O presente experimento verificou se o fotoperíodo artificial iniciado no verão retarda o início da transição outonal e nos casos de ocorrência do anestro determinar sua forma de início. Foram utilizadas no experimento 13 éguas com idades variando entre 4 e 10 anos. Todas as éguas no início do experimento encontravam-se ciclando, com presença de corpo lúteo funcional ou folículo dominante. Antes do início do experimento os animais foram divididos em dois grupos, Grupo Luz (GL) com 08 animais e Grupo Controle (GC) com 05 animais, buscando equilibrar a idade e a condição corporal das éguas nos diferentes grupos. A partir do dia 23 de fevereiro de 2006 as éguas do GL foram submetidas a um fotoperíodo artificial de 15 horas de luz e de 9 horas de escuridão, e as éguas do GC foram mantidas sob fotoperíodo natural. Em relação ao início do anestro e à condição corporal não foram observadas diferenças entre o GL e o GC. Dentre os 13 animais utilizados no experimento todos entraram em anestro. Não se observaram diferenças entre os dois grupos de tratamento em relação ao número de dias entre o início do tratamento e a última ovulação e os inícios do tratamento e do anestro, bem como entre o número de dias de duração do último corpo lúteo. Entretanto observou-se diferença no grupo luz onde 75% das éguas apresentaram diestro prolongado enquanto que no grupo controle isto ocorreu em somente 40% das éguas. O anestro inicia por persistência lútea seguida de inatividade folicular ou por inatividade folicular após um diestro regular. O fotoperíodo artificial iniciado a partir da segunda metade do verão não impediu o início do anestro. Entretanto, a maioria das éguas submetidas ao fotoperíodo artificial iniciou o anestro após uma persitência lútea. / The present study aimed to verify if the artificial photoperiod started during summer retards the beginning of autumn transition and if anestrus occurs, to determine the way it begins. There were used 13 mares with ages varying between 4 and 10 years. All the mares were cycling in the beginning of the study, having either a functional corpus luteum or a dominant follicle. Before starting the experiment, the animals were divided in two groups: Light Group (LG) with 08 animals and Control Group (CG) with 05 animals, trying to equilibrate age and body condition of the different group mares. After February 23rd, 2006, the mares of LG were submitted to artificial photoperiod of 15 hours light and 9 hours dark, and the mares of CG were kept under natural photoperiod. Concerning the beginning of anestrus and body condition, no differences were observed between LG and CG. Among the 13 animals used in the study, all entered anestrus period. No differences were observed between the treatment groups about the number of days between the beginning of the treatment and the last ovulation, and the beginning of treatments and anestrus, as well as the number of days of duration of the last corpus luteum. However, differences were found in the light group, where 75% of the mares presented a prolonged diestrus while in the control group it only happened in 40% of the mares. The anestrus begins by luteal persistency followed by follicular inactivity or by follicular inactivity after a regular diestrus. The artificial photoperiod initiated after the second half of the summer did not affect the beginning of the anestrus. However, most of the mares submitted to artificial photoperiod initiated anestrus after a luteal persistency.

