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by Cheung Kit Hing. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 175-199). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Abstracts --- p.ii / Table of Contents --- p.vi / List of Figures --- p.xviii / List of Plates --- p.xxii / List of Tables --- p.xxiii / Abbreviations --- p.xxv / Equations --- p.xxviii / Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- The chemistry of azo dyes --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Azo dyes classification --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- Environmental concerns and toxicity --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Toxicity of azo dyes --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Carcinogenicity --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Ecotoxicity --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3.3.1 --- Toxicity to microorganisms --- p.12 / Chapter 1.3.3.2 --- Toxicity towards vertebrates --- p.13 / Chapter 1.4 --- Treatment of azo dyes --- p.13 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Physical treatment --- p.14 / Chapter 1.4.1.1 --- Adsorption --- p.14 / Chapter 1.4.1.2 --- Membrane technology --- p.15 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Chemical treatments --- p.15 / Chapter 1.4.2.1 --- Chlorination --- p.16 / Chapter 1.4.2.2 --- Fenton's reaction --- p.16 / Chapter 1.4.2.3 --- Ozonation --- p.16 / Chapter 1.4.2.4 --- Coagulation --- p.17 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Biological treatments --- p.17 / Chapter 1.4.3.1 --- Activated sludge process --- p.18 / Chapter 1.4.3.2 --- Biodegradation --- p.18 / Chapter 1.4.3.3 --- Biosorption --- p.21 / Chapter 1.4.3.3.1 --- Modeling of sorption --- p.24 / Chapter 1.4.3.3.1.1 --- Langmuir sorption model --- p.24 / Chapter 1.4.3.3.1.2 --- Freundlich sorption model --- p.25 / Chapter 1.4.4 --- Advanced oxidation processes --- p.25 / Chapter 1.4.4.1 --- Photocatalytic oxidation --- p.26 / Chapter 1.4.4.2 --- Titanium dioxide (TiO2) --- p.26 / Chapter 1.4.4.3 --- Mechanism of photocatalytic oxidation using photocatalyst TiO2 --- p.28 / Chapter 1.4.4.4 --- Photocatalytic oxidation of s-triazine containing compounds --- p.30 / Chapter 1.4.4.5 --- Photocatalytic oxidation of Procion Red MX-5B --- p.31 / Chapter 1.4.4.6 --- Cyanuric acid --- p.32 / Chapter 1.4.4.6.1 --- Application --- p.32 / Chapter 1.4.4.6.2 --- Toxicity --- p.32 / Chapter 1.4.4.6.3 --- Photocatalytic oxidation resistance --- p.34 / Chapter 1.4.4.6.4 --- Biodegradation --- p.35 / Chapter 1.4.4.7 --- Enhancement of photocatalytic oxidation by using sorbent immobilized with TiO2 --- p.35 / Chapter 1.4.4.7.1 --- Sorption --- p.35 / Chapter 1.4.4.7.2 --- Immobilization of TiO2 --- p.37 / Chapter 1.4.8 --- Integration of treatment methods --- p.39 / Chapter 2. --- Objectives --- p.41 / Chapter 3. --- Materials and methods --- p.42 / Chapter 3.1. --- Sorption --- p.42 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Chemical reagents --- p.42 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Determination of Procion Red MX-5B --- p.42 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Sampling --- p.44 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- Isolation of Procion Red MX-5B-sorbing bacteria --- p.44 / Chapter 3.1.5 --- Screening of Procion Red MX-5B sorption ability --- p.44 / Chapter 3.1.6 --- Identification of isolated bacterium --- p.46 / Chapter 3.1.7 --- Optimization of cell yield and sorption capacity --- p.47 / Chapter 3.1.7.1 --- Preparation of cell culture of Vibrio sp. --- p.47 / Chapter 3.1.7.2 --- Growth phase --- p.47 / Chapter 3.1.7.2.1 --- Growth curve --- p.47 / Chapter 3.1.7.2.2 --- Dye sorption capacity --- p.47 / Chapter 3.1.7.3 --- Initial pH --- p.48 / Chapter 3.1.7.3.1 --- Growth curve --- p.48 / Chapter 3.1.7.3.2 --- Dye sorption capacity --- p.48 / Chapter 3.1.7.4 --- Temperature --- p.49 / Chapter 3.1.7.4.1 --- Growth curve --- p.49 / Chapter 3.1.7.4.2 --- Dye sorption capacity --- p.49 / Chapter 3.1.7.5 --- Glucose concentrations --- p.49 / Chapter 3.1.7.5.1 --- Growth curve --- p.49 / Chapter 3.1.7.5.2 --- Dye sorption capacity --- p.50 / Chapter 3.1.8 --- Optimization of sorption process --- p.50 / Chapter 3.1.8.1 --- Preparation of sorbent --- p.50 / Chapter 3.1.8.2 --- Dry weight of sorbent --- p.50 / Chapter 3.1.8.3 --- Temperature --- p.50 / Chapter 3.1.8.4 --- Agitation rate --- p.50 / Chapter 3.1.8.5 --- Salinity --- p.51 / Chapter 3.1.8.6 --- Initial pH --- p.51 / Chapter 3.1.8.7 --- Concentration of Procion Red MX-5B --- p.51 / Chapter 3.1.8.8 --- Combination study of salinity and initial pH --- p.51 / Chapter 3.2. --- Photocatalytic oxidation reaction --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Chemical