This research demonstrates that experience with uncontrollable reinforcement, here defined as continuous non-contingent positive feedback to solution attempts of insoluble problems, fails to produce the proactive interference phenomenon, learned helplessness, while uncontrollable aversive events, here defined as negative feedback to solution attempts of insoluble problems, produces that phenomenon. These results partially support the "learned helplessness" hypothesis of Seligman (1975) which predicts that experience with uncontrollable reinforcement, the offset of negative events or the onset of positive ones, results in learning that responding is independent of reinforcement and that learning transfers to subsequent situations. This research further demonstrates that experience with controllability, here defined as solubility, results in enhanced competence.

The study was designed to find a response on the behavioral level that would be an effective index across subjects for determining when conditioned aversive suppression of a response had been achieved. Ten male volunteers received shock during trials in which they had to smoke. Half of the subjects received a brief but more intense shock when they stopped smoking during a trial. A comparison of these subjects to the others showed their average amount of smoking suppression in pre- and post-treatment rates to be significantly (P < .025) greater. In addition, these subjects showed conditioned emotional responding. It was concluded that this behavioral level response was an effective index for determining when suppression of smoking would occur.

Recent developments in emotion and EI research have introduced new ways of measuring emotional abilities, including performance based tests. The current study aimed to examine the associations of three emotional abilities, using three objective measures. The study consisted of a survey and an experiment, where 89 participants completed performance based multimodal emotion recognition and emotion understanding tests, and a conditioning task using social aversive and appetitive stimuli. The results showed that individuals who are more proficient in emotion understanding were more accurate in emotion recognition and more effective in extinguishing fear-evoking responses. In addition, individuals proficient in emotion recognition were shown to have stronger general responding during fear acquisition. Furthermore, various findings related to emotion understanding and emotion recognition modalities, including item difficulty and specific emotions. Implications of current findings support the notion of separate but related emotional abilities while also highlighting a potentially underlying mechanism or core emotional competence.

Taste potentiation--Spatial and temporal contiguity--No-choice suppression of ingestion--Palatable and unpalatable tastes--Distal auditory stimulus--Variant distal locations.

Forty-five male, Sprague Dawley rats were used to determine if external stimuli could influence the length of a conditioned taste aversion. Animals were given a novel taste (sucrose), and then injected with one of three different substances, marihuana, LiCI, or saline. The animals were then placed into either a stimulation condition, a non-stimulation condition, or returned to the home cage. The stimulation condition contained aversive stimuli in the form of bright, flashing lights and loud noises. The other conditions had no aversive stimulation. It was expected that the animals receiving injections of marihuana would have an increase in their responsiveness to events in their environment, and thus be more sensitive to the aversive stimulation. By reacting to not only the internal toxicosis, but also the aversive external stimulation, it was hoped that the animals would undergo a more totally aversive experience in the stimulation condition. This increase in discomfort with the addition of external aversive stimuli was expected to be reflected in the development of longer conditioned aversions in animals receiving the marihuana and stimulation. The LiCI group was expected to show no reactiveness to the external aversive stimuli. Although taste aversions did develop in the marihuana and LiCI groups, no differences were found between treatment conditions nor between toxins. This study shows that external aversive stimuli do not play a role in an animal's conditioned aversion to sucrose after injection of a toxic drug such as marihuana or LiCI.

