Die Bibliothek des Bach-Archivs besitzt eine einzigartige Sammlung an Dokumenten und Materialien zu Leben und Wirken Johann Sebastian Bachs und seiner Musikerfamilie. Mit der kompletten Neugestaltung stand von Anfang an das Ziel im Vordergrund, die Studien- und Arbeitsbedingungen für die Nutzer der Bibliothek wesentlich zu verbessern und langfristig konservatorisch bestmögliche Konditionen der Aufbewahrung für die gesamte Sammlung zu schaffen.

Zugl.: Tel Aviv, University, Diss., 1999 u.d.T.: Abravaya, Ido: Studies of rhythm and tempo in the music of J.S. Bach.

Die Bibliothek des Bach-Archivs besitzt eine einzigartige Sammlung an Dokumenten und Materialien zu Leben und Wirken Johann Sebastian Bachs und seiner Musikerfamilie. Mit der kompletten Neugestaltung stand von Anfang an das Ziel im Vordergrund, die Studien- und Arbeitsbedingungen für die Nutzer der Bibliothek wesentlich zu verbessern und langfristig konservatorisch bestmögliche Konditionen der Aufbewahrung für die gesamte Sammlung zu schaffen.

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This document examines the performance practices of the chorales in Johann Sebastian Bach's (1685-1750) Passio secundum Johannem, BWV 245. While many modern-day scholars and performers believe that the congregation sang the Passion chorales and therefore perform them in an accordingly straightforward and homogenous manner, my involvement with this work has led me to consider other possibilities of performance. I am convinced by the evidence in the Ordnungen und Gesetze der Schola Thomana (Regulations and Legislations of the Thomas School), the evidence presented by three renowned Bach scholars, and the evidence of Bach’s music, that the congregation would not have sung the chorales of the Passion. Having scrutinized the musical language and text that Bach deliberately and thoughtfully laid out, I see the possibility for a more dramatic and contextualized approach to these chorales, something the congregation would not and could not have achieved. Because there is almost no published scholarship regarding the performance practice of Passion chorales, there is a need for a study of this nature. My goal is to provide conductors and performers with a historically-informed option to present Bach's chorales in a manner that reflects the drama of the Passion story. I will demonstrate that conductors should consider factors such as harmonic language, textual interpretation, and placement within the broader Passion narrative when making interpretive performance decisions for each of the twelve chorales.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston University / The objectives of this study were as follows: (1) to determine which movements in the large choral works of J. S. Bach are contrafacta; (2) to compare those movements with their prototypes; (3) to document changes which were made in the adaptation; and (4) to speculate on what reasons may have prompted these alterations. In assessing the relative value of the contrafactum and its prototype several aspects were considered: what type of parody was involved; whether the prototype was a great work of art; whether its textual content was similar to that of the later version; and whether the music fitted its new setting. The method of the composer was also considered: were there many changes or was it a mechanical transformation; even if it was'merely a "mechanical transformation," was it successful? An attempt was also made to determine whether or not there was a symbolic connection between the parody and its prototype. The conditions under which the contrafacta were written were also considered. To such questions, unequivocal answers were not always possible since clear and precise documentation was often unavailable. In many instances one could only suggest possible solutions. However, the investigation confirmed Schering's thesis that, even though Bach's borrowings were usually due to pressures of public performance, the contrafacta contain several aesthetic improvements and reveal a high degree of artistry. Indeed, they may be considered the climax in the Baroque Era of this particular compositional technique. Some of the transformations provided excellent examples of typically Bachian traits, the most common of which was textual and formalistic symbolism. Another noticeable feature was a general tendency to make the later setting more extensive and massive than the original composition. Consequently, wherever it was possible, Bach added new instrumental and vocal parts, increased the length of the later versions, augmented certain melodic intervals, and usually made the contrafacta more melismatic than their models. In the smaller Masses, however, Bach tended to simplify harmonies making the later composition more austere than its model. Although the tendency throughout the parodies was to improve the setting, the functional aspect still influenced the transformation to such a degree that a few of the parodies seem inferior to their prototypes. This was especially evident in the contrafacta sections of the Christmas Oratorio. Nevertheless, perhaps the most distinct trait in all of the contrafacta was the care with which Bach chose his models; inevitably the texts of both versions were formally similar and often a subtle symbolism in the relationship between text and music was preserved. In addition to these specific aspects, another conclusion can be drawn which is equally important--the need for further study in this area of musical research. For instance, in Bach's own works there is still much to learn from his instrumental contrafacta and those in the Cantatas. Moreover, a perusal of the literature revealed that there is a dearth of material available on the contrafactum as a recurring phenomenon in music history and as a technique employed by other composers. By filling in this gap, scholars might gain further insight into the work methods of other great masters.

