi estudado o impacto no desempenho do catalisador após envelhecimento térmico a 950C por 12h. Foram empregadas as seguintes técnicas de caracterização textural e físico-química como espectrometria de absorção atômica, fisissorção de N2, difração de raios X, espectroscopia Raman e redução a temperatura programada. Os catalisadores também foram avaliados na reação de redução do NO pelo CO. A análise textural indicou que o método de coprecipitação levou a características texturais diferentes dos outros catalisadores. Análises de DRX mostraram a formação de CuO cristalino para teores iguais ou superiores a 3,3% (m/m) de cobre. As análises de Redução a Temperatura Programada (RTP) indicaram que ocorreu uma forte interação na interface entre o suporte e as espécies de cobre dispersas, acompanhada da diminuição da temperatura de redução do CuO e da redução parcial da céria em temperaturas mais baixas. Os testes catalíticos mostraram um melhor desempenho dos catalisadores (IS) que apresentaram conversões mais elevadas em menores temperaturas. Com relação ao envelhecimento, observou-se uma diminuição significativa da eficiência dos catalisadores. Uma comparação com catalisadores à base de metal nobre mostrou um bom desempenho dos catalisadores à base de cobre, com a vantagem destes apresentarem emissão de N2O restrita a baixas temperaturas / Conventionally, noble metals are used as active metals in automotive catalytic converters, but the use of copper has been studied because copper promote active sites for chemical adsorption and reduction of NOx. Thus, this work aims to test new formulations of automotive catalysts, focusing on their performance in catalytic reduction of NO by CO and its selectivity to N2. The method of copper addition and the copper contents used in the preparation were evaluated. The addition methods used were dry impregnation (IS), solid state reaction (RS) and coprecipitation (CO). The copper contents studied were between 0,36 e 6,9 wt%. In addition, the impact on catalyst performance after thermal aging at 950 C for 12h was also studied. Textural and physico-chemical caracterization techniques were employed, such as atomic absorption spectrometry, N2 physisorption, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and temperature programmed reduction. Catalysts were evaluated in the reduction reaction of NO by CO. The textural analysis indicated that addition of copper by the coprecipitation method led to textural characteristics different from the other catalysts. XRD analysis showed the formation of crystalline CuO for contents equal to or greater than 3,3 wt% of copper. TPR analysis indicated that there was a strong interaction at the interface between the substrate and the copper species dispersed together with the lowering of the temperature reduction of CuO and the partial reduction of ceria at lower temperatures. The catalytic activity results showed a better performance of the (IS) catalysts, which showed higher conversions at lower temperatures. Concerning the aging process, there was a significant decrease in the efficiency of the catalysts. A comparison with catalysts doped with noble metal showed good performance of the catalysts doped with copper, with the advantage of these presenting N2O emission restricted to low temperatures
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Estudo de catalisadores modelo à base de CeO2-ZrO2 dopado com cobre para controle de emissões de NOx / Study of model catalysts based on CeO2-ZrO2 doped with copper to control NOx emissions

Karen Gonçalves Rachele 29 February 2012 (has links)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Convencionalmente, metais nobres são empregados como metais ativos em catalisadores automotivos, mas o uso de cobre vem sendo estudado pelo fato de promover sítios ativos para adsorção química e redução de NOx. Diante deste contexto, esta dissertação visa testar novas formulações de catalisadores, com foco em seu desempenho na reação de redução do NO pelo CO e sua seletividade a N2. Foram avaliados o método de adição de cobre no preparo e os teores de cobre utilizados na preparação. Os métodos de adição utilizados foram impregnação a seco (IS), reação em estado sólido (RS) e coprecipitação (CO). Os teores de cobre estudados ficaram entre 0,36 e 6,9% (m/m). Além disso, foi estudado o impacto no desempenho do catalisador após envelhecimento térmico a 950C por 12h. Foram empregadas as seguintes técnicas de caracterização textural e físico-química como espectrometria de absorção atômica, fisissorção de N2, difração de raios X, espectroscopia Raman e redução a temperatura programada. Os catalisadores também foram avaliados na reação de redução do NO pelo CO. A análise textural indicou que o método de coprecipitação levou a características texturais diferentes dos outros catalisadores. Análises de DRX mostraram a formação de CuO cristalino para teores iguais ou superiores a 3,3% (m/m) de cobre. As análises de Redução a Temperatura Programada (RTP) indicaram que ocorreu uma forte interação na interface entre o suporte e as espécies de cobre dispersas, acompanhada da diminuição da temperatura de redução do CuO e da redução parcial da céria em temperaturas mais baixas. Os testes catalíticos mostraram um melhor desempenho dos catalisadores (IS) que apresentaram conversões mais elevadas em menores temperaturas. Com relação ao envelhecimento, observou-se uma diminuição significativa da eficiência dos catalisadores. Uma comparação com catalisadores à base de metal nobre mostrou um bom desempenho dos catalisadores à base de cobre, com a vantagem destes apresentarem emissão de N2O restrita a baixas temperaturas / Conventionally, noble metals are used as active metals in automotive catalytic converters, but the use of copper has been studied because copper promote active sites for chemical adsorption and reduction of NOx. Thus, this work aims to test new formulations of automotive catalysts, focusing on their performance in catalytic reduction of NO by CO and its selectivity to N2. The method of copper addition and the copper contents used in the preparation were evaluated. The addition methods used were dry impregnation (IS), solid state reaction (RS) and coprecipitation (CO). The copper contents studied were between 0,36 e 6,9 wt%. In addition, the impact on catalyst performance after thermal aging at 950 C for 12h was also studied. Textural and physico-chemical caracterization techniques were employed, such as atomic absorption spectrometry, N2 physisorption, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and temperature programmed reduction. Catalysts were evaluated in the reduction reaction of NO by CO. The textural analysis indicated that addition of copper by the coprecipitation method led to textural characteristics different from the other catalysts. XRD analysis showed the formation of crystalline CuO for contents equal to or greater than 3,3 wt% of copper. TPR analysis indicated that there was a strong interaction at the interface between the substrate and the copper species dispersed together with the lowering of the temperature reduction of CuO and the partial reduction of ceria at lower temperatures. The catalytic activity results showed a better performance of the (IS) catalysts, which showed higher conversions at lower temperatures. Concerning the aging process, there was a significant decrease in the efficiency of the catalysts. A comparison with catalysts doped with noble metal showed good performance of the catalysts doped with copper, with the advantage of these presenting N2O emission restricted to low temperatures

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