Wermland was affected by the Spanish flu like the Swedish national average, about a half percentage of Wermlands population would lose their lives to the flu during the autumn 1918. The flu has for many fallen into oblivion. This oblivion is so wide spread that it´s possible to talk about a "collective forgetfulness". The society have selected to remember 1918 for "when the guns went quiet on the western front" and not for the millions who died from the treacherous Spanish flu. The world had already suffered enough from the four years of war that had been fought, thus the victims of the flu would be honored but would soon fade in to oblivion.   When you investigate deeper you get the picture that the national average don´t do Wermland and its cities or rural areas any justice when a large variations seems to occur within regional areas. One of Sweden's hardest effected cities was Kristinehamn and some miles north of this city you could find Kroppa rural county. This small county focused on iron works has two small central communities. Both of them had iron/tube mill owned by the same company, Storfors Bruk AB. During the autumn of 1918, Kroppa came in firsthand experience the Spanish flu and it´s expansion, which will get considerable effects how people in these areas could live their lives. As this wouldn´t be enough a diphtheria epidemic would also cause havoc and despair in Kroppa at the same time as the flu. The diphtheria will harvest new victims from a group that during the flu had been relative safe, the children. Even that Kroppa rural county experience a difficult period there behavior will prevent that fear are spread to the public.

With the help of sermon manuscripts from the time of the Spanish flu, held within the Church of Sweden, new light is shed on sermons held in the beginning of the Covid-19 pandemic. The comparison shows, among other things, that a shift has been made in how God is portrayed. It also points to some challenging questions about suffering, hope and the role of eternity in preaching today.

This study explores how the Church of Sweden was impacted by the Spanish flu in 1918-1920 and how people affiliated with the church interpreted the pandemic theologically. The material analyzed is trade-magazines for people affiliated with the Church from the relevant years. During the current Corona-pandemic, the activities of religious organizations have been given a lot of media attention as potential risk-events for infections. The religious beliefs of those organizations are scrutinized to explain why they feel safe to gather. After gatherings, possible effects such as large-scale outbreaks are often the focus of negative attention. Historically, however, there seems to be few studies on how religious organizations handled ongoing pandemics and the theological beliefs that motivated their choices. This study tries to look at the people working for the Church of Sweden in 1918-1920: how were they affected by the pandemic, how did they interpret the events theologically and what did they do in response to it.

El Hospital de Caridad de Cartagena fue fundado en 1693. Objetivo: determinar su área de influencia, los problemas sanitarios, enfermedades y lesiones más frecuentes y otros aspectos. La fuente principal ha sido el archivo del Hospital. Entre 1900 y 1936 el Hospital experimenta un gran auge. El 58% de enfermos proceden de la Ciudad, siguiéndole la zona minera (19%). Existe una correlación negativa entre los ingresos y la estancia media. Enfermedades más frecuentes: aparato digestivo (21%), respiratorias (15%), circulatorias (10%) y genitourinarias (9%). Enfermedades infecto-contagiosas más frecuentes: tuberculosis (20%), difteria (19%), paludismo (17%), sífilis (16%), fiebres tifoideas (4%) y viruela (3%). La tasa más elevada de hospitalización por paludismo corresponde a la zona húmeda de “El Hondón”. Existe una correlación negativa entre consumo de pan y de carne por estancia y número de estancias. Entre las urgencias predominan las heridas (59%), traumatismos osteoarticulares (24,3%), quemaduras (3,3%) y cuerpos extraños (2,6%). / The “Hospital de Caridad” in Cartagena was founded in 1693. Objective: to determine its area of influence, health problems, most common diseases and injuries and other aspects. The archive of the Hospital has been the main information source. Between 1900 and 1936 the Hospital experiences a great development. 58% of patients are from the City followed by those from the mining zone (19%). A negative correlation was observed between admissions and average length of inpatient hospital stay. Most frequent diseases: digestive system (21%), respiratory system (15%), cardiovascular system (10%) and genitourinary system (9%). Most frequent infect-contagious diseases: tuberculosis (20%), diphtheria (19%), malaria (17%), syphilis (16%), typhoid fever (4%) and smallpox (3%). The main zone affected by malaria is the wetland area called “El Hondón”. A negative correlation was observed between bread and meat consumption per hospital stay and average length of stay. Most common emergencies are wounds (59%), osteoarticular traumatisms (24.3%), burns (3.3) and foreign bodies (2.6%).

