L'interaction des glycosphingolipides de la membrane plasmique avec les protéines de liaison aux glucides (lectines) est d'une importance vitale pour l'infection de la cellule hôte par divers virus et bactéries. Dans ce travail, nous avons exploré l’interaction des lectines LecA de la bactérie P. aeruginosa et de la sous-unité B de la toxine Shiga (StxB) de S. dysenteriae avec son récepteur à membrane plasmatique, le globotriaosylcéramide (Gb3). De plus, nous avons étudié l'interaction de la bactérie complète P. aeruginosa avec Gb3. Afin de déchiffrer l'interaction lectine-Gb3 en l'absence d'autres composants cellulaires, nous avons utilisé les systèmes de membrane artificielle - vésicules unilamellaires géantes (GUV) et bicouches lipidiques supportées (SLB). Nous avons observé la liaison de la lectine en utilisant différents modes de microscopie à fluorescence (confocal, TIRF, etc.). Nous examinons la liaison des deux lectines aux domaines membranaires de différents ordres et compositions. Nous avons constaté que StxB préfère des domaines membranaires plus ordonnés alors que LecA est moins préférentiel. De plus, les deux lectines induisent la réorganisation des domaines membranaires: StxB stabilise les domaines ordonnés, les réduit et induit la formation des nouveaux domaines ordonnés. D'autre part, LecA ainsi que la bactérie P. aeruginosa induisent la dissolution des domaines ordonnés. Nous pensons que ces processus de réorganisation membranaire sont cruciaux pour l’infection bactérienne. / The interaction of plasma membrane glycosphingolipids with the carbohydrate binding proteins (lectins) is of vital importance for the infection of the host cell by various viruses and bacteria. In this work, we explored the interaction of the lectins LecA from the bacterium P. aeruginosa and B subunit of Shiga toxin (StxB) from S. dysenteriae with its plasma membrane receptor globotriaosylceramide (Gb3). Moreover, we studied the interaction of the complete bacterium P. aeruginosa with Gb3. In order to decipher the lectin-Gb3 interaction in absence of other cellular components we employed the artificial membrane systems – Giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) and Supported lipid bilayers (SLBs). We observed the lectin binding using different modes of fluorescence microscopy (confocal, TIRF, etc…). We examine the binding of both lectins to the membrane domains of different ordere and composition. We found that StxB prefers more ordered membrane domains whereas LecA is less preferential. Moreover, both lectins induce the reorganization of the membrane domains: StxB stabilizes ordered domains, shrinks them and induces the formation of the novel ordered domains. On the other hand LecA, as well as the bacterium P. aeruginosa induce the dissolution of the ordered domains. We believe, these membrane reorganization processes are crucial for the bacterial infection.

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is a facultative intracellular pathogen that has evolved to take advantage of the eukaryotic host cells it inhabits during infection. It uses bacterial effectors translocated into the host cell cytosol to manipulate host cell machinery and establish a replicative niche. In this thesis I study the function of two of these effectors, SopD and SopB, which have been shown to act cooperatively to induce phenotypes associated with gastroenteritis (fluid secretion and neutrophil influx into the intestinal lumen). In addition to promoting gastroenteritis, SopD has also been implicated in systemic and persistent infection of mice. Although recently implicated in invasion, the precise function of SopD has remained elusive. Here I show that SopD affects membrane dynamics during S. Typhimurium invasion of epithelial cells. SopD promotes membrane sealing and macropinosome formation, events that may have important consequences for efficiency of bacterial cell entry in vivo. Furthermore, we demonstrate that SopD is recruited to the invasion site membranes through the phosphatase activity of SopB, suggesting a mechanism for their cooperative action during induction of gastroenteritis. Unlike SopD, SopB has been a focus of intense research efforts and its role in invasion as a phosphoinositide phosphatase is well documented. However, we have observed that SopB also inhibits fusion of lysosomes with Salmonella-containing vacuoles (SCVs) following invasion. This ability depends on SopB-mediated reduction of negative membrane charge of the SCV during invasion by hydrolysis of the phosphoinositide PI(4,5)P2. Membrane charge alterations driven by SopB result in removal of Rab GTPases from the SCV that depend on electrostatic interactions for their targeting. Two of these Rabs, Rab23 and Rab35 were previously shown to promote phagosome-lysosome fusion. Therefore their removal from the SCV may promote SCV trafficking away from the degradative endocytic pathway of host cells. This represents a new mechanism by which an invasion associated effector controls SCV maturation. Together, this work advances our knowledge of the interaction between S. Typhimurium and its host. This research also suggests a new mechanism by which pathogens other than S. Typhimurium could promote their intracellular survival.

