Inaug.-Diss.--Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, 1911.

An Autumn Scene of Shatin was composed between March and April, 2000. This ensemble piece is written for solo soprano, female chorus, clarinet, bassoon, violin, violoncello, piano and percussion (one player). The composition was named after the poem An Autumn Scene of Shatin, written by Prof. Yu Chung-Kwuang. The composer tried to express the images of the poem by word-painting. The designs of musical structure and the text were tightly connected. The form of this work is through-composed. It can be divided into four parts£º Adagio - Un poco animato - Chorale grandioso - Adagio. At the two-third length of the work, the composer quoted the Renaissance Mass L¡¯homme arm¨¨ to present special sound. Most of the main melodies of this piece are sung by solo soprano, and the transitions between sections are played by female chorus and instrumentalists. The manipulation of texture is an important element. The vocal pitch material is based on interval. On the other hand, the overall instrument pitch is used with tone row. The special technique of strings with overtones, pizzcato, glissando, col legno and sul ponticello are illustrated to create extraordinary effects. This exquisite piece is like a miniature tone poem with words.

Scilla autumnalis L. (the autumn squill) is a bulbous member of the Liliaceae. S. autumnalis has a circum-Mediterranean distribution and is restricted to open, free draining sites. In England S. autumnalis is a plant of open habitats in which the vegetation remains very short. Reproduction is exclusively by seed. Cytological investigation of population samples from England, the Channel Islands, northern France, Greece and Portugal have revealed that S. autumnalis is a polyploid complex. The complex comprises six cytologically distinct races, involving two separate genomes A and B; a diploid BB (2n = 2x = 14), a diploid AA (2n = 2x = 14), an allotetraploid AABB (2n = 4x = 28), an autotetraploid BBBB (2n = 4x = 28) , an autoallohexaploid AABBBB (2n = 6x = 42) and an autohexaploid BBBBBB (2n = 6x = 42). There is no homology between the two genomes and the A genome is 43% longer than the B genome. No populations have been found which contain a mixture of chromosome races. Plants of the six chromosome races are morphologically very similar even though there has been considerable differentiation of the two genomes. A possible scheme for the evolution of the polyploid complex is proposed. The chromosomal structure of populations of BB diploid. BBBB auto tetraploid and AABBBB autoallohexaploid races has been investigated ~n forty-five populations from England. the Channel Islands and Corfu (Greece). The incidence of chromosomal variation, both structural and numerical is extraordinarily high in all three races. Numerical variation comprised aneusomaty. aneuploidy, polysomaty and polyploidy. The extent of numerical variation increased with ploidy level. Hexaploids were unstable 1n somatic tissues. Structural variation 1n S. autumnalis is of three types; spontaneous between-cell, whole plant unique and whole plant polymorphic. The frequency of all three increases with ploidy level. Of the structural changes affecting whole plants, deletions, inversions and duplications were common but only the latter two were involved in polymorphic systems. Forty-five polymorphisms were detected, some of which were geographically widespread. Three polymorphisms were present in more than one chromosome race. The number of polymorphisms in a population is negatively correlated with latitude. Peripheral populations show less variation than central populations.

本文主旨在探討春秋公羊傳精神立論的正統論是如何產生？何演變？主要內容為何？以及有何特點？盼能描繪出正統論的本質及其發展脈絡。全文共分五章，分別略述如下：第一章導論。陳述研究的動機、範圍、目的及方法。第二章正統思想的淵源、突破與演變。概略介紹正統的原始意義、早期發展、與自歐陽修起的創新突破及往後的發展。第三章歷代代表性的正統論分析。分析歷代十九世代表性正統論者的正統論。第四章正統思想輻議。分就正統思想與大一統意識、正統思想與史學、正統思想與政治現實、正統思想與道德理想、正統的銓釋與演變等五方面對正統論作進一步分析。第五章結論。提出對正統論研究的總結。

The research focuses on the war between Jin(®Ê°ê) and Qin (¯³°ê)during the Spring and Autumn period (¬K¬î®É´Á) in China, emphasizing on the 21 battles between Jin and Qin over hundred and twenty six years starting from 672 B.C. till 546 B.C.. Events commenced with Jin attacked Li Jung (Æz¦¥) in 672 B.C. and ending just before the second cease fire treaty (²Ä¤G¦¸«Ú§L¤§·ù) in the Spring and Autumn period in 546 B.C.. The discussion topics include the rationale, proceedings of events and outcome of the battles, with an evaluation of power distribution after the battles. This thesis comprises of 5 chapters: The first chapter is the preface, explaining the motives and aims of this research. It also includes the scope, methods and related literature review of the research. The second chapter dwell on the Battle of Hanyuan (Áú­ì¤§¾Ô), with Duke Hui of Jin (®Ê´f¤½) and Duke Mu of Qin (¯³¿p¤½) as the main background characters. The third chapter is on the most important battle between Jin and Qin - the Battle of Yao (Ù⤧¾Ô) and four of its related battles. The fourth chapter focuses on the Battle of Linghu (¥Oª°¤§§Ð), Battle of Hequ (ªe¦±¤§¾Ô), Battle of Masui (³ÂÀG¤§¾Ô), Battle of Li (òR¤§§Ð) and 11 other related battles. The conclusion is in three parts: the effect of battles, the findings of research and the integrated analyses. Six important points are made to finalize the importance of battles in the maintenance of relationship between Jin and Qin.