O presente experimento verificou se o fotoperíodo artificial iniciado no verão retarda o início da transição outonal e nos casos de ocorrência do anestro determinar sua forma de início. Foram utilizadas no experimento 13 éguas com idades variando entre 4 e 10 anos. Todas as éguas no início do experimento encontravam-se ciclando, com presença de corpo lúteo funcional ou folículo dominante. Antes do início do experimento os animais foram divididos em dois grupos, Grupo Luz (GL) com 08 animais e Grupo Controle (GC) com 05 animais, buscando equilibrar a idade e a condição corporal das éguas nos diferentes grupos. A partir do dia 23 de fevereiro de 2006 as éguas do GL foram submetidas a um fotoperíodo artificial de 15 horas de luz e de 9 horas de escuridão, e as éguas do GC foram mantidas sob fotoperíodo natural. Em relação ao início do anestro e à condição corporal não foram observadas diferenças entre o GL e o GC. Dentre os 13 animais utilizados no experimento todos entraram em anestro. Não se observaram diferenças entre os dois grupos de tratamento em relação ao número de dias entre o início do tratamento e a última ovulação e os inícios do tratamento e do anestro, bem como entre o número de dias de duração do último corpo lúteo. Entretanto observou-se diferença no grupo luz onde 75% das éguas apresentaram diestro prolongado enquanto que no grupo controle isto ocorreu em somente 40% das éguas. O anestro inicia por persistência lútea seguida de inatividade folicular ou por inatividade folicular após um diestro regular. O fotoperíodo artificial iniciado a partir da segunda metade do verão não impediu o início do anestro. Entretanto, a maioria das éguas submetidas ao fotoperíodo artificial iniciou o anestro após uma persitência lútea. / The present study aimed to verify if the artificial photoperiod started during summer retards the beginning of autumn transition and if anestrus occurs, to determine the way it begins. There were used 13 mares with ages varying between 4 and 10 years. All the mares were cycling in the beginning of the study, having either a functional corpus luteum or a dominant follicle. Before starting the experiment, the animals were divided in two groups: Light Group (LG) with 08 animals and Control Group (CG) with 05 animals, trying to equilibrate age and body condition of the different group mares. After February 23rd, 2006, the mares of LG were submitted to artificial photoperiod of 15 hours light and 9 hours dark, and the mares of CG were kept under natural photoperiod. Concerning the beginning of anestrus and body condition, no differences were observed between LG and CG. Among the 13 animals used in the study, all entered anestrus period. No differences were observed between the treatment groups about the number of days between the beginning of the treatment and the last ovulation, and the beginning of treatments and anestrus, as well as the number of days of duration of the last corpus luteum. However, differences were found in the light group, where 75% of the mares presented a prolonged diestrus while in the control group it only happened in 40% of the mares. The anestrus begins by luteal persistency followed by follicular inactivity or by follicular inactivity after a regular diestrus. The artificial photoperiod initiated after the second half of the summer did not affect the beginning of the anestrus. However, most of the mares submitted to artificial photoperiod initiated anestrus after a luteal persistency.

Hydroclimate in the United States (US) is climatologically divided by the 100th meridian. The semi-arid western US has experienced high-amplitude multidecadal swings in drought and soil moisture variability over the last millennium, culminating in anthropogenic warming-driven drying into the early part of the 21st century. In sharp contrast, the climatologically humid eastern US has experienced century-long increases in precipitation and soil moisture, and generally less warming than in the west, creating a fascinating wetting east – drying west contrast over North America. In eastern North America, a large proportion of the annual precipitation trend was driven by fall-season increases in the southeastern US (SE-US). A rigorous examination of this region would lead to greater insight into the broader causes of hydroclimatic change across North America. The objectives of this dissertation are to (1) identify the large-scale drivers of increased fall precipitation in the SE-US and (2) contextualize and evaluate the causes of regional-to-continental scale changes in soil moisture availability across North America.The first three research chapters of my dissertation focus on my first objective to address the causes of the 20th-century fall precipitation trend. In my first research chapter, I identify and describe fall-season precipitation increases in the SE-US. I show that fall precipitation in the SE-US has increased by nearly 40% during 1895-2016 due to increased circulation-driven moisture transport from the Gulf of Mexico into the SE-US, likely associated with a strengthening or relocation of the North Atlantic Subtropical High (NASH). The NASH is a semipermanent high pressure system located over the North Atlantic that directs moisture transport into the SE-US. Using atmospheric