This study attempted to reduce three response classes in the verbal behavior of a forty-three-year-old female graduate student. Consequences were placed on interruptions, illogical statements, and total time talking. Specifically, a response rate was taken on the three response classes, and contingent money withdrawal for exceeding defined limits was used as punishment. The treatment was generally effective in reducing interruptions, illogical statements, and total time talking to one half the baseline level, but the follow-up phase suggests that some form of maintainance procedure would be needed to maintain the rate at the lower level.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-04-23T12:34:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Gabriela Lembo Dias Powys.pdf: 1897814 bytes, checksum: 9ab3187cd07f4e34583f68b32d006a79 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-23T12:34:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gabriela Lembo Dias Powys.pdf: 1897814 bytes, checksum: 9ab3187cd07f4e34583f68b32d006a79 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-09 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Aversive control is a controversial area of study within Behavioral Analysis, especially when humans are used as experimental subjects. This work sets out to review basic studies into aversive control with humans that took place within the last 11 years. Specifically, this work aims to: (a) analyze and characterize basic studies that used human beings as participants and used aversive stimulus in the period between 2007 and 2017, focusing on details of the method used; (b) identify whether the author(s) justified or tested the aversive stimulus/stimuli used; (c) identify whether the author(s) name/comment on/evaluate the byproducts of aversive control; and (d) identify whether the author(s) make any ethical comments on the use of aversive stimulation with humans. Articles, theses and dissertations from Brazil and abroad conducted between 2007 and 2017 on online platforms were selected. These include 129 works, of which 35 were conceptual/historical/revisions, 37 applied studies and 57 basic studies – the latter were read in their entirety. The index of agreement between the researcher and the independent observer was 98.7%. Results indicate that the most commonly studied modality of aversive control is avoidance, participants used are generally typical adults, most experimental activities are conducted using a computer, and the aversive stimuli used as US are mainly auditory stimuli. In many studies analyzed, the authors substitute the unconditioned aversive stimulus used in studies with non-human animals with conditioned stimuli, although the results of some experiments which took this approach did not succeed in reproducing the results found in animal literature. Furthermore, a significant divergence was observed in the use and detailing of the description of certain kinds of aversive stimulation (conditioned and unconditioned) in basic studies with humans. It was confirmed that few basic studies refer to the byproducts of aversive control, or present ethical discussions related to this kind of control / O controle aversivo é uma área de pesquisa controversa dentro da Análise do Comportamento, principalmente quando são empregados seres humanos como sujeitos experimentais. O presente estudo propôs-se a revisar as pesquisas básicas sobre controle aversivo com humanos que ocorreram nos últimos 11 anos. Especificamente, este trabalho teve por objetivo: (a) analisar e caracterizar as pesquisas básicas que empregaram seres humanos como participantes e utilizaram estimulação aversiva no período de 2007 a 2017 com foco nos detalhes do método utilizado; (b) verificar se o(s) autor(es) justifica(m) ou testa(m) o(s) estímulo(s) aversivo(s) utilizado(s); (c) identificar se o(s) autor(es) cita(m)/comenta(m)/avalia(m) os subprodutos do controle aversivo; e (d) identificar se o(s) autor(es) faz(em) algum comentário ético quanto ao uso de estimulação aversiva com humanos. Foram selecionados artigos, teses e dissertações brasileiras e internacionais conduzidos entre 2007 e 2017 com base em plataformas online. Foram recuperados 129 trabalhos, sendo 35 conceituais/históricos/revisões, 37 pesquisas aplicadas e 57 pesquisas básicas, as quais estas últimas foram lidas integralmente. O índice de concordância entre a pesquisadora e um observador independente quanto a categorização dos dados foi de 98,7%. Os resultados da revisão indicaram que a modalidade de controle aversivo mais estudada é a esquiva em estudos realizados principalmente com adultos típicos, empregando como estímulos aversivos incondicionados majoritariamente estímulos auditivos e a maior parte das atividades sendo realizadas num computador. Em muitos estudos analisados, os autores substituíram o estímulo aversivo incondicionado usado em pesquisas com animais não humanos por estímulos condicionados, sendo que os resultados de alguns experimentos que seguiram este caminho não conseguiram reproduzir os resultados encontrados na literatura animal. Além disso, foi observada uma grande variabilidade quanto ao uso e detalhamento da descrição de determinados tipos de estimulação aversiva (condicionada e incondicionada) em pesquisas básicas com humanos. Verificou-se também que poucos estudos básicos referem-se aos subprodutos do controle aversivo e/ou apresentam discussões éticas relacionadas a esse tipo de controle