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is a facultative intracellular pathogen that has evolved to take advantage of the eukaryotic host cells it inhabits during infection. It uses bacterial effectors translocated into the host cell cytosol to manipulate host cell machinery and establish a replicative niche. In this thesis I study the function of two of these effectors, SopD and SopB, which have been shown to act cooperatively to induce phenotypes associated with gastroenteritis (fluid secretion and neutrophil influx into the intestinal lumen). In addition to promoting gastroenteritis, SopD has also been implicated in systemic and persistent infection of mice. Although recently implicated in invasion, the precise function of SopD has remained elusive. Here I show that SopD affects membrane dynamics during S. Typhimurium invasion of epithelial cells. SopD promotes membrane sealing and macropinosome formation, events that may have important consequences for efficiency of bacterial cell entry in vivo. Furthermore, we demonstrate that SopD is recruited to the invasion site membranes through the phosphatase activity of SopB, suggesting a mechanism for their cooperative action during induction of gastroenteritis. Unlike SopD, SopB has been a focus of intense research efforts and its role in invasion as a phosphoinositide phosphatase is well documented. However, we have observed that SopB also inhibits fusion of lysosomes with Salmonella-containing vacuoles (SCVs) following invasion. This ability depends on SopB-mediated reduction of negative membrane charge of the SCV during invasion by hydrolysis of the phosphoinositide PI(4,5)P2. Membrane charge alterations driven by SopB result in removal of Rab GTPases from the SCV that depend on electrostatic interactions for their targeting. Two of these Rabs, Rab23 and Rab35 were previously shown to promote phagosome-lysosome fusion. Therefore their removal from the SCV may promote SCV trafficking away from the degradative endocytic pathway of host cells. This represents a new mechanism by which an invasion associated effector controls SCV maturation. Together, this work advances our knowledge of the interaction between S. Typhimurium and its host. This research also suggests a new mechanism by which pathogens other than S. Typhimurium could promote their intracellular survival.

L’invasion des ostéoblastes par Staphylococcus aureus (SA) est considérée comme responsable, au moins partiellement, de l’évolution chronique ou récurrente des infections osseuses (IO). Nous avons émis l’hypothèse que des différences d’interactions SA-ostéoblastes pouvaient être associées aux différences de présentation clinique des IO. Nous avons d’abord développé un modèle ex vivo d’infection intracellulaire d’ostéoblastes humains permettant de quantifier l’adhésion, l’invasion, la survie intracellulaire de SA et les dommages subis par les cellules infectées. Grâce ce modèle, nous avons montré que les SA communautaires résistants à la méticilline (CA-MRSA), un groupe polyphylétique de souches hypervirulentes associées à des formes aiguës et sévères d’IO, induisent une cytotoxicité supérieure à celle des MRSA hospitaliers (HA-MRSA) associés à des IO plus souvent chroniques. A l’aide de mutants isogéniques, nous avons pu démontrer que cette cytotoxicité était indépendante de la toxine de Panton-Valentine et l’alphahémolysine mais associée à la surexpression des phenol-soluble modulins (PSM) par les CA-MRSA. Ces résultats ont permis d’identifier un nouveau mécanisme de virulence des CA-MRSA basé sur l’invasion des ostéoblastes et l’activité intracellulaire des PSM. Parallèlement, nous avons montré que certains antibiotiques modifient le niveau de transcription et d’expression des protéines staphylococciques impliquées dans l’invasion des ostéoblastes, sans que nous ne puissions montrer une modification de la capacité d’invasion de S. aureus dans ce même modèle ex vivo. Nos travaux ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives dans la compréhension et la prise en charge des IO due à SA / Osteoblast invasion by Staphylococcus aureus (SA) is currently considered a putative explanatory mechanism for the chronic or recurrent nature of osteomyelitis. We raised the hypothesis that inter-strain differences in the interactions between S. aureus and osteoblasts at the cellular level could correlate with differences in the clinical presentation of osteomyelitis. We first developed an ex vivo model of intracellular bacterial challenge of human osteoblasts to quantify SA adhesion, invasion and intracellular survival as well as SA-induced damage to infected cells. By means of this model, we have demonstrated that community-acquired methicillinresistant SA (CA-MRSA) strains, which belong to a polyphyletic group endowed with high virulence and are associated with severe and acute forms of osteomyelitis, induce more cytotoxicity in osteoblasts as compared to hospital MRSA strains, which in turn are more frequently involved in chronic forms of osteomyelitis. Using isogenic CA-MRSA mutants, we determined that SA-induced osteoblast damage was independent of the production of Panton-Valentin leukocidin and alpha-toxin, but was associated with the overexpression of phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs) by CAMRSA. These findings elucidate a novel virulence strategy of CA-MRSA based on the invasion and PSM-related killing of osteoblasts. In parallel to this research, we demonstrated that several antibiotics alter the transcription and expression levels of SA adhesins involved in osteoblast invasion. However, antibiotics did not induce changes in SA invasiveness in our ex vivo infection model. Collectively, our findings provide new insights into the pathogenesis of SA osteomyelitis