general circulation models forced by sea-surface temperatures (SSTs) and anthropogenic emissions, I demonstrate that models have the capability to simulate a precipitation response to the NASH, but the observed precipitation trend was extremely unlikely in both forced and unforced scenarios. This indicates that the fall precipitation trend was likely caused by processes not well represented in these models, suggesting more work is needed to address why models are unable to simulate observed circulation and SE-US precipitation trends. SST-forced simulations do simulate an enhanced, although displaced to the northwest, NASH and greenhouse gases appear to weakly increase the likelihood of fall wetting. In the first research chapter, I evaluated the proximate drivers of the SE-US fall precipitation variability and trends, working towards the goal of identifying the ultimate driver of observed NASH intensification and SE-US wetting. As a next step, it is important to understand how the increases in precipitation have been delivered, particularly given that fall overlaps with the peak of Atlantic hurricane season. In the second research chapter, I complete a daily-scale decomposition of storm types and precipitation intensity in the SE-US to understand how different precipitation events influenced the fall precipitation increase. I show that increases in SE-US fall precipitation occurred largely as a result of highest-intensity non-tropical (mostly frontal) precipitation days (72% contribution to the fall precipitation trend). In contrast, precipitation from tropical cyclones, a major contributor to extreme fall precipitation, demonstrated a nominal but positive contribution to the trend (13%). Nearly all of the precipitation was delivered on the most extreme (top 5%) intensity precipitation days. These results suggest the observed increase in SE-US fall precipitation has critical implications for flash flood risk from high-intensity rainfall events should the trend continue through the 21st century. Once I identified the types and intensity of storms that influence the fall precipitation trend, I sought to diagnose the physical causes of increased circulation into the SE-US and resultant increases in fall precipitation in the third research chapter. I find that fall precipitation was facilitated by an increase in zonal sea-level pressure (SLP) gradient over the Gulf of Mexico, almost entirely driven by increased SLP along the western edge of the NASH. The zonal SLP gradient was linked to an upper-tropospheric wave train over the North Pacific and North America, leading to increased circulation into the SE-US from the Gulf of Mexico. SST-forced simulations are capable of simulating the spatial features of the NASH and wave train but lack the circulation trends that lead to increased zonal SLP gradient and fall precipitation. The models simulated an enhanced tropical-to-subtropical wave train which increased subsidence and SLP over the subtropical Atlantic Ocean and North America and led to a stronger, more expansive modeled NASH intensification relative to reanalyses, suggesting there exists a stronger atmospheric response to tropical SSTs in models. Due to these discrepancies between models and reanalyses, we can anticipate limitations when using atmospheric models forced by observed SSTs to assess regional climate change in the North Atlantic basin. More research will be needed to understand the physical processes that influence this divergence. The ultimate cause of increased fall moisture transports into the SE-US and resulting precipitation increases remains elusive, but this work improves our understanding of the succession of climatic events that contribute to increased fall precipitation and identify key areas of research needed to reduce uncertainty in SST-forced models. In the final research chapter, I address my second dissertation objective and broaden the focus to all of North America to investigate and contextualize the recent increase in the contrast between soil moisture anomalies in eastern and western North America, termed the east-west North American aridity gradient. Positive aridity gradient values refer to periods during which soil moisture anomalies are more positive in eastern relative to western North America. Using observed and tree-ring reconstructed summer soil moisture anomalies, I show that the 2001-2020 aridity gradient was more positive than any 20-year period since 1400 CE, which followed the most negative aridity gradient during 1976-1995. Using hydrologic models, I find the 2001-2020 aridity gradient anomaly was predominantly driven by century-long summer precipitation increases in the East and to a lesser degree by annual temperature and humidity trends and spring precipitation decreases in the West. Model-simulated anthropogenic trends have minimal effects on the aridity gradient trend due to high inter-model spread in modeled precipitation trends and larger warming effects in the East relative to the West. My findings reveal significant uncertainty in how human and natural systems will be impacted by changes in future water resource availability and provide a benchmark for evaluating North American hydroclimatic change in a warming world through the end of the 21st century.

