Rekursive Auto-Assoziative Speicher (RAAM) sind spezielle Neuronale Netze (NN), die in der Lage sind, hierarchiche Strukturen zu verarbeiten. Bei der Simulation dieser Netze gibt es einige Besonderheiten, wie z.B. die dynamische Trainingsmenge, zu beachten. In der Arbeit werden diese und die daraus resultierenden angepassten Lernalgorithmen erörtert. Außerdem wird ein normaler Backpropagation-Simulator (Xerion) um die Fähigkeiten für die Simulation von RAAMs erweitert.

This report investigates how prediction of stock markets with Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) is affected by altering aspects of data quantities. A short-term and a long-term perspective considering time delays are examined. Inspired by neurosciences, ANNs have shown great potential in terms of recognising patterns in nonlinear systems. Existing research suggests that ANN is an eminent model to predicting stock markets due to its dynamical characteristics. Closing prices of large-caps within the sectors of IT and Telecommunication represented by the Swedish of OMX30 Stockholm (OMXS30), have been leveraged as data. The ANNs are implemented as multilayer feedforward networks, trained using supervised learning. To identify specific configurations, the models have undergone extensive testing by mean squared errors and statistical analysis. The results obtained suggest that the short-term perspective is optimally predicted for significantly small numbers of time delays, and that optimal configurations do not alter for increasing quantities of data. No significant conclusions could be drawn from the results for the long-term perspective.Key words: ANOVA, Backpropagation, Configurations, Stock Prediction, Artficial Neural Networks

Recommendation systems become more and more necessary due to the growing supply chain. Therefore, scientists are developing models that can serve different recommendation needs faster than before, and it is getting more complicated to choose the model for a specific case. In this thesis, there are three neural collaborative filtering methods compared regarding dataset fit. This research shows that there is no one-fits-all method. There is much space for improvement in all the areas: dataset selection and aggregation, method development and operation, and selective approaches for the analysis of the results. In the thesis, three contrasting datasets are chosen (Chess, Library, and LastFM), and three novel approaches are tested: recently released Dynamic Graph Collaborative Filtering (DGCF) and Dynamic Embeddings for Interaction Prediction (DeePRed) are compared to the Joint Dynamic User- Item Embeddings (JODIE) as the baseline. Results show DeePRed being a state-of-the-art model that outperforms other methods. It runs an epoch for a small dataset in less than a minute, shows great prediction accuracy in an average of 98% for small datasets. However, DGCF does not show accuracy improvement over JODIE but is significantly faster for an extensive dataset. / Rekommendationssystem blir mer och mer nödvändiga på grund av den växande försörjningskedjan. Därför utvecklar forskare modeller som kan tjäna olika rekommendationsbehov snabbare än tidigare och det blir mer och mer komplicerat att välja modell för ett specifikt fall. I denna avhandling finns det tre neurologiska samarbetsfiltreringsmetoder som jämförs avseende deras gran för olika datamängder. Denna forskning visar att det inte finns någon metod som passar alla och det finns mycket utrymme för förbättring inom alla områden: datasatsval och aggregering, metodutveckling och drift och selektiva metoder för analys av resultaten. I avhandlingen väljs tre kontrasterande datamängder (Chess, Library och LastFM) och tre nya metoder testas: nyligen släppt Dynamic Graph Collaborativefiltering (DGCF) och Dynamic Embedding for Interaction Prediction (DeePRed) jämförs med Joint Dynamic User-Item. Inbäddning (JODIE) som baslinje. Resultaten visar att (DeePRed) är en avancerad modell som överträffar andra metoder som snabba genom att köra en epok för liten dataset på mindre än en minut, vilket visar stor förutsägelsesnoggrannhet i genomsnitt 98% för små datamängder. Men (DGCF) visar inte förbättring av noggrannhet jämfört med (JODIE), men är betydligt snabbare för en stor dataset.

Image quality metrics for several inverse scattering methods and algorithms are presented. Analytical estimates and numerical simulations provide a basis for poor image quality diagnostics. The limitations and noise behavior of reconstructed images are explored analytically and empirically using a contrast ratio. Theoretical contrast ratio estimates using the canonical PEC circular cylinder are derived. Empirical studies are conducted to confirm theoretical estimates and to provide examples of image quality vs SNR for more complex scatterer profiles. Regularized sampling is shown to be more noise sensitive than tomographic reconstructive methods.