Orientador: Elenice Aparecida de Moraes Ferrari / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T18:07:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Faria_RodolfoSouza_D.pdf: 4131498 bytes, checksum: 19063a2cb7dfffa9e3e542eeb3359cfc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O Fator Neurotrófico Derivado do Cérebro (BDNF) participa de processos de plasticidade sináptica subjacentes à aprendizagem e memória. A ação do BDNF no hipocampo e na amígdala é necessária para à formação de memória emocionais, incluindo a memória de medo. Além disso, foi demonstrado em roedores que a persistência da memória aversiva depende um pico tardio na expressão de BDNF-maduro que ocorre no hipocampo. Contudo, ainda são necessárias investigações sobre o papel do BDNF-maduro na plasticidade sináptica e processos de memória em aves. Neste estudo o Experimento 1 investigou se o condicionamento som-choque induz um ciclo tardio de expressão do BDNF-maduro no hipocampo e amígdala de pombos. Pombos adultos receberam implante bilateral de microcânula intra-hipocampal e, sete dias após foram treinados com três pareamentos som-choque e designados para um dos três grupos: condicionamento e anisomicina (CondANI) , condicionado e salina (CondSAL) e condicionado não tratado (Cond). O grupo NAIVE não teve tratamento ou condicionamento. O Experimento 2 investigou se o bloqueio da ação do BDNF-maduro por infusão intra-hipocampal de anisomicina, e do antagonista do receptor TrkB, K252a, interferem na persistência da memória de medo condicionado ao contexto e ao som. Foram usados grupos de pombos que receberam infusão intra-hipocampal 11 h após o treino de salina (CondSAL2 e CondSAL7), anisomicina (CondANI2 e CondANI7), ou K252a (CondK2 e CondK7), e também controles não tratados (Cond2 e Cond7). Os animais foram testados ao contexto e a som 2 ou 7 dias após treino. No Experimento 1 a análise por Western blotting indicou que os valores de BDNF-maduro no hipocampo dos pombos Cond e CondSAL foram maiores do que nos pombos CondANI e NAIVE (p < 0,05). Os valores de BDNF-maduro na amígdala não diferiram entre os grupos condicionados (p > 0,05). No Experimento II não houve diferenças significativas entre grupos no teste ao contexto realizado 2 dias após o treino (p > 0,05), mas no quando testados 7 dias após o treino os grupos CondANI7 e CondK7 apresentaram menor ocorrência de congelamento do que Cond7 e CondSAL7 (p < 0,05). Não houve diferenças significativas entre grupos nos testes ao som realizados 2 e 7 dias após o condicionamento (p > 0,05). Os dados do Experimento I indicaram que o treino em condicionamento clássico aversivo induziu o aumento tardio da expressão BDNF-maduro no hipocampo e na amígdala, enquanto que os dados do Experimento 2 demostraram que a infusão intra-hipocampal de anisomicina e de K252a prejudicaram a persistência da memória de medo condicionado ao contexto, mas não a memória de medo condicionado ao som. Esses resultados estariam relacionados com uma dissociação entre o hipocampo e amígdala no processamento das informações contextuais e sonoras no medo condicionado. Em conjunto nossos dados evidenciam que a experiência do condicionamento ativa uma série de eventos moleculares que levam ao aumento da expressão do BDNF-maduro no hipocampo e na amígdala, garantindo a regulação fina da plasticidade neuronal necessária para a memória / Abstract: The Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) participates in processes of synaptic plasticity underlying learning and memory. The action of BDNF in the hippocampus and amygdala is necessary for the formation of emotional memory, including fear memory. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that rodent aversive memory depends on persistence of a late peak in the expression of mature BDNF, which occurs in the hippocampus. However, we still need further investigations on the role of mature BDNF in synaptic plasticity and memory processes in birds. In this study, Experiment 1 investigated whether the tone-shock conditioning induces a late cycle-expression of mature - BDNF in the hippocampus and amygdala of pigeons. Adult pigeons underwent bilateral implantation of intra-hippocampal microcanullae and seven days later were trained with three tone-shock pairings and assigned to one of three groups: conditioning and anisomycin (CondANI), conditioning and saline (CondSAL) and untreated conditioning (Cond). The NAIVE group had no treatment or conditioning. Experiment 2 investigated whether blockade of the action of mature-BDNF with intra-hippocampal infusion of anisomycin or of TrkB receptor antagonist, K252a, interferes with the persistence of memory of conditioned contextual fear and conditioned tone fear. Groups of birds that at 11 h after the training received intra-hippocampal infusion of saline (CondSAL2 and CondSAL7) anisomycin (CondANI2 and CondANI7) or K252a (CondK2 and CondK7) as well as untreated controls (COND2 and Cond7) were used. Tests to the context and to the tone were conducted 2 days or 7 days after training. In Experiment 1 analysis by Western blotting indicated values of mature-BDNF in the hippocampus of pigeons and Cond CondSAL that were higher than in CondANI and NAIVE pigeons (p < 0.05). The values of mature-BDNF in the amygdala did not differ between the conditioned groups (p > 0.05). In Experiment II there were no significant differences between groups in the context test conducted 2 days after training (p > 0.05), but when tested 7 days after training both the CondANI7 and CondK7 groups showed lower occurrence of freezing than Cond7 and CondSAL7 (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences between groups in the tests to the tone conducted 2 or 7 days after conditioning (p > 0.05). The data of Experiment I indicated that training in classical aversive conditioning induced increase in late expression of mature-BDNF in the hippocampus and amygdala, whereas the data from Experiment 2 showed that intra-hippocampal infusion of anisomycin and K252a disrupted persistence of the memory of contextual fear conditioning, but not of fear memory to the tone. These results could be related to a dissociation between the hippocampus and amygdala in processing auditory and contextual information in fear conditioning. Taken together our data show that the conditioning experience activates a series of molecular events that lead to increased expression of mature-BDNF in hippocampus, and amygdala, which guarantee regulation of neuronal plasticity required for memory / Doutorado / Fisiologia / Doutor em Biologia Funcional e Molecular