<p> The following study describes the evolution of Alexander Pope's Pastorals from their embryonic state in the earliest extant manuscript of them, the Houghton holograph, to their final resting place in the last authorized version of them, the posthumous 1751 edition of the poet's Works edited by his friend and literary executor, Rev. William Warburton. During this period the four poems -- "Spring", "Summer", "Autumn" and "Winter" -- and the brief critical treatise that accompanied them underwent hundreds of alterations, from single words to entire stanzas. A careful examination of the earliest extant version, in conjunction with a close study of the many changes and additions Pope made during this lifetime, provides a considerable amount of information concerning precisely what Pop endeavours to accomplish in creating this cycle of poems. A xerox copy of the Houghton holograph, together with a diplomatic transcript of it and a list of all subsequent authorized alterations to the text has been included to facilitate the study. Though some of the variants of this holograph have been cited (with varying degrees of accuracy) in previous editions of Pope's poetry, the manuscript itself has never before been reproduced in its entirety. </p> <p> This study concentrates particularly upon the evolution of the Pastorals primarily because a comparison of the final version of any given passage with earlier versions often makes the poet's intentions clearer. Pope himself would seem to have been aware of this fact since he includes a number of variant readings from manuscripts and earlier printed texts in the notes he appends to these poems in the 1736 edition of his Works. Likewise, an examination of the sources of Pope's allusions to other poems in the pastoral tradition -- some though by no means all of which he also records in his 1736 notes -- sheds additional light on the poet's meeting. Though the vast majority of these allusions have been identified by previous scholars, their function in the poems themselves has to date been, for the most part, ignored. Yet, as this study demonstrates, these allusions and their contexts form an integral part of the poet's design, frequently providing an oblique, but highly pertinent comment upon what is actually taking place. </p> <p> This study leads ultimately to a new reading of the Pastorals, one that focuses upon the numerous alterations and additions to them between 1704 -- the supposed date of the Houghton holograph which may be regarded as their first limited "edition" -- and 1751. Particular emphasis is placed on the major additions -- the dedicatory stanzas inserted into the first three poems in 1709, the revised version of the prose treatise added in 1717 and the apparatus of notes appended in 1736. For, in each of these Pope would appear to be providing his readers with the necessary direction to comprehend precisely what he is endeavouring to accomplish. To study Pope's creation without reference to these and the other factors previously mentioned is to miss much that is of the utmost importance in them. Only through a reconstruction of their evolution can be Pastorals be fully understood and appreciated. </p> / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

No description available.

The potential impact of the autumn statement on the future healthcare workforce.

Reclaimed coal-mined lands in the Appalachian region can be successful established and utilized for beef cattle production. Currently, these areas are underutilized partly due to an increase in invasive plant species, such as multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora Thunb. Ex Murr.), autumn olive (Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb.), and sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata (Dum.-Cours.) G. Don). The steep topography and low economic returns from beef cattle make conventional control methods inhibitive. Goats are effective browsing on invasive plant species. An experiment was conducted in 2006 and 2007 at the Powell River Research and Education Center near Wise, VA (77° 43' 30" west longitude, 38° 57' 30" north latitude, elevation 155.5 m) to determine the effects of an ungrazed control, cattle alone grazing, and mixed grazing goats with cattle on forage biomass, botanical composition, relative plant abundance, and animal performance. The three treatments included an ungrazed control, cattle grazing alone, and mixed grazing goats with cattle. Experimental design was a randomized complete block design with two replicates for the control and three replicates for the grazed treatments. Three times during the grazing season the following were measured, analyzed or assessed: nutritive values of pasture, autumn olive, multiflora rose, and sericea lespedeza were assessed; forage biomass was determined by clipping four 0.25 m² quadrants per control replicate and eight 0.25 m² quadrants per grazed replicate; botanical composition and relative abundance of plant species was assessed by the Double DAFOR method from five