Reproductive studies in invasive plants are necessary for an understanding of their potential to establish and spread in foreign environments. Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb. (autumn olive) is an invasive woody shrub that flowers early in the spring and is often noted for its abundant fruit set. This study examined the reproductive biology of E. umbellata in Illinois, where it is highly invasive. Hand-pollination experiments were performed to determine the breeding system of E. umbellata, and floral visitors were collected to determine its pollinators. Experiments showed that E. umbellata is a predominantly outcrossing species with a self-incompatible breeding system. However, individual variation was detected in several reproductive characteristics. Pollen tube analyses revealed that a small percentage of individuals allow successful self-pollen tube growth, and self-fruit set resulting from automatic self-pollination (autogamy) was relatively high in a few plants. Automatic self-pollination is possible because the male and female parts of flowers mature sychronously, but the likelihood of autogamy may vary among individuals due to variability in the spatial separation of male and female parts (herkogamy). Variability in the incompatibility system and the level of herkogamy may impact the outcrossing rates and reproductive success of individuals. The majority of floral visitors to E. umbellata were generalist pollinators. Frequently visiting bees included small and large species such as native Andrena spp., Augochlorella aurata, Bombus spp., Ceratina calcarata, Xylocopa virginica, and the introduced Apis mellifera. Bombylius major (large bee fly) and the moth Mythimna unipuncta (armyworm) were also frequent visitors. Most of the above insect taxa are pollinators of E. umbellata based on analysis of pollen on insect bodies. E. umbellata is likely to achieve its abundant fruit set where these common pollinators and other E. umbellata are present. However, in my study sites, many individuals experienced low fruit set on branches that were open to pollinator visitation, suggesting pollen limitation may be common in some years and at certain sites. The discovery of autogamous individuals demonstrates that some E. umbellata individuals may be able to establish and spread even when mates or pollinators are limiting.

111 pages / The Zuozhuan 评论 (Zuo Commentaries); a narrative history of China's Spring and Autumn period (722-479 BCE), has been included among the thirteen classics of Confucianism since the Tang dynasty. Yet its pages contain numerous references to Shang and early Zhou divination practices. It seems paradoxical that a text identified with Confucian humanism would be full of references to the supernatural. I suggest that the Zuozhuan builds upon the foundations of the authority of Shang and Zhou ritual to establish the authority of Confucian doctrine. This phenomenon has been mentioned by other scholars, though no study has addressed this directly. It is the goal of this thesis to use passages in the Zuozhuan to demonstrate how authority moved from an external source to an internal source during the Eastern Zhou and to show that Zuozhuan makes use of something that Lakoff and Johnson have called idealized cognitive models.

Wermland was affected by the Spanish flu like the Swedish national average, about a half percentage of Wermlands population would lose their lives to the flu during the autumn 1918. The flu has for many fallen into oblivion. This oblivion is so wide spread that it´s possible to talk about a "collective forgetfulness". The society have selected to remember 1918 for "when the guns went quiet on the western front" and not for the millions who died from the treacherous Spanish flu. The world had already suffered enough from the four years of war that had been fought, thus the victims of the flu would be honored but would soon fade in to oblivion.   When you investigate deeper you get the picture that the national average don´t do Wermland and its cities or rural areas any justice when a large variations seems to occur within regional areas. One of Sweden's hardest effected cities was Kristinehamn and some miles north of this city you could find Kroppa rural county. This small county focused on iron works has two small central communities. Both of them had iron/tube mill owned by the same company, Storfors Bruk AB. During the autumn of 1918, Kroppa came in firsthand experience the Spanish flu and it´s expansion, which will get considerable effects how people in these areas could live their lives. As this wouldn´t be enough a diphtheria epidemic would also cause havoc and despair in Kroppa at the same time as the flu. The diphtheria will harvest new victims from a group that during the flu had been relative safe, the children. Even that Kroppa rural county experience a difficult period there behavior will prevent that fear are spread to the public.

