Doctorat en philosophie et lettres / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Au premier millénaire, Babylone est la plus grande ville de Mésopotamie, et est surtout considérée, par les Babyloniens et dans l' historiographie contemporaine, comme la ville des dieux et une ville sacrée de première importance. Face à cette prédominance du fait religieux, l' un des enjeux de ce travail est de s' interroger sur la place laissée au roi temporel, et plus généralement au pouvoir politique, dans la ville de Babylone. Cette thèse s'articule en trois points : comment le roi temporel s' inscrit- il dans la ville du souverain éternel, cité à la topographie sacralisée? En quoi Babylone est-elle au fondement d' une royauté sacralisée ? Et enfin, quelles sont les manifestations concrètes du pouvoir royal temporel dans Babylone ? Fondée sur l' étude d'inscriptions royales commémoratives, de mythes et de documents de la pratique, cette étude permet, ainsi, de revoir et de réapprécier le rôle de Babylone en tant que capitale politique, et tente de parvenir à un rééquilibrage du rôle du souverain temporel à l' intérieur de la ville de Marduk. / In the first millennium BC, Babylon is the bigest city of Mesopotamia. lt is mostly regarded by the Babylonians and by contemporary historiography as the city of the gods, and as the most important sacred city. Facing this predominance of religion, one of the challenges of this work is to question the place left to the temporal king, and more generally, to political power in the city of BabyIon. This dissertation is divided into three points : how the temporal king fit into thecity of the eternal ruIer, city with sacred topography ? ln what BabyIon is on the basis of a sacred kingship ? And finally, what are the concrete manifestations of the temporal royal power in Babylon ? Based on the study of commemorative royal inscriptions, myths and documents issued from private and institutional archives, the aim of this study is to review and reassess the role of BabyIon as political capital, and attempts to achieve a rebalancing of the role of the temporalsovereign within the city of Marduk.

A partir de uma avaliação crítica de propostas teóricas voltadas ao estudo histórico da cognição como as apresentadas por Jack Goody e Reviel Netz , este trabalho desenvolve uma possível aproximação entre novos modelos produzidos no campo das ciências cognitivas, em especial modelos de cognição corporalizada (embodied cognition), e as atuais interpretações dos textos matemáticos babilônicos. Propõe possíveis desenvolvimentos dessas interpretações através da identificação de um sistema cognitivo estendido específico da cultura escribal babilônica, fundado no uso de ferramentas cognitivas: as formas de produção da escrita cuneiforme, o repertório textual preservado pela tradição escribal e a própria instituição social escolar da eduba. Neste quadro, os conceitos matemáticos, as formas de percepção e ordenação da realidade material e a cognição escribal sobre o conceito de tempo se revelam dependentes da agência material dos tabletes cuneiformes, das práticas ligadas a eles e da posição social do escriba. / From a critical evaluation of theoretical proposals aimed at the historical study of cognition as those presented by Jack Goody and Reviel Netz this paper explores a possible connection between new models coming from cognitive sciences, particularly \"embodied cognition models, and current interpretations of Babylonian mathematical texts. It proposes possible developments of these interpretations through the recognition of an extended cognitive system, specific of Babylonian scribal culture, based on the use of cognitive tools: forms of production of cuneiform writing, the textual repertoire preserved by scribal tradition and the social institution of the eduba school. In this context, mathematical concepts, forms of perception and ordering of material reality and scribal cognition of the concept of time reveal themselves dependent on the material agency of cuneiform tablets, the practices linked to them and the social position of the scribe.

A partir da narrativa bíblica, é possível analisar a vida e a atividade profética de Jeremias. Este homem foi um dos responsáveis pela estruturação da religião judaica na diáspora, uma vez que através da sua mensagem aos exilados, uma nova relação com a divindade pôde ser estabelecida. Suas idéias inovaram as condições de relacionamento entre divindade e povo, uma vez que a estrutura anteriormente existente tinha como base uma relação de suserania e vassalagem. Este modelo era encontrado nos tratados realizados entre os governantes dos grandes reinos do Oriente Médio, durante o período da antigüidade. Assim, para se entender as mudanças propostas por Jeremias e suas inovações, foi necessário realizar a caracterização dos modelos de aliança, acima mencionados. A partir disto, estudou-se alianças realizadas anteriormente entre a divindade e o povo de Israel. As palavras de Jeremias serviram para que uma nova forma de relacionamento com a divindade fosse estabelecida pela população judaíta deportada para a Babilônia. Esta nova base permitiu a preservação de uma tradição, cuja origem é muito anterior ao século VI a.C., que hoje denomina-se Judaísmo. / From the Biblical narrative, it is possible to analyze the life and the profetic activity of Jeremias. This man was one of the responsibles for the organization of the Jewish religion in the diaspore, since through its message to the exiled ones, a new relation with the deity could be established. His ideas innovated the foundations of the relationship between deity and people, because the previously existing structure had its base in a relation of suseranity and vassalage. This model was found in the treaties between the kings of the great kingdoms of the Ancient Near East. Thus, in order to understand the changes proposed by Jeremias and its innovations, it was necessary to caracterize the alliance models, mentioned above. From this standpoint, we could study the previous alliances carried out between the deity and the people of Israel. The words of Jeremias allowed the Judeans population deported to Babylon to establish a new form of relationship with the deity. This new base allowed the preservation of a tradition, whose origin goes well before the VI th century B.C., that is called today Judaism.