reagents --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Photocatalytic reactor --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Optimization of sorption and photocatalytic oxidation reactions using biomass of Vibrio sp.immobilized in calcium alginate beads --- p.54 / Chapter 3.2.3.1 --- Effect of dry weight of immobilized cells of Vibrio sp. --- p.54 / Chapter 3.2.3.1.1 --- Sorption --- p.55 / Chapter 3.2.3.1.2 --- Photocatalytic oxidation --- p.56 / Chapter 3.2.3.2 --- Effect of UV intensities --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2.3.3 --- Effect of TiO2 concentrations --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2.3.3.1 --- Sorption --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2.3.3.2 --- Photocatalytic oxidation --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2.3.4 --- Effect of H202 concentrations --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2.3.5 --- Effect of the number of beads --- p.58 / Chapter 3.2.3.5.1 --- Sorption --- p.58 / Chapter 3.2.3.5.2 --- Photocatalytic oxidation --- p.58 / Chapter 3.2.3.6 --- Effect of initial pH with and without the addition of H2O2 --- p.58 / Chapter 3.2.3.7 --- Control experiments for photocatalytic oxidation of Procion Red MX-5B --- p.59 / Chapter 3.2.3.8 --- Combinational study of UV intensities and H2O2 concentrations --- p.59 / Chapter 3.2.3.9 --- Photocatalytic oxidation of Procion Red MX-5B under optimal conditions --- p.59 / Chapter 3.2.3.10 --- "Sorption isotherms of calcium alginate beads immobilized with 70 mg Vibrio sp. and 5,000 mg/L TiO2" --- p.59 / Chapter 3.3 --- Biodegradation --- p.60 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Chemical reagents --- p.60 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Sampling --- p.60 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Enrichment --- p.60 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Isolation of cyanuric acid-utilizing bacteria --- p.61 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Determination of cyanuric acid --- p.61 / Chapter 3.3.6 --- Screening of Procion Red MX-5B sorption ability --- p.61 / Chapter 3.3.7 --- Screening of cyanuric acid-utilizing ability --- p.61 / Chapter 3.3.8 --- Bacterial identification --- p.63 / Chapter 3.3.9 --- Growth and cyanuric acid removal efficiency of the selected bacterium --- p.63 / Chapter 3.3.10 --- Optimization of reaction conditions --- p.64 / Chapter 3.3.10.1 --- Effect of salinity --- p.64 / Chapter 3.3.10.2 --- Effect of cyanuric acid concentrations --- p.65 / Chapter 3.3.10.3 --- Effect of temperature --- p.65 / Chapter 3.3.10.4 --- Effect of agitation rate --- p.65 / Chapter 3.3.10.5 --- Effect of initial pH --- p.66 / Chapter 3.3.10.6 --- Effect of initial glucose concentration --- p.66 / Chapter 3.3.10.7 --- Combinational study of glucose and cyanuric acid concentrations --- p.66 / Chapter 3.4 --- Detection of cyanuric acid formed in photocatalytic oxidation reaction --- p.66 / Chapter 3.5 --- "Integration of sorption, photocatalytic oxidation and biodegradation" --- p.67 / Chapter 4. --- Results --- p.68 / Chapter 4.1. --- Sorption --- p.68 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Determination of Procion Red MX-5B --- p.68 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Isolation of Procion Red MX-5B-sorbing bacteria --- p.68 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Screening of Procion Red MX-5B sorption ability --- p.68 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- Identification of isolated bacterium --- p.72 / Chapter 4.1.5 --- Optimization of cell yield and sorption capacity --- p.72 / Chapter 4.1.5.1 --- Growth phase --- p.72 / Chapter 4.1.5.1.1 --- Growth curve --- p.72 / Chapter 4.1.5.1.2 --- Dye sorption capacity --- p.72 / Chapter 4.1.5.2 --- Initial pH --- p.75 / Chapter 4.1.5.2.1 --- Growth curve --- p.75 / Chapter 4.1.5.2.2 --- Dye sorption capacity --- p.75 / Chapter 4.1.5.3 --- Temperature --- p.75 / Chapter 4.1.5.3.1 --- Growth curve --- p.75 / Chapter 4.1.5.3.2 --- Dye sorption capacity --- p.79 / Chapter 4.1.5.4 --- Glucose concentrations --- p.79 / Chapter 4.1.5.4.1 --- Growth curve --- p.79 / Chapter 4.1.5.4.2 --- Dye sorption capacity --- p.79 / Chapter 4.1.6 --- Optimization of sorption process --- p.82 / Chapter 4.1.6.1 --- Dry weight of sorbent --- p.82 / Chapter 4.1.6.2 --- Temperature --- p.82 / Chapter 4.1.6.3 --- Agitation rate --- p.86 / Chapter 4.1.6.4 --- Salinity --- p.86 / Chapter 4.1.6.5 --- Initial pH --- p.86 / Chapter 4.1.6.6 --- Concentration of Procion Red MX-5B --- p.90 / Chapter 4.1.6.7 --- Combination study of salinity and initial pH --- p.90 / Chapter 4.2. --- Photocatalytic oxidation reaction --- p.94 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Effect