[pt] A pesquisa recorda as três maiores pandemias da Era Cristã: a Peste Justiniana, no século VI, a Peste Negra, no século XIV e a Gripe Espanhola, no século XX. Investiga-se em cada moléstia a natureza da doença, sua origem, sintomas, percursos e impactos. Enfatiza-se a maneira como a Igreja atravessou cada período pandêmico, revelando suas crenças e interpretações para as pragas, a forma como tentava afastar o mal e a assistência que fornecia aos enfermos e enlutados. A pesquisa revela ainda se os cristãos amadureceram suas respostas às crises, se aspectos litúrgicos foram adaptados e se interpretações escatológicas sofreram alguma alteração. Seguindo a ordem cronológica em que as pestilências se sucederam, dedica-se o primeiro capítulo ao estudo da Peste Justiniana, revelando, por exemplo, como o contexto geográfico e social da época contribuía para a disseminação de doenças. A pesquisa avança até a Baixa Idade Média, quando Europa, Ásia e África são assoladas pela Peste Negra, e mostra, entre outras coisas, as frustrantes tentativas médicas e religiosas de lidar com a praga. Finalmente, o último capítulo explora a maior pandemia da história, a Gripe Espanhola, dissertando sobre sua alta letalidade e a maneira diversa como os cristãos oriundos de diferentes denominações reagiram. / [en] The research recalls the three greatest pandemics of the Christian Era: the Jus-tinian Plague, in the 6th century, the Black Death, in the 14th century and the Spanish Flu, in the 20th century. The nature of the disease, its origin, symptoms, routes and impacts are investigated in each sickness. It emphasizes how the Church went through each pandemic period, revealing its beliefs and interpretations for the plagues, the way it tried to ward off evil and the assistance it provided to the sick and mourning. The survey also reveals whether Christians have matured their responses to crises, whether liturgical aspects have been adapted and whether eschatological interpretations have undergone any changes. Following the chronological order in which the pestilences followed one another, the first chapter is devoted to the study of the Justinian Plague, revealing, for example, how the geographic and social context of the time contributed to the spread of diseases. The research advances to the Late Middle Ages, when Europe, Asia and Africa were ravaged by the Black Death, and shows, among other things, the frustrating medical and religious attempts to deal with the plague. Finally, the last chapter explores the greatest pandemic in history, the Spanish Flu, discussing its high lethality and the diverse way in which Christians from different denominations reacted.

Charles University First Medical Faculty Study programme: History of Medicine Summary of dissertation The Spanish Flu Pandemic 1918/19 with particular reference to the Bohemian Lands and Central European relations Dr. med. univ. Harald Salfellner Prague, 2017 Summary Towards the end of the First World War, in 1918 and 1919, humanity faced a previously unparalleled flu pandemic; within a few months, more people had been killed than in all the battles of the 1914-18 war put together. The precise number of victims is unknown but is today generally reckoned at between 20 and 50 million. The whole world was affected by the Spanish flu, with the exception of a few remote islands, and Europe, already bled to death by industrialised warfare, was particularly hard hit. In summer 1918, the pandemic reached Bohemia in an early, relatively benign wave. A few weeks later, thousands were struck down in Prague in a second and far more deadly phase of the illness. In October 1918, as the First Czechoslovakian Republic arose from the ashes of the multiethnic Austrian state, and the masses celebrated in the cities, thousands of feverish patients were coughing behind drawn curtains, and facing an uncertain fate. In the USA, the flu pandemic - the greatest health disaster of the 20th century - has been the subject of many...

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T16:17:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leandro Carvalho Damacena Neto.pdf: 5860174 bytes, checksum: d2948cd4bdd56c4fd40f454247f3de60 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-11 / Research on the Spanish flu in Goiás aimed to understand the impacts and meanings which accounted for the population. We analyze its symptoms Spanish flu, as well as highlight the imprecision of medicine to define and characterize it, the multiple symptoms diagnosed and the variety of treatments and therapeutic measures. For this, the research is anchored in the records of the press Goiás, in the context of 1918/1919 were lodged with the population and called Advice to people: that is, they were indications of health authorities to combat the Spanish flu. More than a biological problem, the Spanish flu became a social problem, and as such has been analyzed here, from its social representation - ie, the disease constituted a problem that requires an explanation by the company attacked, it is imperative that has a social and cultural. Historicize diseases is one of the ways to understand a society. / A pesquisa sobre a gripe espanhola em Goiás teve como principal objetivo compreender os impactos e os significados que representou para a população. Buscamos analisar a sintomatologia da doença de gripe espanhola, bem como ressaltar a imprecisão da medicina ao defini-la e caracterizá-la, os múltiplos sintomas diagnosticados e a variedade de tratamentos e medidas terapêuticas. Para tanto, a pesquisa ancorou-se nos registros da imprensa goiana, que, no contexto de 1918/1919, foram dirigidos à população e denominados Conselhos ao povo;ou seja, eram indicações das autoridades sanitárias para o combate da gripe espanhola. Mais que um problema biológico, a gripe espanhola se tornou um problema social, e como tal foi aqui analisada, a partir da sua representação social ou seja, a doença constituiu-se um problema que exige uma explicação pela sociedade atacada; é imperativo que tenha sentido social e cultural. Historicizar as doenças é um dos caminhos para se compreender uma sociedade.