En quelques décennies, entre le XXIe et le XIXe siècle, le visage de la Mésopotamie fut profondément bouleversé par l'immigration massive de populations amorrites qui se sédentarisèrent et investirent les centres urbains laissés vacants au tournant du millénaire précédent. Le phénomène toucha particulièrement la Haute‑Mésopotamie dans laquelle s'insère un petit ensemble rendu singulier par sa topographie : le sud du Djebel Sindjar.Si cette région n'a encore livré que peu de vestiges archéologiques, la documentation écrite exhumée sur plusieurs sites dans ou à l'extérieur du Sud-Sindjar (Tell Hariri, Tell Leilan et Tell al‑Rimah principalement), apporte de nombreuses informations sur sa géographie, sur ses habitants et leur mode de vie mais également et surtout sur les événements politiques qui la touchèrent entre le XIXe et le XVIIe siècle avant notre ère. C'est l'enjeu de cette thèse que de dater, d'ordonner et d'analyser ces informations dans une optique qui se veut double. Dans un premier temps, il s'agit de reconstituer le paléo-environnement et la géographie historique de cette région, avec comme l'un des principaux points de mire la localisation des villes évoquées dans ces textes. L'autre approche tient à la découverte de son histoire politique en premier lieu par la description des ensembles politiques et humains qui s'y constituèrent, royaumes et groupes tribaux, mais également par l'analyse des rapports que ces entités entretinrent entre elles. Enfin, il s'agit de considérer les enjeux que la région revêt et qui expliquent autant les choix politiques de ces royaumes que les interventions étrangères dans la région. / In a few decades, between the XXIst and the XIXth century, the appearance of Mesopotamia deeply changed because of the immigration on a massive scale of amorite populations which settled down and flooded upon the cities left unoccupied at the end of the previous century. The phenomenon particularly struck the Upper Mesopotamia in which there is a small area made singular owing to its topography : the plains south of the Jebel-Sinjar. This area has revealed only a few archaeological vestiges but the written documentation which was found in several sites inside or outside South-Sinjar (especially in Tell Hariri, Tell Leilan and Tell al-Rimah) brought many pieces of information about its geography, its inhabitants and their way of life, but also, and most importantly, about the political events which occurred there between the XIXth and the XVIIth century before our era. The issue of this thesis is to date, to order and to analyze these pieces of information in a double perspective. On one hand, it is about rebuilding the old environment and the historical geography of this area, aiming especially the location of the cities mentioned in these texts. Secondly, its political history will be studied, first of all throughout the description of the political and human groups which appeared there, kingdoms and tribal groups, and secondly through the analysis of the relationships between these entities. Finally, we will consider the issues represented in the area which explain the political decisions made by those kingdoms as well as the foreign interventions in the region.

This study discusses the history of the Arabs of north Arabia in later pre-Islamic times. This study provides an in-depth discussion of Arab ethnicity, which contributes to the improvement of our knowledge regarding this controversial issue. This study argues that the Arab nation is, in fact, a very old one of great importance, but the Arabs themselves had no consciousness of their unity and did not leave inscriptions proclaiming their identity as Arabs or claim to be the rightful proprietors of specific territories. An examination is made of the reasons behind the emergence of kingship in different communities through the course of history, in order to determine the general features of kingship. This study demonstrates that kingship in north Arabia had almost every feature of kingship as it appeared in other places. Particular attention is paid in the study to delivering a full and coherent account of the history of Qedar. Although, some scholars have tried to write the history of Qedar, their works remain fragmentary or inconsistent. Basing the examination not merely on most of the previous works, we subject those works to a comparison with the Assyrian inscriptions. By so doing, it has proved possible to critique the previous works and clarify many ambiguous issues in Qedarite history. Moreover, this study contributes to the improvement of our knowledge regarding Nebaioth and Na-ba-a-a-ti and their relationship with the Nabataeans. This study finds that the Nebaioth and Nabataeans were different, contemporary groups living during the sixth century BCE, even though the first direct and uncontested evidence of the Nabataeans of Petra comes from the late fourth century BCE, when the Nabataeans made their first clear appearance in Diodorus Siculus in connection with the expansion of the Seleucid Empire (312 BCE). The main settlement centres in north Arabia are discussed in depth in Chapter Five. This study traces the history of Tayma, Adummatu and Dedan, establishing the importance of those oases and their relationship with Mesopotamia. The discussion of those oases produces useful results, which contribute to improving our knowledge and assist in our understanding of issues relating to the history of those sites.