of dry weight of immobilized cells of Vibrio sp. --- p.94 / Chapter 4.2.1.1 --- Sorption --- p.94 / Chapter 4.2.1.2 --- Photocatalytic oxidation --- p.96 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Effect of UV intensities --- p.96 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Effect of TiO2 concentrations --- p.96 / Chapter 4.2.3.1 --- Sorption --- p.96 / Chapter 4.2.3.2 --- Photocatalytic oxidation --- p.101 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Effect of H2O2 concentrations --- p.101 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Effect of the number of beads --- p.101 / Chapter 4.2.5.1 --- Sorption --- p.105 / Chapter 4.2.5.2 --- Photocatalytic oxidation --- p.105 / Chapter 4.2.6 --- Effect of initial pH with and without the addition of --- p.105 / Chapter 4.2.7 --- Control experiments for photocatalytic oxidation of Procion Red MX-5B --- p.109 / Chapter 4.2.8 --- Combinational study of UV intensities and H202 concentrations --- p.112 / Chapter 4.2.9 --- Photocatalytic oxidation of Procion Red MX-5B under optimal conditions --- p.112 / Chapter 4.2.10 --- "Sorption isotherms of calcium alginate beads immobilized with 70 mg Vibrio sp. and 5,000 mg/L Ti02" --- p.112 / Chapter 4.3 --- Biodegradation --- p.116 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Isolation of cyanuric acid-utilizing bacteria --- p.116 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Determination of cyanuric acid --- p.116 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Screening of Procion Red MX-5B sorption ability --- p.116 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Screening of cyanuric acid-utilizing ability --- p.116 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- Bacterial identification --- p.118 / Chapter 4.3.6 --- Growth and cyanuric acid removal efficiency of the selected bacterium --- p.118 / Chapter 4.3.7 --- Optimization of reaction conditions --- p.122 / Chapter 4.3.7.1 --- Effect of salinity --- p.122 / Chapter 4.3.7.2 --- Effect of cyanuric acid concentrations --- p.122 / Chapter 4.3.7.3 --- Effect of temperature --- p.126 / Chapter 4.3.7.4 --- Effect of agitation rate --- p.126 / Chapter 4.3.7.5 --- Effect of initial pH --- p.132 / Chapter 4.3.7.6 --- Effect of initial glucose concentration --- p.132 / Chapter 4.3.7.7 --- Combinational study of glucose and cyanuric acid concentrations --- p.132 / Chapter 4.4 --- Detection of cyanuric acid formed in photocatalytic oxidation reaction --- p.137 / Chapter 4.5 --- "Integration of sorption, photocatalytic oxidation and biodegradation" --- p.137 / Chapter 5. --- Discussion --- p.141 / Chapter 5.1 --- Sorption --- p.141 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Isolation of Procion Red MX-5B-sorbing bacteria --- p.141 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Screening of Procion Red MX-5B sorption ability --- p.141 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- Identification of isolated bacterium --- p.141 / Chapter 5.1.4 --- Optimization of cell yield and sorption capacity --- p.142 / Chapter 5.1.4.1 --- Growth phase --- p.142 / Chapter 5.1.4.1.1 --- Growth curve --- p.142 / Chapter 5.1.4.1.2 --- Dye sorption capacity --- p.143 / Chapter 5.1.4.2 --- Initial pH --- p.146 / Chapter 5.1.4.2.1 --- Growth curve --- p.146 / Chapter 5.1.4.2.2 --- Dye sorption capacity --- p.146 / Chapter 5.1.4.3 --- Temperature --- p.146 / Chapter 5.1.4.3.1 --- Growth curve --- p.146 / Chapter 5.1.4.3.2 --- Dye sorption capacity --- p.147 / Chapter 5.1.4.4 --- Glucose concentrations --- p.147 / Chapter 5.1.4.4.1 --- Growth curve --- p.147 / Chapter 5.1.4.4.2 --- Dye sorption capacity --- p.147 / Chapter 5.1.5 --- Optimization of sorption process --- p.148 / Chapter 5.1.5.1 --- Dry weight of sorbent --- p.148 / Chapter 5.1.5.2 --- Temperature --- p.148 / Chapter 5.1.5.3 --- Agitation rate --- p.149 / Chapter 5.1.5.4 --- Salinity --- p.149 / Chapter 5.1.5.5 --- Initial pH --- p.150 / Chapter 5.1.5.6 --- Concentration of Procion Red MX-5B (MX-5B) --- p.152 / Chapter 5.1.5.7 --- Combination study of salinity and initial pH --- p.153 / Chapter 5.2. --- Photocatalytic oxidation reaction --- p.153 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Effect of immobilized cells of Vibrio sp. --- p.153 / Chapter 5.2.1.1 --- Sorption --- p.153 / Chapter 5.2.1.2 --- Photocatalytic oxidation --- p.154 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Effect of UV intensities --- p.155 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Effect of TiO2 concentrations --- p.155 / Chapter 5.2.3.1 --- Sorption --- p.155 / Chapter 5.2.3.2 --- Photocatalytic oxidation --- p.156 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Effect of H2O2 concentrations --- p.156 / Chapter 5.2.5 --- Effect of the number of beads --- p.157 / Chapter 5.2.5.1 --- Sorption --- p.157 / Chapter 5.2.5.2 --- Photocatalytic oxidation --- p.158 / Chapter 5.2.6 --- Effect of initial pH with and without the addition of --- p.158 / Chapter 5.2.7 --- Control experiments for photocatalytic oxidation of Procion Red MX-5B --- p.160 / Chapter 5.2.8 --- Combinational study of UV intensities and H202 concentrations --- p.161 / Chapter 5.2.9 --- Photocatalytic oxidation of Procion Red MX-5B under optimal conditions --- p.161 / Chapter 5.2.10 --- "Sorption isotherms of calcium alginate beads immobilized with 70 mg Vibrio sp. and 5,000 mg/L Ti02" --- p.161 / Chapter 5.3 --- Biodegradation --- p.162 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Isolation of cyanuric acid-utilizing bacteria --- p.162 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Determination of cyanuric acid --- p.163 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Screening of Procion Red MX-5B sorption ability --- p.163 / Chapter 5.3.4 --- Screening of cyanuric acid-utilizing ability --- p.163 / Chapter 5.3.5 --- Bacterial identification --- p.163 / Chapter 5.3.6 --- Growth and cyanuric acid removal efficiency of the selected bacterium --- p.164 / Chapter 5.3.7 --- Optimization of reaction conditions --- p.165 / Chapter 5.3.7.1 --- Effect of salinity --- p.165 / Chapter 5.3.7.2 --- Effect of cyanuric acid concentration --- p.165 / Chapter 5.3.7.3 --- Effect of temperature --- p.166 / Chapter 5.3.7.4 --- Effect of agitation rate --- p.167 / Chapter 5.3.7.5 --- Effect of initial pH --- p.167 / Chapter 5.3.7.6 --- Effect of initial glucose concentration --- p.167 / Chapter 5.3.7.7 --- Combinational study of glucose and cyanuric acid concentrations --- p.168 / Chapter 5.4 --- Detection of cyanuric acid formed in photocatalytic oxidation reaction --- p.170 / Chapter 5.5 --- "Integration of sorption, photocatalytic oxidation and biodegradation" --- p.171 / Chapter 5.6 --- Recommendations --- p.171 / Chapter 6. --- Conclusions --- p.173 / Chapter 7. --- References --- p.175 / Appendix --- p.200

Ng, Tsz Wai. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 86-98). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / Table of Contents --- p.vii / List of Figures --- p.xiii / List of Plates --- p.XV / List of Tables --- p.xxi / Abbreviations --- p.xxii / Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- "Pollution, toxicity and environmental impact of azo dye" --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Common treatment methods for dyeing effluent --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Physicochemical methods --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2.1.1 --- Coagulation/ flocculation --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2.1.2 --- Adsorption --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.1.3 --- Membrane filtration --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.1.4 --- Fenton reaction --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.1.5 --- Ozonation --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.1.6 --- Photocatalytic oxidation --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Biological treatments --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.2.1 --- Degradation of azo dyes by bacteria --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.2.1.1 --- Anaerobic conditions --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.2.1.2 --- Aerobic conditions --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2.2.1.3 --- Combined anaerobic and aerobic conditions --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.2.2 --- Decolourization of azo dyes by fungi --- p.11 / Chapter 1.2.2.3 --- Mechanisms of azo dye reduction by microorganisms --- p.12 / Chapter 1.3 --- "Chromium species, toxicity and their impacts on environment" --- p.14 / Chapter 1.4 --- Common treatment methods for chromium --- p.16 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Chemical and physical methods --- p.16 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Biological methods --- p.17 / Chapter 1.4.2.1 --- Chromium reduction by aerobic bacteria --- p.17 / Chapter 1.4.2.2 --- Chromium reduction by anaerobic bacteria --- p.18 / Chapter 1.5 --- Studies concerning azo dye and Cr(VI) co-treatment --- p.19 / Chapter 1.6 --- Response surface methodology --- p.21 / Chapter 1.6.1 --- Response surface methodology against one-factor-at-a-time design --- p.22 / Chapter 1.6.2 --- Phases of response surface methodology --- p.25 / Chapter 1.6.3 --- 2 - level factorial design --- p.26 / Chapter 1.6.4 --- Path of steepest ascent --- p.27 / Chapter 1.6.5 --- Central composite design --- p.28 / Chapter 2. --- Objectives --- p.30 / Chapter 3. --- Materials and Methods --- p.31 / Chapter 3.1 --- Isolation of bacterial strains --- p.31 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Azo dye decolourization --- p.33 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Chromate reduction --- p.34 / Chapter 3.2 --- Identification of selected bacterial strains --- p.35 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Gram stain --- p.35 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Sherlock® Microbial Identification System --- p.35 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing --- p.37 / Chapter 3.3 --- Optimization of dye decolourization and chromate reduction efficiency with response surface methodology --- p.38 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Minimal-run resolution V design --- p.38 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Path of steepest ascent --- p.40 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Central composite design --- p.41 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Statistical analysis --- p.43 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Experimental validation of the optimized conditions --- p.43 / Chapter 3.4 --- Determination of the performance of the selected bacterium in different conditions --- p.43 / Chapter 3.5 --- Determination of azoreductase and chromate reductase activities --- p.44 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Preparation of cell free extract --- p.44 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Azoreductase and chromate reductase assay --- p.45 / Chapter 3.6 --- Determination and characterization of degradation intermediates --- p.45 / Chapter 3.6.1 --- Isolation and concentration of the purple colour degradation intermediate --- p.45 / Chapter 3.6.2 --- Mass spectrometry analysis --- p.47 / Chapter 3.6.3 --- Atomic absorption spectrometry analysis --- p.48 / Chapter 4. --- Results --- p.49 / Chapter 4.1 --- Azo dye decolourizing and chromate reducing ability of the isolated bacterial strain --- p.49 / Chapter 4.2 --- Identification of selected bacterium --- p.50 / Chapter 4.3 --- Optimization of dye decolourization and chromate reduction efficiency with response surface methodology --- p.50 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Minimal-run resolution V design --- p.50 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Path of the steepest ascend --- p.54 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Central composite design --- p.55 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Validation of the predicted model --- p.62 / Chapter 4.4 --- Performance of the selected bacterium in different conditions --- p.62 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Chromate and dichromate --- p.62 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Initial pH --- p.63 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Low and high salt concentration --- p.63 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Initial K2CrO4 concentration --- p.63 / Chapter 4.4.5 --- Initial Acid Orange 7 concentration --- p.63 / Chapter 4.4.6 --- Nutrients limitation --- p.64 / Chapter 4.5 --- Chromate reductase and azoreductase activities --- p.67 / Chapter 4.6 --- Determination of degradation intermediates --- p.67 / Chapter 4.6.1 --- Mass spectrum of the degradation intermediate --- p.68 / Chapter 4.6.2 --- Chromium content of the degradation intermediate --- p.70 / Chapter 5. --- Discussion --- p.71 / Chapter 5.1 --- Characteristic of Brevibacterium linens --- p.71 / Chapter 5.2 --- Optimization of dye decolourization and chromate reduction with response surface methodology --- p.72 / Chapter 5.3 --- Performance of Brevibacterium linens under different culture conditions --- p.75 / Chapter 5.4 --- Postulation of mechanisms --- p.76 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Possible reasons of unexpected results of the effect of initial Acid Orange 7 and K2CrO4 concentration --- p.76 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Properties of the purple colour degradation intermediate --- p.78 / Chapter 5.4.3 --- Mechanisms likely responsible for the chromate reduction --- p.80 / Chapter 5.4.4 --- Explanation of the unexpected results --- p.80 / Chapter 6. --- Conclusions --- p.83 / Chapter 7. --- References --- p.86 / Chapter 8. --- Appendices --- p.99 / Chapter 8.1 --- Definition and calculation of different terms in 2-level factorial design --- p.99 / Chapter 8.2 --- Definition and calculation of different terms in ANOVA table --- p.100 / Chapter 8.3 --- Aliases of terms and resolution --- p.103 / Chapter 8.4 --- Moving of factors in path of steepest ascent --- p.105 / Chapter 8.5 --- Estimation of the parameters in linear regression models --- p.106 / Chapter 8.6 --- Definition and calculation of different terms in test of fitness --- p.109