I. Nowadays, tropical landscapes experience large-scale land use intensification and land conversion driven by increasing demand for resourses. Due to the continuously high demand for tropical timber and politically intended step increase in palm oil production, multiple rounds of logging and subsequent conversion to oil palm plantations became a regionally wide-spread land conversion pattern in Southeast Asia. Although many tree species and some animals are highly threatened by logging, a great number of species groups, such as birds or mammals, have been shown to persist in logged forests. Accordingly, many ecosystem services, such as dung removal, seed dispersal or the activity of scavengers, are functionally maintained in logged forests. In contrast, oil palm plantations have been shown to not only dramatically alter the species composition and reduce biodiversity, but also curtail many crucial biotic and abiotic ecosystem functions. The focus of this dissertation was to investigate the response of anuran species richness and community composition to logging and conversion to oil palm plantation in northern Borneo (chapter II). I analysed the diet of various frog species and their change with habitat degradation. Furthermore, I assessed the shift in the trophic position of the anuran community as well as the response of anuran phylogenetic, dietary, and functional diversity to logging and conversion to oil palm plantations (chapter III). Finally, the resilience of the predator-prey interaction between an ant-specialist toad and its ant prey was analysed using shifts in species-level interactions (chapter IV). II. This part of the study compares the species richness, relative abundance and community composition of stream anuran assemblages among primary forests, repeatedly logged forests and oil palm plantations. I used a highly standardised sampling setup applying transect-based sampling. Surprisingly, most of the anuran species native to primary forests were able to survive in logged forest streams. In contrast, on average only one third of the forest species richness was found in oil palm plantation streams. However, a high percentage of canopy cover above the plantation streams was able to mitigate this loss substantially. This study demonstrates the high conservation value of logged forests for Southeast Asian anurans. In contrast, the conversion to oil palm plantations leads to a dramatic decline of forest species. However, they have a mainly unused potential to contribute to the protection of parts of the regional anuran biodiversity if conservation-oriented management options are implemented. III. In this part, I analysed the shifts in trophic position and multiple diversity layers of Southeast Asian stream-dependent anuran species across a gradient of disturbance from primary forest through intensively logged forest to oil palm plantation. For this purpose, I identified the diet composition of 59 anuran species by means of stomach flushing. Furthermore, I use diet composition of frog species as well as species traits to calculate dietary and functional diversity, respectively. I found that the trophic position of the entire anuran community is elevated in heavily disturbed habitats. Furthermore, species diversity, phylogenetic species variation, dietary diversity, and functional diversity were reduced. However, beyond the effect of the decreased species richness, only phylogenetic species variability and functional diversity were significantly impacted by land conversion, indicating a non-random loss of phylogenetic groups and functionally unique species. Overall, the observed changes to species interactions and functional composition suggest a greatly modified role of anurans in altered habitats and major foodweb reorganisation. Such far-reaching changes to the way species groups interact are likely to threaten local biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in natural and particularly modified habitats. However, I could also show, that small-scale habitat quality, provided by riparian reserves, is able to mitigate the negative consequences of land conversion considerably. IV. Here I assess how logging of rain forest and conversion to oil palm plantations affect the populations of the ant-specialist giant river toad (Phrynoidis juxtaspera), and availability and composition of its ant prey. I measured canopy cover as an estimate for the degree of disturbance. I found that toad abundance decreased with increasing disturbance. At the same time, ant community composition was altered, and local ground-foraging ant species richness increased with disturbance. However, for a given amount of canopy cover, primary forest supported more ant species than altered