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Neural networks are making headlines every day as the tool of the future, powering artificial intelligence programs and supporting technologies never seen before. However, the training of neural networks can take days or even weeks for bigger networks, and requires the use of super computers and GPUs in academia and industry in order to achieve state of the art results. This thesis discusses employing selective measures to determine when to backpropagate and forward propagate in order to reduce training time while maintaining classification performance. This thesis tests these new algorithms on the MNIST and CASIA datasets, and achieves successful results with both algorithms on the two datasets. The selective backpropagation algorithm shows a reduction of up to 93.3% of backpropagations completed, and the selective forward propagation algorithm shows a reduction of up to 72.90% in forward propagations and backpropagations completed compared to baseline runs of always forward propagating and backpropagating. This work also discusses employing the selective backpropagation algorithm on a modified dataset with disproportional under-representation of some classes compared to others. / Master of Science

Text in Afrikaans / Summaries in Afrikaans and English / In Afrikaans, soos in NederJands en Duits, word saamgestelde woorde aanmekaar geskryf. Nuwe woorde word dus voortdurend geskep deur woorde aanmekaar te haak Dit bemoeilik die proses van woordafkapping tydens teksprosessering, wat deesdae deur rekenaars gedoen word, aangesien die verwysingsbron gedurig verander. Daar bestaan verskeie afkappingsalgoritmes en tegnieke, maar die resultate is onbevredigend. Afrikaanse woorde met korrekte lettergreepverdeling is net die elektroniese weergawe van die handwoordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal (HAT) onttrek. 'n Neutrale netwerk ( vorentoevoer-terugpropagering) is met sowat. 5 000 van hierdie woorde afgerig. Die neurale netwerk is verfyn deur 'n gcskikte afrigtingsalgoritme en oorfragfunksie vir die probleem asook die optimale aantal verborge lae en aantal neurone in elke laag te bepaal. Die neurale netwerk is met 5 000 nuwe woorde getoets en dit het 97,56% van moontlike posisies korrek as of geldige of ongeldige afkappingsposisies geklassifiseer. Verder is 510 woorde uit tydskrifartikels met die neurale netwerk getoets en 98,75% van moontlike posisies is korrek geklassifiseer. / In Afrikaans, like in Dutch and German, compound words are written as one word. New words are therefore created by simply joining words. Word hyphenation during typesetting by computer is a problem, because the source of reference changes all the time. Several algorithms and techniques for hyphenation exist, but results are not satisfactory. Afrikaans words with correct syllabification were extracted from the electronic version of the Handwoordeboek van die Afrikaans Taal (HAT). A neural network (feedforward backpropagation) was trained with about 5 000 of these words. The neural network was refined by heuristically finding a suitable training algorithm and transfer function for the problem as well as determining the optimal number of layers and number of neurons in each layer. The neural network was tested with 5 000 words not the training data. It classified 97,56% of possible points in these words correctly as either valid or invalid hyphenation points. Furthermore, 510 words from articles in a magazine were tested with the neural network and 98,75% of possible positions were classified correctly. / Computing / M.Sc. (Operasionele Navorsing)

Text in Afrikaans / Summaries in Afrikaans and English / In Afrikaans, soos in NederJands en Duits, word saamgestelde woorde aanmekaar geskryf. Nuwe woorde word dus voortdurend geskep deur woorde aanmekaar te haak Dit bemoeilik die proses van woordafkapping tydens teksprosessering, wat deesdae deur rekenaars gedoen word, aangesien die verwysingsbron gedurig verander. Daar bestaan verskeie afkappingsalgoritmes en tegnieke, maar die resultate is onbevredigend. Afrikaanse woorde met korrekte lettergreepverdeling is net die elektroniese weergawe van die handwoordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal (HAT) onttrek. 'n Neutrale netwerk ( vorentoevoer-terugpropagering) is met sowat. 5 000 van hierdie woorde afgerig. Die neurale netwerk is verfyn deur 'n gcskikte afrigtingsalgoritme en oorfragfunksie vir die probleem asook die optimale aantal verborge lae en aantal neurone in elke laag te bepaal. Die neurale netwerk is met 5 000 nuwe woorde getoets en dit het 97,56% van moontlike posisies korrek as of geldige of ongeldige afkappingsposisies geklassifiseer. Verder is 510 woorde uit tydskrifartikels met die neurale netwerk getoets en 98,75% van moontlike posisies is korrek geklassifiseer. / In Afrikaans, like in Dutch and German, compound words are written as one word. New words are therefore created by simply joining words. Word hyphenation during typesetting by computer is a problem, because the source of reference changes all the time. Several algorithms and techniques for hyphenation exist, but results are not satisfactory. Afrikaans words with correct syllabification were extracted from the electronic version of the Handwoordeboek van die Afrikaans Taal (HAT). A neural network (feedforward backpropagation) was trained with about 5 000 of these words. The neural network was refined by heuristically finding a suitable training algorithm and transfer function for the problem as well as determining the optimal number of layers and number of neurons in each layer. The neural network was tested with 5 000 words not the training data. It classified 97,56% of possible points in these words correctly as either valid or invalid hyphenation points. Furthermore, 510 words from articles in a magazine were tested with the neural network and 98,75% of possible positions were classified correctly. / Computing / M.Sc. (Operasionele Navorsing)