Cai, Qinhong. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 142-166). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / Table of contents --- p.viii / List of figures --- p.xv / List of plates --- p.xix / List of tables --- p.xxi / Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Pollution generated from dyeing industry --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Occurrence and pollution of chromium azo dyes --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- Common treatment methods for dyeing effluents --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Physicochemical methods --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Chemical methods --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3.2.1 --- Ozonation --- p.10 / Chapter 1.3.2.2 --- Fenton reaction --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3.2.3 --- Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) --- p.12 / Chapter 1.3.2.4 --- Photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) --- p.13 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Physical methods --- p.14 / Chapter 1.3.3.1 --- Adsorption --- p.14 / Chapter 1.3.3.2 --- Membrane filtration --- p.15 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- Biological treatments --- p.16 / Chapter 1.3.4.1 --- Decolorization of azo dyes by bacteria --- p.16 / Chapter 1.3.4.1.1 --- Under anaerobic conditions --- p.18 / Chapter 1.3.4.1.2 --- Under anoxic conditions --- p.19 / Chapter 1.3.4.1.3 --- Under aerobic conditions --- p.21 / Chapter 1.3.4.2 --- Mechanisms of azo dye reduction by bacteria --- p.23 / Chapter 1.3.4.3 --- Decolorization of azo dyes by fungi and algae --- p.27 / Chapter 1.4 --- Chromium species and their impacts on environment --- p.27 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Chromium toxicology and speciation --- p.28 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Common treatment methods for chromium --- p.31 / Chapter 1.5 --- Studies concerning treatment of chromium azo dyes --- p.32 / Chapter 1.6 --- Response surface methodology (RSM) --- p.33 / Chapter 1.6.1 --- RSM vs. one factor-at-a-time (OFAT) design --- p.36 / Chapter 1.6.2 --- Phases of RSM --- p.39 / Chapter 1.6.3 --- Two level factorial design --- p.40 / Chapter 1.6.4 --- Path of steepest ascent (PSA) --- p.43 / Chapter 1.6.5 --- Central composite design (CCD) --- p.44 / Chapter 1.6.6 --- Estimation of the parameters in linear regression models --- p.45 / Chapter 1.6.7 --- Test of fitness --- p.47 / Chapter 2. --- Objectives and significance of the project --- p.49 / Chapter 3. --- Materials and methods --- p.50 / Chapter 3.1 --- Chemicals --- p.50 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Chemicals for preparation of bacterial culture media --- p.50 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Chemicals for identification of bacteria --- p.50 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Chemicals for chromium speciation --- p.51 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- Chemicals for immobilization of bacterial cells --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2 --- Sludge samples --- p.53 / Chapter 3.3 --- Characterization of Acid Yellow 99 --- p.54 / Chapter 3.4 --- Monitor of azo dye decolorization --- p.55 / Chapter 3.5 --- "Isolation of bacterial strains, which can degrade Acid Yellow 99" --- p.55 / Chapter 3.6 --- Identification of selected bacterial strains --- p.58 / Chapter 3.6.1 --- Gram stain --- p.58 / Chapter 3.6.2 --- Sherlock® microbial identification system --- p.58 / Chapter 3.6.3 --- Biolog® microstation system --- p.59 / Chapter 3.6.4 --- Selection of the most effective bacterial strains --- p.59 / Chapter 3.6.5 --- 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing --- p.60 / Chapter 3.7 --- Chromium speciation with interferences of chromium organic complexes --- p.60 / Chapter 3.7.1 --- Instrumentation --- p.60 / Chapter 3.7.2 --- Column preparation --- p.61 / Chapter 3.7.3 --- Determination of percentage retained and recovery --- p.62 / Chapter 3.7.4 --- "Speciation of Cr(VI), ionic Cr(III) and chromium azo dye" --- p.63 / Chapter 3.7.4 --- Preparation of Cr(III)-organic complexes --- p.65 / Chapter 3.7.5 --- Preparation of a microbial degraded chromium azo dye sample --- p.65 / Chapter 3.8 --- Chromium distribution in a treated solution --- p.66 / Chapter 3.9 --- Distribution of AY99 in a treated solution --- p.68 / Chapter 3.10 --- Optimization of decolorization process with response surface methodology (RSM) --- p.70 / Chapter 3.10.1 --- Correlation of cell mass and cell density of selected bacteria --- p.70 / Chapter 3.10.2 --- Preliminary