The timing of biological events in autumn, or autumn phenology, is an important factor in many ecosystem processes. Leaf senescence terminates the growing season, fruiting is important for seed dispersal and frugivorous wildlife, bird migration concludes the breeding season and is a high-mortality event, and insect diapause ends the active season for insects. Climate change and the spread of invasive species have the potential to shift autumn events and ecological processes. However, autumn has been neglected in the phenology literature, and there are many gaps in our knowledge of basic phenological patterns in this season, as well as how they are affected by anthropogenic changes. To address these gaps, I first synthesized the literature on how climate change affects autumn phenology. I found that shifts in autumn phenology can alter reproductive capacities, exacerbate invasions, increase disease transmission rates, reshuffle enemy-prey dynamics, and alter interactions between species. With a focus on autumn interactions between birds and fleshy-fruited plants, my colleagues and I then observed patterns of fruit phenology, using herbarium specimens of 55 species collected across New England, and over 400 species in the living collections of 5 international botanical gardens. Last, I monitored fleshy fruit phenology and abundance at Manomet, a migratory stopover site in coastal Massachusetts, and compared those patterns to seeds identified from landbird fecal samples collected across the autumn season. I found that the sequence of fruiting is moderately consistent from year to year and place to place, and has a significant phylogenetic signal. In wild plants, invasive species fruit, on average, nearly one month later than native species. Considering many landbirds are migrating through New England later over time and in warm years, this suggests birds are increasingly likely to encounter invasive fruits during late-autumn migration. However, bird diets do not reflect the increased availability of invasive fruits in late-autumn; rather, birds show a preference for native fleshy fruits throughout the autumn season. These findings add to our knowledge of how climate change and species invasions affect autumn synchrony, and highlight the importance of native, rather than invasive, fruits as a food source for migratory landbirds. / 2019-11-07T00:00:00Z

O presente experimento verificou se o fotoperíodo artificial iniciado no verão retarda o início da transição outonal e nos casos de ocorrência do anestro determinar sua forma de início. Foram utilizadas no experimento 13 éguas com idades variando entre 4 e 10 anos. Todas as éguas no início do experimento encontravam-se ciclando, com presença de corpo lúteo funcional ou folículo dominante. Antes do início do experimento os animais foram divididos em dois grupos, Grupo Luz (GL) com 08 animais e Grupo Controle (GC) com 05 animais, buscando equilibrar a idade e a condição corporal das éguas nos diferentes grupos. A partir do dia 23 de fevereiro de 2006 as éguas do GL foram submetidas a um fotoperíodo artificial de 15 horas de luz e de 9 horas de escuridão, e as éguas do GC foram mantidas sob fotoperíodo natural. Em relação ao início do anestro e à condição corporal não foram observadas diferenças entre o GL e o GC. Dentre os 13 animais utilizados no experimento todos entraram em anestro. Não se observaram diferenças entre os dois grupos de tratamento em relação ao número de dias entre o início do tratamento e a última ovulação e os inícios do tratamento e do anestro, bem como entre o número de dias de duração do último corpo lúteo. Entretanto observou-se diferença no grupo luz onde 75% das éguas apresentaram diestro prolongado enquanto que no grupo controle isto ocorreu em somente 40% das éguas. O anestro inicia por persistência lútea seguida de inatividade folicular ou por inatividade folicular após um diestro regular. O fotoperíodo artificial iniciado a partir da segunda metade do verão não impediu o início do anestro. Entretanto, a maioria das éguas submetidas ao fotoperíodo artificial iniciou o anestro após uma persitência lútea. / The present study aimed to verify if the artificial photoperiod started during summer retards the beginning of autumn transition and if anestrus occurs, to determine the way it begins. There were used 13 mares with ages varying between 4 and 10 years. All the mares were cycling in the beginning of the study, having either a functional corpus luteum or a dominant follicle. Before starting the experiment, the animals were divided in two groups: Light Group (LG) with 08 animals and Control Group (CG) with 05 animals, trying to equilibrate age and body condition of the different group mares. After February 23rd, 2006, the mares of LG were submitted to artificial photoperiod of 15 hours light and 9 hours dark, and the mares of CG were kept under natural photoperiod. Concerning the beginning of anestrus and body condition, no differences were observed between LG and CG. Among the 13 animals used in the study, all entered anestrus period. No differences were observed between the treatment groups about the number of days between the beginning of the treatment and the last ovulation, and the beginning of treatments and anestrus, as well as the number of days of duration of the last corpus luteum. However, differences were found in the light group, where 75% of the mares presented a prolonged diestrus while in the control group it only happened in 40% of the mares. The anestrus begins by luteal persistency followed by follicular inactivity or by follicular inactivity after a regular diestrus. The artificial photoperiod initiated after the second half of the summer did not affect the beginning of the anestrus. However, most of the mares submitted to artificial photoperiod initiated anestrus after a luteal persistency.