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo o estudo da variabilidade genética e dos fatores de virulência de isolados de U. diversum. As cepas foram submetidas a sequenciamento dos genes da urease e 16S rRNA e a testes para verificar os fatores de virulência: cápsula, fosfolipase C, IgAse e adesão e invasão. A análise do sequênciamento parcial do gene 16S rRNA resultou na presença de polimorfismos em 44 posições da seqüência, que diferenciou as amostras em sete grupos. Em relação aos fatores de virulência, os dados mostraram que as cepas estudadas apresentaram uma camada densa ao redor da membrana celular dos microrganismos e atividade de fosfolipase C. No entanto, não foi observado a atividade de IgAse nas cepas. Em relação a atividade de invasão, observou-se que os ureaplasma estudados puderam ser visualizados no interior de células Hep-2 com apenas um minutos de infecção, sendo observados em uma região perinuclear, mas não no interior do núcleo. Além disto, pode verificar que entre 1% a 10% dos ureaplasmas estudos penetraram na célula pelo teste da gentamicina. / The aim of the present study was the study of genetic variability and virulence factors of U. diversum clinical isolates. The strains were submitted to sequencing for 16S rRNA and urease genes. Moreover, the strains were analyzed to the virulence factors: capsule, phospholipase C, IgA protease and adhesion and invasion into Hep-2 cells. The sequencing of parcial 16S rRNA gene showed polymorphic patterns into 44 positions. These polymorphisms clustered the strains in seven groups. For the virulence factors, ureaplasma cells showed a dense-stained external capsule-like structure surrounding the cell membrane. A high level of phospholipase C activity was also detected in 31 studied ureaplasma. However, no strains showed IgA protease activity. For the invasion assay, the isolates and strains used were detected inside the cells after infection of one minute. The invasions of the ureaplasmas surrounded the nuclear region but were not observed inside the nuclei. The gentamicin invasion assay detected that 1% to 10% of studied ureaplasmas were inside the infected cells.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo o estudo da variabilidade genética e dos fatores de virulência de isolados de U. diversum. As cepas foram submetidas a sequenciamento dos genes da urease e 16S rRNA e a testes para verificar os fatores de virulência: cápsula, fosfolipase C, IgAse e adesão e invasão. A análise do sequênciamento parcial do gene 16S rRNA resultou na presença de polimorfismos em 44 posições da seqüência, que diferenciou as amostras em sete grupos. Em relação aos fatores de virulência, os dados mostraram que as cepas estudadas apresentaram uma camada densa ao redor da membrana celular dos microrganismos e atividade de fosfolipase C. No entanto, não foi observado a atividade de IgAse nas cepas. Em relação a atividade de invasão, observou-se que os ureaplasma estudados puderam ser visualizados no interior de células Hep-2 com apenas um minutos de infecção, sendo observados em uma região perinuclear, mas não no interior do núcleo. Além disto, pode verificar que entre 1% a 10% dos ureaplasmas estudos penetraram na célula pelo teste da gentamicina. / The aim of the present study was the study of genetic variability and virulence factors of U. diversum clinical isolates. The strains were submitted to sequencing for 16S rRNA and urease genes. Moreover, the strains were analyzed to the virulence factors: capsule, phospholipase C, IgA protease and adhesion and invasion into Hep-2 cells. The sequencing of parcial 16S rRNA gene showed polymorphic patterns into 44 positions. These polymorphisms clustered the strains in seven groups. For the virulence factors, ureaplasma cells showed a dense-stained external capsule-like structure surrounding the cell membrane. A high level of phospholipase C activity was also detected in 31 studied ureaplasma. However, no strains showed IgA protease activity. For the invasion assay, the isolates and strains used were detected inside the cells after infection of one minute. The invasions of the ureaplasmas surrounded the nuclear region but were not observed inside the nuclei. The gentamicin invasion assay detected that 1% to 10% of studied ureaplasmas were inside the infected cells.