investigation of the optimum conditions --- p.70 / Chapter 3.10.3 --- Minimal run resolution V (MR5) design --- p.71 / Chapter 3.10.4 --- Path of steepest ascent (PSA) --- p.74 / Chapter 3.10.5 --- Central composite design (CCD) and RSM --- p.75 / Chapter 3.10.6 --- Statistical analysis --- p.76 / Chapter 3.10.7 --- Experimental validation of the optimized conditions --- p.77 / Chapter 3.11 --- Immobilization of bacterial cells --- p.77 / Chapter 3.11.1 --- Immobilization by polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) gels --- p.77 / Chapter 3.11.2 --- Immobilization by polyacrylamide gels --- p.78 / Chapter 3.11.3 --- Performance of immobilized cells and free cells --- p.79 / Chapter 3.11.5 --- Storage stabilities of immobilized cells and free cells --- p.80 / Chapter 3.12 --- Performance of a laboratory scale bioreactor --- p.80 / Chapter 3.12.1 --- Chromium distribution in the bioreactor --- p.82 / Chapter 3.12.2 --- Distribution of AY99 in the bioreactor --- p.82 / Chapter 3.12.3 --- Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis of suspended particles in the treated solution --- p.84 / Chapter 4. --- Results --- p.85 / Chapter 4.1 --- Characterization of AY99 --- p.85 / Chapter 4.2 --- Identification of isolated bacterial strains --- p.86 / Chapter 4.3 --- Selection of the most effective bacterial strains --- p.89 / Chapter 4.4 --- Chromium speciation with interferences of chromium organic complexes --- p.91 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Effect of pH --- p.91 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Speciation of Cr(VI)，ionic Cr(III) and chromium azo dye --- p.92 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Effect of other Cr(III)-organic complexes --- p.93 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Limit of detection --- p.94 / Chapter 4.4.5 --- Capacity of Amberlite XAD-4 resin --- p.94 / Chapter 4.4.6 --- Determination of Cr(VI) in a microbial degraded chromium azo dye solution --- p.95 / Chapter 4.5 --- Chromium distribution in a free cells treated solution --- p.95 / Chapter 4.6 --- Distribution of AY99 in free cells treated solution --- p.96 / Chapter 4.7 --- Optimization of decolorization process with RSM --- p.98 / Chapter 4.7.1 --- Correlation of cell mass and cell density of selected bacteria --- p.98 / Chapter 4.7.2 --- MR5 design --- p.100 / Chapter 4.7.3 --- Path of steepest ascent (PSA) --- p.102 / Chapter 4.7.4 --- Central composite design (CCD) and RSM --- p.103 / Chapter 4.8 --- Immobilization of bacterial cells --- p.106 / Chapter 4.8.1 --- Performance of immobilized cells and free cells --- p.106 / Chapter 4.8.2 --- Storage stabilities of immobilized cells and free cells --- p.108 / Chapter 4.9 --- Performance of the laboratory scale bioreactor --- p.108 / Chapter 4.9.1 --- Treatment efficiencies of the bioreactor --- p.108 / Chapter 4.9.2 --- Performance stability of the bioreactor in 5 consecutive runs --- p.111 / Chapter 4.9.3 --- Chromium distribution in the bioreactor --- p.114 / Chapter 4.9.4 --- Distribution of AY99 in the bioreactor --- p.115 / Chapter 4.9.5 --- FT-IR analysis of suspended particles in the treated solution --- p.115 / Chapter 5. --- Discussion --- p.117 / Chapter 5.1 --- Chromium speciation with interferences of chromium organic complexes --- p.117 / Chapter 5.2 --- Chromium distribution --- p.117 / Chapter 5.3 --- Distribution of AY99 --- p.122 / Chapter 5.4 --- Optimization of decolorization process with RSM --- p.124 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- MR5 design --- p.124 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Path of steepest ascent (PSA) --- p.125 / Chapter 5.4.3 --- Central composite design (CCD) and RSM --- p.126 / Chapter 5.5 --- Immobilization of bacterial cells --- p.126 / Chapter 5.5.1 --- Performance of immobilized cells and free cells --- p.126 / Chapter 5.5.2 --- Storage stability of immobilized cells and free cells --- p.128 / Chapter 5.6 --- Performance of the laboratory scale bioreactor --- p.130 / Chapter 5.6.1 --- Treatment efficiencies of the bioreactor --- p.130 / Chapter 5.6.2 --- Performance stability of the bioreactor in 5 consecutive runs --- p.131 / Chapter 5.6.3 --- FT-IR analysis of suspended particles in the treated solution --- p.132 / Chapter 5.6.4 --- Post treatments of bioreactor treated effluents / Chapter 6. --- Conclusions --- p.136 / Chapter 7. --- References --- p.142

Includes errata attached to first leaf. Includes bibliographical references. The complexation of a range of monovalent and divalent metal ions by the bibracchial lariat ethers has been investigated. Also investigates the complexation of metal ions and the anionic azo dye Brilliant Yellow by the diazacrown linked cyclodextrin dimers.