The 1st and 2nd order Lee–Carter methods were compared with the Hyndman–Ullah method in regards to goodness of fit and forecasting ability of mortality rates. Swedish population data was used from the Human Mortality Database. The robust estimation property of the Hyndman–Ullah method was also tested with inclusion of the Spanish flu and a hypothetical scenario of the COVID-19 pandemic. After having presented the three methods and making several comparisons between the methods, it is concluded that the Hyndman–Ullah method is overall superior among the three methods with the implementation of the chosen dataset. Its robust estimation of mortality shocks could also be confirmed.

The purpose of this thesis is to find out how a hundred and its public healthcare system managed the 1918 flu pandemic, with Näs hundred as a case study. Relevant information is found using archived copies of the provincial physician's sent letters, editions of the local newspaper, and death-and-funeral books. Such information includes mortality statistics, which measures were taken, which role the private sector had, and if there was any change within the public healthcare system. The study finds that the Spanish flu stood out from other illnesses and the general state of health. At its culmination in October, hundreds were sick and private workplaces were short of staff. The mortality rate seems to have been around 0.49% of the population, which is a reasonable rate in comparison to other case studies. When the epidemic was at its height, the authorities closed schools and prohibited events that attracted larger masses of people. This was announced through the local newspaper, alongside urges for the people to avoid crowding. Within the public healthcare system, there were no extensive changes, except an increase in workdays, a higher salary and a decrease in the number of nurses. There was a discussion on who should be allowed to be cared for in the epidemic hospital, as this hospital, according to routine, did not care for people with influenza or people from outside the central locality. There is no evidence on how this turned out, but some information seems to suggest that the hospital, or at least the epidemic nurse, did get to care for people with influenza. Nonetheless, it is clear that the public healthcare system could not manage the epidemic, and that the majority of people had to be treated in their homes by a relative or an ambulating nurse. When it comes to actions taken by the private sector, charity funding for the victims is the sole provable action. In contrast to other case studies, there is no evidence of private healthcare or charity organizations that would have cooperated with the public healthcare system. This charity, as well as those measures taken by the authorities, can be seen as consequences of a so-called institutional weakening, which itself would be a consequence of the epidemic outbreak. The outbreak showed that the public healthcare system could not handle an epidemic of this size, which in turn made established routines obsolete, showed that there were holes in the system and legitimized interventions made by the authorities. As a consequence, the aforementioned measures were taken to inhibit the spread of the epidemic and to care for the sick. / Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur ett härad och dess sjukvårdsorganisation klarade av 1918 års influensapandemi, med Näs härad som fallstudie. Relevant information hittades genom att granska provinsialläkarens konceptböcker, nummer av Säffle-Tidningen och död- och begravningsböcker från tiden. Sådan information inkluderar hur sjukan utmärkte sig som bidragande faktor till det allmänna hälsoläget, vilka åtgärder som vidtogs som reaktion av epidemin och ifall någon förändring i sjukvårdens organisation skedde till följd av spanska sjukan. Uppsatsen kommer fram till att spanska sjukan stod ut från övriga sjukdomar och det allmänna hälsoläget. Vid kulmen i oktober var hundratals insjuknade och arbetsplatser hade brist på personal. Dödstalet låg på runt 0,49% av befolkningen, vilket är ett rimligt tal i jämförelse med tidigare forskning. När epidemin var som mest utbredd stängde myndigheterna skolor, biografer och liknande tillställningar som drog till sig större folkmassor. Detta utannonserades i Säffle-Tidningen, samtidigt som de uppmanade folk att hålla distans till sjuka och undvika trängsel. Inom sjukvården kom inga större förändringar, utan främst utökade arbetstider, höjd lön och en minskning i antal sköterskor. En diskussion fanns dock kring vilka som skulle få vårdas i epidemisjukhuset, som enligt rutin inte tog emot folk sjuka av influensa eller folk utanför den centrala köpingen. Det går inte att belägga hur detta kom att se ut, men en del tyder på att epidemisjukhuset, eller åtminstone epidemisjuksköterskan, trotts allt kom att vårda folk sjuka i influensa. Oavsett är det klart att sjukvården inte hade beredskap nog att hantera sjukan, och att majoriteten av de sjuka fick vårdas i hemmet av anhörig eller kringvandrande sjuksköterska. Av vad man kan belägga med det givna källmaterialet är en välgörenhetsfond åt de utsatta det närmsta man kommer vad gäller reaktioner från privat sektor. Till skillnad från fallstudier i tidigare forskning finns inget bevis på att privat vård eller välgörenhetsorganisationer kom att samarbeta med sjukvården. Oavsett kan detta, samt de åtgärder och förändringar som vidtogs av myndigheterna, ses som ha kommit till följd av en institutionell försvagning, som i sig var en följd av det epidemiska utbrottet. Epidemin påvisade nämligen att sjukvården och samhället inte kunde hantera en så stor mängd sjuka, vilket gjorde att rutiner blev obsoleta, att hål i systemet uppenbarades, och interventioner kunde legitimeras av myndigheterna. Som följd vidtogs ovannämnda åtgärder för att försöka hämma epidemins spridning och vårda de sjuka.