This Thesis presents simulation of flow past laboratory-scale and full-scale tidal stream turbines (TST) using EDF's open-source CFD solver Code_Saturne. The work shows that detailed results may be obtained with confidence and that greater information on the loading and wake structure is available than other methods, such as blade element momentum theory.Results are obtained using a new sliding-mesh method that has been implemented in Code_Saturne as part of this work. The sliding-mesh method uses internal Dirichlet boundary conditions with values on the interface prescribed via a halo-point method. Parallel performance is optimised by a carefully-chosen method of exchanging information between specific processes. Validation is provided for flow past a rotating cylinder and a sphere.For the laboratory-scale TST, Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes models are used to model turbulence. The k-omega-SST and Launder-Reece-Rodi (LRR) models yield good agreement with experimental values of power and thrust coefficients as a function of tip-speed ratio (TSR). The standard k-epsilon model is shown to perform poorly due to an overprediction of turbulent kinetic energy upstream of the rotor plane. The k-omega-SST model is then used to examine wake behaviour for parametric studies of turbulence intensity and TSR. Increased turbulence levels are shown to reduce the downstream propagation of the wake because of increased mixing. The near wake is influenced by the TSR, whilst the far wake is independent of TSR.The predicted effect of tidal conditions typical of the EMEC test site are considered for flow past Tidal Generation Limited's 1MW TST. The effect of sheared-velocity profiles leads to an increase in loading on an individual turbine blade at the point of a rotation where velocity shear is greatest. The effect of increased yaw angle leads to large fluctuations of the power coefficient, but smaller fluctuations of the thrust coefficient. Mean values of thrust and power decrease as a function of the cosine of the yaw angle and yaw angle squared respectively.

<p>This work utilized Pointwise and Fluent to generate a two-dimensional axisymmetric model a Mk 48 torpedo, with the intention of informing methods to reduce the turbulence, and therefore hydrodynamic noise, of the torpedo’s wake. However, this work was unable to gather data on the unsteady nature of the turbulence expected around the torpedo due to Fluent providing unrealistic results when run using a transient solver. This work shows that the transient solver computed boundary layers greater than one order of magnitude smaller than expected, and in some cases there was no change in boundary layer thickness over the torpedo’s body. The work does contain steady state solutions that were validated by first performing a grid convergence study for a flat plate. The steady state results for the flat plate and torpedo both showed the expected growth for a turbulent boundary layer. Additionally, there was a high level of convergence with the Log-Law showing that the steady state data is valid. Future work should use a transient solver to determine the characteristics of the turbulence to resolve unsteady flow from vortex shedding, wake characteristics, and any broadband or narrowband noise to develop solutions to reduce the noise made by the Mk 48.</p>

One of two project reports. Part A can be found at: http://hdl.handle.net/11375/17932 / Time-averaged holographic interferometry is applied to the study of the resonance mode structures of an electromagnetic and a piezoelectric high frequency loud-speaker. Vibrational amplitude measurements were made using the simple concept of the holo-diagram. The vibrational amplitude sensitivity range was from 0.1 µm to 0.9 µm, which is an ideal range since the speaker vibrational amplitudes were always below 0.8 µm. Application of the technique to non-destructive speaker quality testing and optimum speaker design is also discussed in the report. / Thesis / Master of Engineering (ME)