This work demonstrates the pretilt angle controllable photo-alignment effect in nanoparticles and azo-dye doped liquid crystal film. Followed by increasing the absorbed azo-dye, the vertical alignment induced by nanoparticles of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) can be changed from high pretilt to low pretilt angle. Competition between the homogeneously aligned azo-dye and POSS-induced spontaneous vertical alignment domain generated the variable pretilt angle. The pretilt angle is a function of the pumping intensity and can be controlled continuously within the range of 0¢X~90¢X. With the sufficient absorption of photo excited azo-dye, The POSS induced vertical alignment can be switch to homogeneous alignment. The pretilt angle and surface energy are also examined to confirm the alignment effect. Both nanoparticles and azo-dye induced vertical and homogeneous alignment are non contact methods, and suitable for low temperature plastic process.

In this study, a high power Q-switch pulse laser has been used as the writing beams. The laser-induced holographic gratings in the DR1-doped liquid crystal samples and the DR1-PMMA polymer thin films were investigated by changing the temperature of samples and the angles of two writing beams. The He-Ne cw laser has been used as a real-time probe beam to detect the first order diffraction signals. Without external field, the gratings are the results of concentrations and diffusions of azo dye isomers. The diffusion model has been utilized to analyze the first order diffraction signals in order to understand the mechanics of gratings and the effect of temperature and angle.

Aluminum doped zinc oxide AZO has been studied for 20 years. It can improve thin films¡¦ thermal stability and transparency in visible range .However AZO is not as good as ITO in conductivity and transparency, that¡¦s why the application of AZO is only limited in few fields. This is because the nature limit of ZnO. Because part of doped Al forms Al2O3 instead of sits on Zn sites, that enhances light and carriers scattering and suppresses the optical transparency and electric conductivity. This study is plane to take advantage of amorphous properties, that may be achieved try grown films at liquid Nitrogen temperature, in which the distribution of Al and Zn will be very uniform and the solubility of Al will be high. ZnO:Al thin films is grown on glass substrates at low temperature by Radio frequency magnetron sputtering system. Low-temperature deposition is done in order to deposit amorphous thin films (ceramic targets ZnO contained 2wt.% Al2O3). The Al3+ in place of Zn2+ should be uniformly distributed in the thin films because of amorphous structure. It expects to find the best deposition condition under a fixed target-to-substrate distance (10cm) by varying growth, such as the deposition mode, PF plasma power and working pressure. AFM, XRD (grazing incident x-ray diffraction) and N&K analyzer were used to measure the thin surface morphology, structure, thickness and transmittance, respectively. The colors of the thin films are very different dependent on the modes of deposition. The low sputtering rate by lower RF power and high working pressure is the key to successfully grow amorphous ZnO:Al films. The amorphous ZnO:Al thin films (a-5) are deposited under 100W of RF power and 50mTorr of working pressure. The transmittance of the assembly of ZnO:Al thin films/glass substrate is the same as glass substrates which inducates the transmittance of films is far above 90%. However, the amorphous ZnO:Al thin films are poor conductor . We also tried to improve it by the post-annealing of ZnO:Al thin films in 2% hydrogen atmosphere. It is found to be not successful.

<p>Decolorization of Azo dyes in synthetic wastewater composition which is similar to real textile wastewater was carried out by microbial process. Experiments were performed in two continuous systems. Experiments were performed under anaerobic conditions in order to break the nitrogen bond of the azo group (-N=N-). A synthetic dye solution which contained 200 mg/L Reactive Black 5, 200 mg/L Procion Red MX-5B and 1 g/L yeast extract was prepared. In this study, living microorganisms were used to degrade the dyes in wastewater. Rice husks which contain bacteria and fungi were used in the reactors of continuous systems. The parameters tested on continuous system were wastewater composition, the number of reactors, the amount of yeast extract in wastewater composition, the wastewater flowrate, washing the system with wood chips solution, addition of yeast extract solution.  Results have shown that increasing the number of reactors, the retention time, the amount of yeast extract and washing the system with wood chips solution had positive effects for degradation of the dyes from wastewater. When the flowrate was increased the retention time has decreased so degradation of dyes has decreased but although the flowrate increased twice, % degradation hasn’t decreased as the same ratio. Therefore this result showed that this process can be worked for faster flowrates. Microbial process is a promising technology which might be used to treat wastewater containing azo dyes with good performance.</p><p> </p>

Offprints of two author's journal articles inserted at end of the v. / Bibliography: leaves 10-12 / 216 leaves : ill ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Physical and Inorganic Chemistry, 1985