fixed points in each control replicate and ten fixed points in each grazed replicate; animals were weighed; autumn olive shrub height was measured with a clinometer from a distance of 10 m from the shrub. Branch length was measured with a tape measure from the base of the branch to the end tip. Shrub survival was measured by counting shrubs in each replicate and determining visually percent leaf-out. Each year, control and cattle alone treatments had greater (P < 0.05). Generally, grass content increased in the grazed treatments from spring to fall while weed content increased in the control treatment (P < 0.05). By the end of the two experimental years, the legume components of the pasture were low. This was more evident in the ungrazed control than the grazed treatments. The relative abundance of tall fescue and orchardgrass (P < 0.05) increased in grazed treatments while sericea lespedeza became a dominant weed in the control (P < 0.05). Goats showed high preference for sericea lespedeza and maintain this plant in a leafy, vegetative stage. This leafy, vegetative growth was found to acceptable to cattle. Cattle performance was not affected by treatment (P < 0.05) but total animal output was higher for mixed grazed compared to cattle alone treatments (P < 0.05). The nutritive values of multiflora rose, autumn olive, and sericea lespedeza were higher than pasture in most instances (P < 0.05). In our experiment, autumn olive was severely impacted by goat browsing. Shrub survival was lower in mixed grazing (61%) by the end of the experiment compared to over 90% for the control and cattle grazing treatments (P < 0.05). Overall, pastures were utilized more uniformly in mixed grazing compared to other treatments. Mixed grazing goats with cattle appear to be a viable option for livestock producers in the Appalachian coal mining region. / Master of Science

Submitted by Claudia Rocha (claudia.rocha@udesc.br) on 2018-02-27T14:44:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PGPV16MA208.pdf: 1644929 bytes, checksum: 54be37bb953affa868086781609d0ec8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-27T14:44:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGPV16MA208.pdf: 1644929 bytes, checksum: 54be37bb953affa868086781609d0ec8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-28 / Capes / Considering the productive potential of the raspberry crop in Santa Catarina, incorporated into the cultivation of small fruits, as well as the interest of consumers and producers and the need for further studies for the development of culture, this study aimed to characterize yield components and evaluate the physical and chemical characteristics of fruits of raspberry, subject to different training systems. The work was carried out in the productive cycle of 2014/2015 and 2015/2016, in the city of Lages, SC. It was evaluated the raspberry an Autumn Bliss under four training systems: Paliçada em V, Espaldeira, Fios Duplos and Cruz de Lorena Invertida. The design was a randomized complete block design with three blocks and two replications per block. It was carried out phenological monitoring of farming, defined by: early budding, early flowering, early and late harvest. For the production of components were assessed: total yield (t ha-1) and production per stem (stem g-1). For vegetative growth were evaluated: stem height (cm), stem diameter (mm) and the indirect measurement of chlorophyll (SPAD). For the physicochemical characteristics of fruits were evaluated: total soluble solids (° Brix), total acidity (% citric acid), SS / TA (ratio). For the definition of costs, any material used in each training system has been added. The experimental data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by multiple comparison of means using the Tukey test at 5% probability of error by the statistical program Sisvar 5.3. The training system that promoted greater productivity for the cultivar Autumn Bliss was the Cruz de Lorena Invertida system. The training system that has the lowest cost of implementation is the Fios Duplos system. In relation to quality, there was no difference between the evaluated systems / Considerando o potencial produtivo da cultura da framboeseira em Santa Catarina, incorporada ao cultivo das pequenas frutas, bem como o interesse de consumidores e produtores e a necessidade de maiores estudos para o desenvolvimento da cultura, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo caracterizar os componentes de rendimento e avaliar as características físico-químicas de frutos de framboeseira, submetidos a diferentes sistemas de condução. O trabalho foi realizado nos ciclos produtivos de 2014/2015 e 2015/2016, na cidade de Lages, SC. Foi avaliada a framboeseira Autumn Bliss, sob quatro sistemas de condução: Paliçada em V, Espaldeira, Fios Duplos e Cruz de Lorena Invertida. O delineamento utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, com três blocos e duas repetições por bloco. Foi realizado acompanhamento fenológico da cultivar, definido por: início de brotação, início