Throughout recent years, computer based programs has been applied to solve and analyze industrial problems. One of these developed programs is the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) program. The purpose of implementing CFD analysis is to solve complex flow behavior which is not possible with ordinary calculus. The extensive application of CFD in the industry is a result of improved commercial CFD codes  in terms of more advance partial differential equations (PDE) describing various physical phenomena, CAD and mesh-grid generating tools and improved graphical user interfaces (GUI). Today, CFD usage has extended to fields such as aerodynamic, chemical process engineering, biomedical engineering and drying technology. As there is an on-going expansion of CFD usages in the industry, certain issues need to be addressed as they are frequently encountered. The general demand for simulation of larger control volumes and more advanced flow processes result in extensive requirement of computer resources. Numerous complex flow topics today require computer cluster networks which are not accessible for every company. The second issue is the implementation of commercial CFD codes in minor industrial companies is utilized as a black box based on the knowledge on fluid mechanic theory. A vital part of the simulation process is the evaluation of data through visual analysis of flow patterns, analysis on the sensitivity of the mesh grid, investigation of quantitative parameters such as pressure loss, velocity, turbulence intensity etc. Moreover, increased partnerships between industry and the academic world involving various CFD based design processes generally yields to a verbal communication interface which is a crucial step in the process given the fact of the level of dependency between both sides. The aim of this thesis is to present methods of CFD analysis based on these issues. In paper I, a heuristically determined design process of the geometry near the front trap door of an internal duct system was achieved by implementing the CFD code COMSOL MultiPhysics as a communication tool. The design process was established by two counterparts in the project in which CFD calculations and geometry modifications were conducted separately. Two design criteria presenting the pressure drop in duct and the outflow uniformity was used to assess geometry modifications conducted by a CAD-engineer. The geometry modifications were based on visual results of the flow patterns. The geometry modifications confirmed an improvement in the geometry as the pressure drop was reduced with 23% and the uniformity was increased with 3%. In paper II, volume-averaged equations were implemented in a tube-fin heat exchanger in order to simulate airflow. Focus was on achieving a correct volume flow rate and pressure drop (V-p) correlation. The volume averaged model (VAM) is regarded as a porous medium in which the arrangement of fins and tube bundles are replaced with volume-averaged equations. Hence, the computational time was reduced significantly for the VAM model. Moreover, experimental results of the (V-p) correlation showed good agreement with the VAM model.

With the continuous growth of the space industry and the introduction of reusable rockets, the number of rocket launches is expected to increase significantly in the following years. During rocket launching, the engine exhaust impinges on the launch structure producing a complex flow field. The rocket jet induces large thermoaerodynamic and acoustic loads on the launch structures and the rocket. This thesis aims to study the physics and numerical considerations behind supersonic flows exhausted from rocket engines. First, the treatment of turbulent compressible flows through the Favre-averaged equations and the SST k-ω model are studied. Next, the numerical modeling of the problem, including solver and meshing theory is presented. Then, a model of a nozzle is explained along with how the performance is assessed to finally design a M=3 two-dimensional nozzle using the method of characteristics (MOC). The two-dimensional results are validated using Ansys Fluent, and the same geometry is used for the following axisymmetrical problems, which include the study of a free and impinging jet. The free jet problem serves to study how the nozzle behaves in a two-dimensional axisymmetric problem and to validate the impinging jet results. To obtain the results, RANS-based simulations of a cold, over-expanded jet with adiabatic walls are performed. Empirical formulas were used to verify the results. Lastly, the impinging jet problem is simulated using the same inlet boundary conditions as for the free jet. The impact that the plate distance to the exit of the nozzle has on the position of the shock waves when the jet impinges on the flat surface is assessed. Finally, an optimization of the shape of a wedge to minimize the maximum turbulence kinetic energy produced during steady-state simulation is carried out. As an appendix to the work, an aeroacoustic study of the impinging jet at 4De distance is presented. The results show the direction of propagation of the acoustic waves but due to the lack of acoustic quality of the mesh, the predicted sound pressure levels do not match the expected behavior.