habitats. Despite these changes, composition of ants consumed by toads was only weakly affected by habitat change, with the exception of the invasive yellow crazy ant (Anoplolepis gracilipes), which was positively selected in oil palm plantations. This suggests that predator-prey interactions can be mostly maintained with habitat disturbance despite shifts in community composition, and even that some predators are capable of exploiting new prey sources in novel ecosystems. V. I could show that anuran diversity and their trophic interaction is negatively impacted by logging and in particular by conversion to oil palm plantations. From species richness and community composition, my study expanded to phylogenetic, dietary and functional diversity. Furthermore, I investigated the interaction of a particular toad species with its preferred prey (ants), on species level. This increasing degree of detail in my study provided comprehensive results, beyond the detail of many related studies. Overall, conservation of the remaining forest in Southeast Asia is urgently required to protect anuran biodiversity and their trophic interactions. / I. Durch den stetig steigenden Bedarf an vielfältigen Ressourcen stehen heutzutage vor allem tropische Ökosysteme unter enormem Druck hin zu intensiver Landwirtschaft und der Umwandlung von natürlichen Lebensräumen. Getrieben durch die hohe Nachfrage an Tropenhölzern und dem politisch gewollten Anstieg der Palmölproduktion, etablierte sich in Südostasien eine weit verbreitete Landnutzungsumwandlung charakterisiert durch wiederkehrende Holznutzung und die anschließende Umwandlung zu Ölpalmplantagen. Manche Tiergruppen und vor allem Baumarten sind dadurch stark gefährdet. Dennoch können andere Organismengruppen wie Vögel oder Säuger auch in genutzten Wäldern überleben. Auch Ökosystemdienstleistungen, wie Kotbeseitigung oder die Aktivität von Aasfressern bleiben vielfach in genutzten Wäldern erhalten. Im Gegensatz dazu stellen Ölpalmplantagen keinen geeigneten Lebensraum für viele Tier und Pflanzenarten dar und viele Ökosystemserviceleistungen können in diesen Plantagen nicht aufrecht erhalten werden. Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Auswirkungen dieser massiven Habitatumwandlung auf die Artenzahl und die Artenzusammensetzungen von Fröschen und Kröten in Nordborneo zu untersuchen (Kapitel II). Ich untersuchte die Nahrungszusammensetzung von mehreren Froscharten und wie sich diese mit Habitatumwandlung verändert. Zusätzlich habe ich die Stellung von Fröschen in der Nahrungskette sowie ihre phylogenetische, nahrungs- und funktionelle Diversität untersucht (Kapitel III). Schließlich habe die Interaktion von Fröschen mit ihrer Beute (in diesem Fall Ameisen) auch auf Artebene untersucht (Kapitel IV). II. Dieser Teil der Arbeit vergleicht die Artenzahl, relative Häufigkeit und die Artenzusammensetzung der bachlebenden Froscharten zwischen Primärwäldern, genutzten Wäldern und Ölpalmplantagen. Dazu nahm ich die Froschbestände mit einer standardisierten Transektmethode auf. Ich fand heraus, dass die meisten Froscharten aus Primärwäldern auch in forstwirtschaftlich intensiv genutzten Wäldern überleben konnten. Im Gegensatz dazu wiesen Ölpalmplantagen nur durchschnittlich ein drittel der Froscharten aus Wäldern auf. Jedoch konnte dieser Artenschwund durch einen hohen Kronenschluss über den Plantagenbächen reduziert werden. Diese Studie belegt den hohen naturschutzfachlichen Wert von genutzten Wäldern in Südostasien und die geringe Bedeutung von Ölpalmplantagen in diesem Zusammenhang. Jedoch zeigt es auch Wege auf, wie Ölpalmplantagen naturschutzfachlich aufgewertet werden können. III. Dieser Teil der Arbeit befasst sich mit den Auswirkungen der Habitatumwandlung auf die trophischen Interaktionen und mehrere Ebenen der Froschbiodiversität. Dazu untersuchte ich die Nahrungszusammensetzung von 59 Froscharten mittels Magenspülung. Darüber hinaus nutzte ich diese Daten um die Nahrungsvielfalt zu untersuchen und Daten aus der Literatur und die funktionelle Diversität zu erfassen. Dabei fand ich heraus, dass Frösche bei zunehmender Habitatzerstörung eine höhere Stellung in der Nahrungskette einnahmen. Darüber hinaus sank die allgemeine Diversität, die phylogenetische Verwandtschaft, die Nahrungsvielfalt und die funktionelle Diversität der Frösche. Also lässt sich schließen, dass diese tiefgreifenden Veränderungen eine deutlich andere Rolle der Frösche in den umgewandelten Habitaten zur Folge hat. Solche dramatischen Eingriffe in das Nahrungsnetz können negative Auswirkungen auf die Stabilität von Ökosystemen haben, jedoch zeigt sich auch hier, dass diese durch die Erhöhung des Kronenschlusses deutlich abgemildert werden können. IV. In diesem Abschnitt