da floração, início e final da colheita. Para os componentes de produção foram avaliados: produtividade total (t ha-1) e produção por haste (g haste-1). Para o desenvolvimento vegetativo foram avaliados: altura de haste (cm), diâmetro de haste (mm) e a medida indireta da clorofila (SPAD). Para as características físico-químicas dos frutos foram avaliados: sólidos solúveis totais (º Brix), acidez total (% ácido cítrico), relação SS/AT (ratio). Para a definição de custos, todo o material utilizado em cada sistema de condução foi somado. Os dados experimentais foram analisados pela análise de variância (ANOVA) e subsequente comparação múltipla de médias, utilizando o teste de Tukey a 5 % de probabilidade de erro pelo programa estatístico Sisvar 5.3. O sistema de condução que promoveu a maior produtividade para a cultivar Autumn Bliss foi o sistema de Cruz de Lorena Invertida. O sistema de condução que teve o menor custo de implantação foi o Sistema em Fios Duplos. Em relação à qualidade de frutos, não houve diferença entre os sistemas de condução avaliados

<p>Denna undersökning handlar om elevers kunskaper och uppfattningar angående höstlöven och nedbrytning i naturen. Studien har gjorts på två skolor i årskurs 3. Skola A har profilen ”Natur och Miljö” och skola B är en större skola utan profil. Syftet med arbetet är dels att kartlägga elevers föreställningar om nedbrytning i naturen och dels att undersöka hur man kan arbeta med ämnet i skolan för att få en god lärandemiljö. Elever i årskurs 3 intervjuades och resultatet berättar att alla elever är medvetna om lövfällningen. Sedan skiljer sig kunskaperna åt. Hälften av eleverna på skola A förklarar att löven blir till jord. På skola B nämner ingen elev det. Mer än hälften av eleverna på skola A och två på skola B berättar att jord bildas av ätande maskar och småkryp. Skillnaden tror jag beror på att skola A komposterar. De flesta elever anger skolan som kunskapskälla. Genom att tidigare börja arbeta med kretsloppstänkande i skolan så skulle barnens förståelse utvecklas.</p> / <p>This study examines pupils’ knowledge and conceptions concerning the autumn leaves and decomposition in nature. The investigation took place at two schools. School A has the profile ”Nature and Environment” and school B is a larger school without a profile. The purpose of this work is partly to map pupils’ ideas about decomposition in nature and partly to investigate how to work with the subject in school to get a good learning environment. Pupils in third grade were interviewed and the results show that all pupils are conscious of the leaves falling. Half the pupils at school A explain that the leaves become only soil but no one mentioned that at school B. More than half the pupils at school A and two at school B told that soil comes from worms and small animals feeding. I think the difference between the schools depends on the composting at school A. Most pupils state school as a source of knowledge. Talking about the cycle of matter at an earlier stage could develop children’s understanding.</p>

Denna undersökning handlar om elevers kunskaper och uppfattningar angående höstlöven och nedbrytning i naturen. Studien har gjorts på två skolor i årskurs 3. Skola A har profilen ”Natur och Miljö” och skola B är en större skola utan profil. Syftet med arbetet är dels att kartlägga elevers föreställningar om nedbrytning i naturen och dels att undersöka hur man kan arbeta med ämnet i skolan för att få en god lärandemiljö. Elever i årskurs 3 intervjuades och resultatet berättar att alla elever är medvetna om lövfällningen. Sedan skiljer sig kunskaperna åt. Hälften av eleverna på skola A förklarar att löven blir till jord. På skola B nämner ingen elev det. Mer än hälften av eleverna på skola A och två på skola B berättar att jord bildas av ätande maskar och småkryp. Skillnaden tror jag beror på att skola A komposterar. De flesta elever anger skolan som kunskapskälla. Genom att tidigare börja arbeta med kretsloppstänkande i skolan så skulle barnens förståelse utvecklas. / This study examines pupils’ knowledge and conceptions concerning the autumn leaves and decomposition in nature. The investigation took place at two schools. School A has the profile ”Nature and Environment” and school B is a larger school without a profile. The purpose of this work is partly to map pupils’ ideas about decomposition in nature and partly to investigate how to work with the subject in school to get a good learning environment. Pupils in third grade were interviewed and the results show that all pupils are conscious of the leaves falling. Half the pupils at school A explain that the leaves become only soil but no one mentioned that at school B. More than half the pupils at school A and two at school B told that soil comes from worms and small animals feeding. I think the difference between the schools depends on the composting at school A. Most pupils state school as a source of knowledge. Talking about the cycle of matter at an earlier stage could develop children’s understanding.