This thesis focused on investigating flow, coherent structures, and mechanisms leading to scour around a series of three submerged groynes in a high curvature (radius of curvature (R)/channel width (B)=1.5) channel bend using a Large Eddy Simulation Numerical (LES) model. Flow was investigated during both an initial and a later stage of scour. The results showed that the groynes appeared effective in keeping the main core of high streamwise velocity away from the outer bank wall in the region where they were installed, although high potential still existed for local scour around the groynes. During the initial stage of scour, horseshoe vortices (HVs) showed the greatest propensity to induce scour immediately upstream of the groyne tips. During the later stage of scour, the HV in front of the first upstream groyne (G1) induced very high mean pressure fluctuations on the outer bank wall. Scour was also of very great concern around the tip of G1 due to severe mean bed pressure fluctuations. Downstream of the groyne field, the presence of a counter-rotating outer bank cell was capable of endangering the stability of the outer bank. The second focus of this thesis was to investigate flow in a 135° channel bend using both Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) and LES numerical models. The RANS study examined the effects of curvature ratio (R/B), and aspect ratio (B/H, where H is the inlet flow depth), on secondary circulation strength, and bed shear stresses. The study revealed that a decrease in R/B was associated with an increase in secondary circulation strength and peak bed shear stress. A change in B/H also substantially affected cross stream circulation strength. The LES study was conducted in a 135° (R/B = 1.5) bend flume with a fixed bed corresponding to near equilibrium scour conditions, and the results were compared to a similar high curvature 193° bend numerical study. Inner bank vortices and shear layers were present in both cases although their characteristics were substantially different. Distributions of boundary friction velocities, and turbulence were also quite different for each case.

Hot wire anemometers have been used in several wind velocity sensors deployed in Mars. They are based in keeping the temperature of a surface at a constant value, above the ambient. This is done by means of a heater controlled with an electronic system. The cooling rate of each point at the sensor surface can be used to calculate the wind velocity and direction. However, due to turbulent fluctuations, the cooling rate is not constant even in the case of constant velocity. Moreover, RANS simulations cannot estimate such fluctuations as they only provide an estimation of the averaged flow field. The goal of this work has been to estimate such fluctuations and the e↵ect they might have on the sensor readings. To do so, the turbulent cooling rate (Nusselt number) of a sensor with a generic shape, under the typical conditions to be find in Mars, has been simulated using high performance LES (Large Eddy Simulation) simulations and compared with RANS and URANS simulations.