befasse ich mich auf die Auswirkungen der Habitatumwandlung auf die Häufigkeit der Kröte Phrynoidis juxtaspera, ihre Beute (Ameisen), sowie die Interaktion von Räuber und Beute. Dabei fand ich heraus, dass die Kröte in ungestörten Bächen am häufigsten war und gleichzeitig mehr (und andere) Ameisenarten in Ölpalmplantagen vorkamen. Jedoch war die Artenzahl von Ameisen bei konstantem Kronenschluss in Primärwäldern immer höher als in Ölpalmplantagen. Im großen Gegensatz zu diesen Veränderungen, war die Nahrungszusammensetzung der verbleibenden Kröten in den Plantagenbächen kaum unterschiedlich im Vergleich mit Primärwaldbächen. Eine Ausnahme war ein deutlich gestiegener Anteil der invasiven Ameisenart Anoplolepis gracilipes. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Räuber-Beute Interaktion unter Umständen unverändert die Habitatumwandlung überstehen können, aber auch in gewissem Umfang neue Ressourcen erschlossen werden können. V. Mit dieser Arbeit konnte ich zeigen, dass sich die großflächige Habitatumwandlung von Wäldern hin zu Ölpalmplantagen negativ auf die Froschbiodiversität, wie auch die Räuber-Beute Interaktionen von Fröschen auswirkt. Ausgehend von Artenzahl und Artenzusammensetzung konnte ich in meiner Arbeit darüber hinaus auch die Biodiversität der Frösche auf verschiedenen Ebenen beleuchten und schließlich sogar die Räuber-Beute Interaktion auf Artebene untersuchen. Dadurch konnte ich diesen komplexen Zusammenhang in ganz besonderer Tiefe beleuchten. Insgesamt liefert diese Arbeit einen weiteren wichtigen Beleg dafür, dass Primärwälder, aber neuerdings auch immer mehr genutzte Wälder entscheidend für den Erhalt von tropischer Biodiversität sind.

Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750), one of the best known German composers. He has a strong influence on the development of Western Music. Bach's three Viola da Gamba Sonatas (BWV 1027-1029) were composed during his Koethen period. These works were inspired by Arcangelo Corelli and Antonio Vivaldi, and have influenced the Classical Sonatas. The purpose of this thesis is to give a thorough presentation on Bach's three Viola da Gamba Sonatas. This essay consists of three chapters. The first chapter includes the introduction to Bach¡¦s life, the background of the three sonatas, and the development of the viola da gamba. The second chapter is the elimentary analysis of these works. The final chapter offers a comprehensive comparison to the different versions of the three Viola da Gamba Sonatas. The purpose of the thesis is to understand Bach¡¦s three viola da gamba sonatas deeply through the above aspects.

The compositional periods of Johann Christian Bach, the youngest son of J. S. Bach, include Berlin, Italy, and London, and the keyboard concertos were written in Berlin and London. The works written in Berlin period were influenced by his brother, C. P. E. Bach, and the styles of those concertos written in London were created under the musical atmosphere of London society. The thesis is a study of the relationship between the London musical society and keyboard concertos of J. C. Bach. The discussion includes three chapters, in addition to the introduction and conclusion. Chapter one is the general discussions about the composer, the development of solo concerto, and historical background of the keyboard concerto in London. The second chapter focuses on the musical society in London in the second half of the eighteenth century. The third chapter contains detailed discussions of the style differences of the keyboard concertos composed by J. C. Bach between the Berlin and London periods. J. C. Bach was the private music tutor of Queen Charlotte, while traveling in London during 1762 to 1782. At the same time, he also participated in teaching, composing, performing, and organizing public concerts very actively. He wrote three sets of keyboard concertos, opus 1, 7, and 13. Each set includes six concertos, and each of which mainly contains two movements. The style of keyboard works of J. C. Bach are characterized by the pre-classical styles of symmetry and balance of the phrases. The concertos were written mostly for amateurs, and in order to satisfy the necessity of the musical market and teaching, the skill of the solo part was not technical demanding, they were simple. The concertos were composed for both harpsichord and piano, but more intended for the piano instrument, especially opus 7 and 13. The wealth economy, the improvement of manufacture techniques of the keyboard instrument, the prevailing public concerts, and the musical needs for Royal family and amateur musicians in London were the important reasons that effected the stylistic changing of J. C. Bach¡¦s writing of keyboard concertos.