Callous and unemotional (CU) traits in children with conduct problems have been indicated as precursors to adult psychopathy. The analysis of the sensitivity to rewards and punishment in this population may be useful in the identification of effective behavior modification programs and particularly the delineation of ineffective punishment procedures. Scores on the Child Psychopathy Scale, Inventory of Callous and Unemotional Traits, Contingency Response Rating Scale and the Sensitivity to Reward Sensitivity to Punishment – Children Revised scale were used to evaluate 20 children, aged 7-13, recruited from FIU’s Center for Children and Families. The sample comprised 14 males and 6 females displaying a range of psychopathic traits measured by the CPS, with scores from 9 to 46 (M = 28.45, SD = 10.73). Sensitivity to punishment was examined using a behavioral task in which children endured various amounts of either white noise (type I punishment) or time-out from positive reinforcement (type II punishment) in order to gain access to a demonstrated reinforcer. The sample was stratified on the basis of the magnitude of psychopathy scores, and sensitivity to rewards and punishment were evaluated using a Behavioral Activation / Behavioral Inhibition framework by examining task performance: the frequency and duration of punishment conditions selected, electrodermal activity (skin conductance response), and parent-reported measures of child sensitivity to reward and punishment. Results indicated that the magnitude of CU traits was directly proportional to hyposensitivity to punishment and hypersensitivity to reward. Children with elevated levels of CU traits elected to endure a greater frequency and duration type I punishment in order to maintain continued access to the reinforcer. Significant differences were not found between high- and low-psychopathy children in the selection of type II punishment. The findings indicate that although there may be a hyporeactivity to type I punishment in children with CU traits, the use of a type II punishment by the removal of a positive stimulus has demonstrated treatment efficacy. The difference in sensitivity to rewards and the types of effective punishment in children with CU traits may affect reinforcement based learning, leading to the ineffectiveness of traditional methods informing the development of social responses.