A cardiomiopatia arritmogênica do ventrículo direito (CAVD) é uma doença miocárdica genética e hereditária, com alta prevalência entre os cães da raça Boxer, causada por alterações nos genes que codificam os receptores de rianodina ou os desmossomos cardíacos. Caracteriza-se, histologicamente, por atrofia de miócitos do ventrículo direito, principalmente, com reposição por tecido adiposo e fibroso. Tais lesões causam instabilidade elétrica do miocárdio, com consequente aparecimento de arritmias ventriculares por re-entrada. Os animais afetados podem apresentar-se assintomáticos ou com frequentes episódios de síncope ou morte súbita; ainda, podem desenvolver uma forma mais grave da doença, com dilatação ventricular e disfunção sistólica, evoluindo para insuficiência cardíaca congestiva. Devido à escassez de estudos determinando fatores preditivos para a ocorrência de morte de origem cardíaca nestes animais, o presente estudo objetivou avaliar o valor prognóstico das variáveis de eletrocardiografia ambulatorial (Holter), eletrocardiografia de alta resolução (ECGAR) e variabilidade de frequência cardíaca (VFC) na CAVD do Boxer. Para tanto, tais parâmetros foram avaliados em 92 cães, distribuídos de acordo com a raça ou o estágio da doença em cinco grupos: cãescontrole da raça Pastor Alemão (grupo PA), cães-controle da raça Boxer (grupo BC), cães Boxer suspeitos para CAVD (grupo BSUS), cães Boxer afetados pela CAVD (grupo BCAVD) e cães Boxer com CAVD e disfunção sistólica (grupo BDS). Foram encontrados potenciais tardios ao ECGAR em poucos cães do grupo CAVD (21,05%); no entanto, dentre os cães do grupo BDS este percentual foi bem mais expressivo (83,33%), demonstrando que a sensibilidade deste exame é maior em estágios mais avançados da doença. Apesar da observação destes potenciais tardios, as variáveis analisadas ao ECGAR não apresentaram correlação com a sobrevida dos cães com CAVD. Também não se constituíram em fatores preditivos de morte os índices de VFC. Apenas a idade do animal no momento do diagnóstico, a ocorrência de taquicardia ventricular não sustentada e de extrassístoles supraventriculares ao Holter apresentaram-se como fatores prognósticos na sobrevida dos cães Boxer com CAVD. As variáveis de ECGAR e VFC não evidenciaram correlação com o número ou grau das arritmias ventriculares registradas ao Holter dos cães Boxer com CAVD, demonstrando que a gênese destas arritmias não está relacionada à disfunção do sistema nervoso simpático. / Arhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is a genetic and hereditary myocardial disease with a high prevalence among Boxer dogs, caused by changes in genes that encode ryanodine receptors or desmosomes. It is characterized histologically by myocyte atrophy, especially of the right ventricle, with replacement by fat and fibrous tissue. Such injuries cause electrical instability of myocardium, with subsequent appearance of re-entrant ventricular arrhythmias. Affected animals may be asymptomatic, show frequent episodes of syncope or sudden death, or develop a more severe form of disease with ventricular dilatation and systolic dysfunction, progressing to congestive heart failure. Given the paucity of studies determining preditive factors for the occurrence of cardiac death in these animals, this study aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of variables of ambulatory electrocardiography (Holter) signal-averaged electrocardiography (SAECG) and heart rate variability (HRV) in Boxer dogs with ARVC. For this, these parameters were evaluated in 92 dogs, divided according to race or stage of the disease into five groups: German Shepherd control dogs (group PA), Boxer control dogs (group BC), Boxer dogs suspicious for ARVC (group BSUS), Boxer dogs affected by ARVC (group BCAVD) and Boxer dogs with ARVC and systolic dysfunction (group BDS). Late potentials were found in SAECG of few dogs on group CAVD (21.05%), however, among dogs of group BDS, this percentage was much higher (83.33%), demonstrating that the sensitivity of this test is higher in more advanced stages of the disease. Despite the observation of late potentials in SAECG, the variables of this test were not correlated with survival in dogs with ARVC. The indexes of HRV were also not significantly predictive of death in ARVC dogs. Only the age of the animal at diagnosis, the occurrence of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia and supraventricular ectopic beats on Holter presented as prognostic factors in survival of Boxer dogs with ARVC. The SAECG and HRV variables were not correlated with the number or degree of ventricular arrhythmias recorded by Holter of ARVC Boxer dogs, demonstrating that the genesis of these arrhythmias is not related to dysfunction of the sympathetic nervous system.