Please read the abstract in the section 04back of this document / Dissertation (MA (Semitic Languages))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Ancient Languages / unrestricted

Text in Hebrew with English Summary / This research describes nominal patterns with prefixes m and t as appearing in Parma A in comparison with other traditions viz. Kaufinan, Paris and Y emenite manuscripts. This research has 3 aims: 1. To describe all relevant evidence in Parma A 2. To compare evidence with data in other traditions, including the Bible and Mishnaic Hebrew and Aramaic sources 3. To elaborate on those unique forms in manuscripts which represent genuine Mishnaic Hebrew / Classics and Modern European Languages / D. Litt et Phil. (Semitic Languages)

The crux of Jeremiah’s message depicted in the book of Jeremiah is the upcoming Babylonian invasion on Judah as a result of their sins and the unusual call on Judah to yield to the Babylonians. Jeremiah’s prophecy to the Judeans claimed that foreign invasion would result in the destruction of the nation and exile of its inhabitants. For this, he faced grave animosity from the recipients of his message especially the kings and the prophets and he even suffered persecution under them. The reasons for the hostility against him as portrayed in the book are investigated. The book of Jeremiah highlights that after the invasion, the Babylonians showed a special concern to Jeremiah and gave him privilege to choose whether he would go to Babylon or stay behind in Judah. Strangely, the prophet, who emphasized that the nation of Judah should not resist the Babylonian rule and should be exiled to Babylon, when given a choice, chose to stay behind in Judah. This appears to be a strange response of Jeremiah toward Babylonian exile. Also, when the Johanan faction forced Jeremiah to flee from Judah and find asylum in Egypt to escape another suspected Babylonian threat, Jeremiah responds negatively. The various responses of the kings, prophets and Jeremiah toward the destruction and exile require explanation. At the outset, the reason why there was fierce hostility against Jeremiah’s message appears to be Judah’s reluctance to be subdued by a foreign nation as the biblical text portrays. However, the book of Jeremiah appears to use many metaphors to point to the reasons for resentment against Jeremiah and his message. The study of the metaphors in Jeremiah employing cognitive linguistics methodology, using conceptual metaphor theory and conceptual blending theory has shown the interconnectedness of the metaphors and the meanings it implies. The metaphors of “destruction” and “exile” are found to be connected to the concept of shame. Jeremiah’s prediction of the forthcoming destruction of the land, cities, Temple, exile of Judeans, collapse of the Davidic throne and all kinds of calamities that would befall the city of Jerusalem and the nation of Judah is found to be associated with “shame.” Likewise, the metaphor of “restoration” is found to be connected to the concept of honour. Jeremiah’s prophecy of “restoration” is portrayed as replenishment of land, rebuilding of cities, return of the exiles, and restoration from all kinds of calamities termed as “return of honour.” This shows that the concepts of honour and shame play a key role to explain the antagonistic responses toward Jeremiah’s prophecy of the Babylonian invasion and exile. Also, by using conceptual metaphor analysis, Jeremiah’s reluctance to go to Babylon or Egypt can be explained as his anticipation to witness the restoration of the nation of Judah and return of its honour as Yahweh had promised.

The Mesopotamian inscriptions and collections in ancient Mesopotamia consist of different meanings extended over long time-periods and with social, political, economic and ethnic differences. Scholars in determining whether the texts are an authentic source for Mesopotamian law traditions developed different theories and each of these theories has different variations. In a literature study to obtain if the inscriptions and collections are an authentic source, the different theories and methodologies of the inscriptions and collections were mentioned and the inscriptions and collections were tested in accordance with the characteristics of the Mesopotamian law traditions. Until new interpretation of documents of daily activities and legal activities, which can prove, that these texts are an authentic source, the interpretation of the collections and inscriptions on the legal issues of ancient Mesopotamians must be applied with caution and studied together with the greater corpus of cuneiform texts. / Old Testament and Ancient Near East Studies / M.A. (Ancient Near East Studies)