A cardiomiopatia arritmogênica do ventrículo direito (CAVD) é uma doença miocárdica genética e hereditária, com alta prevalência entre os cães da raça Boxer, causada por alterações nos genes que codificam os receptores de rianodina ou os desmossomos cardíacos. Caracteriza-se, histologicamente, por atrofia de miócitos do ventrículo direito, principalmente, com reposição por tecido adiposo e fibroso. Tais lesões causam instabilidade elétrica do miocárdio, com consequente aparecimento de arritmias ventriculares por re-entrada. Os animais afetados podem apresentar-se assintomáticos ou com frequentes episódios de síncope ou morte súbita; ainda, podem desenvolver uma forma mais grave da doença, com dilatação ventricular e disfunção sistólica, evoluindo para insuficiência cardíaca congestiva. Devido à escassez de estudos determinando fatores preditivos para a ocorrência de morte de origem cardíaca nestes animais, o presente estudo objetivou avaliar o valor prognóstico das variáveis de eletrocardiografia ambulatorial (Holter), eletrocardiografia de alta resolução (ECGAR) e variabilidade de frequência cardíaca (VFC) na CAVD do Boxer. Para tanto, tais parâmetros foram avaliados em 92 cães, distribuídos de acordo com a raça ou o estágio da doença em cinco grupos: cãescontrole da raça Pastor Alemão (grupo PA), cães-controle da raça Boxer (grupo BC), cães Boxer suspeitos para CAVD (grupo BSUS), cães Boxer afetados pela CAVD (grupo BCAVD) e cães Boxer com CAVD e disfunção sistólica (grupo BDS). Foram encontrados potenciais tardios ao ECGAR em poucos cães do grupo CAVD (21,05%); no entanto, dentre os cães do grupo BDS este percentual foi bem mais expressivo (83,33%), demonstrando que a sensibilidade deste exame é maior em estágios mais avançados da doença. Apesar da observação destes potenciais tardios, as variáveis analisadas ao ECGAR não apresentaram correlação com a sobrevida dos cães com CAVD. Também não se constituíram em fatores preditivos de morte os índices de VFC. Apenas a idade do animal no momento do diagnóstico, a ocorrência de taquicardia ventricular não sustentada e de extrassístoles supraventriculares ao Holter apresentaram-se como fatores prognósticos na sobrevida dos cães Boxer com CAVD. As variáveis de ECGAR e VFC não evidenciaram correlação com o número ou grau das arritmias ventriculares registradas ao Holter dos cães Boxer com CAVD, demonstrando que a gênese destas arritmias não está relacionada à disfunção do sistema nervoso simpático. / Arhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is a genetic and hereditary myocardial disease with a high prevalence among Boxer dogs, caused by changes in genes that encode ryanodine receptors or desmosomes. It is characterized histologically by myocyte atrophy, especially of the right ventricle, with replacement by fat and fibrous tissue. Such injuries cause electrical instability of myocardium, with subsequent appearance of re-entrant ventricular arrhythmias. Affected animals may be asymptomatic, show frequent episodes of syncope or sudden death, or develop a more severe form of disease with ventricular dilatation and systolic dysfunction, progressing to congestive heart failure. Given the paucity of studies determining preditive factors for the occurrence of cardiac death in these animals, this study aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of variables of ambulatory electrocardiography (Holter) signal-averaged electrocardiography (SAECG) and heart rate variability (HRV) in Boxer dogs with ARVC. For this, these parameters were evaluated in 92 dogs, divided according to race or stage of the disease into five groups: German Shepherd control dogs (group PA), Boxer control dogs (group BC), Boxer dogs suspicious for ARVC (group BSUS), Boxer dogs affected by ARVC (group BCAVD) and Boxer dogs with ARVC and systolic dysfunction (group BDS). Late potentials were found in SAECG of few dogs on group CAVD (21.05%), however, among dogs of group BDS, this percentage was much higher (83.33%), demonstrating that the sensitivity of this test is higher in more advanced stages of the disease. Despite the observation of late potentials in SAECG, the variables of this test were not correlated with survival in dogs with ARVC. The indexes of HRV were also not significantly predictive of death in ARVC dogs. Only the age of the animal at diagnosis, the occurrence of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia and supraventricular ectopic beats on Holter presented as prognostic factors in survival of Boxer dogs with ARVC. The SAECG and HRV variables were not correlated with the number or degree of ventricular arrhythmias recorded by Holter of ARVC Boxer dogs, demonstrating that the genesis of these arrhythmias is not related to dysfunction of the sympathetic nervous system.

L'étude porte sur le contrôle actif du phénomène de tremblement transsonique sur une voilure supercritique par l'utilisation de deux stratégies de contrôle : thermique et pneumatique. Des simulations numériques de l'écoulement naturel obtenues par résolution des équations de Navier-Stokes moyennées ont permis la restitution des différents régimes (avec ou sans tremblement) en bonne cohérence avec les données expérimentales. Les observations des champs moyens, des champs turbulents et des signaux de pression permettent d'établir le principe de fonctionnement et les performances des actionneurs. Le tremblement transsonique est alors soit repoussé soit supprimé autorisant ainsi l'élargissement du domaine de vol des aéronefs. L'étude paramétrique des deux actionneurs est réalisée aussi bien en mode de fonctionnement continu que rétroactif. Une campagne d'essai consolide et approfondie les résultats obtenues avec la stratégie pneumatique.