The diploma thesis focuses on the water distribution system functioning without chlorine-based disinfectant. This thesis contains research of documented cases of examples of drinking water distribution systems both abroad and in the Czech Republic, which do not use disinfectants. Moreover, the thesis pay attention to chlorine and its effects on bacteria. The thesis deals with the first assessment of water supply structure, which determines whether the water supply structure is suitable for operating without disinfectant. The thesis describes the process of transition to the disinfectant-free operation and determines the undesired events, which may occur with the ending of the use of disinfectant. As a part of the research, the thesis examines the water supply system in village Kateřinice, to determine if it is suitable for operation without disinfectant.

Mobile genetic elements are occupied by this project. It is aimed at their features, which can be used for their detection. It also deals with issue of conversion of symbolic sequence into numerical form. Classifications of mobile genetic elements are explained, basic types of mobile genetic sequences are described, and principles of numerical maps and detection in symbolic represetation are also clarified. Conversion of symbolic genetical sequences by chosen numerical map and calculation of normalized correlation values for set of mobile genetic elements are compiled. Analysis of the mobile genetic elements properties is performed for design of detector. The library of themes is created at the end for usage by designed detector.

Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Biological and Medical Sciences Study program: Specialist on Laboratory Methods Autor: Bc. Marcela Vízková Supervisor: PharmDr. Ondřej Janďourek, Ph.D. Title: In vitro screening of novel potentially active antibacterial compounds III Since the discovery of penicillin, antibiotics have become part of modern therapeutic approaches. But the global spread of resistance makes their future uncertain. It is necessary to find new antibacterial substances useful in practice. As resistance is a global threat, the theoretical part deals with this issue. In addition to resistance, the theoretical part also briefly describes the antibiotics used, including new antibiotics, which were recently registered or likely to be registered. For selected groups, their mechanism of action is described in detail. Sensitivity should be determined to correctly indicate the antibiotic treatment. For this reason, the theoretical part also describes methods by which the sensitivity of a microbe to an antibiotic can be determined qualitatively or quantitatively. The theoretical part does not neglect the history of the development of antibacterial substances and familiarization with antibiotic policy in the Czech Republic. This diploma thesis is based on...

The objective of the study was to analyze the relationship of psychrotrophic lipolytic bacteria in bulk samples of cow?s raw milk and their metabolic activity based on the content of free fatty acids and identifying the factors that may influence their levels. The contents of free fatty acids (FFA) and counts of total bacteria, psychrotrophic lipolytic bacteria (PLiBC) and somatic cells were determined in 150 samples of cow?s bulk raw milk on 20 farms with three different milking technologies in South Bohemia during 2008?10. FFA were determined using an extraction-titration method. Within the compared technologies, the highest mean values of FFA (38,8 mmol?kg-1; P<0,001) and PLiBC (696 CFU?ml?1) were observed on farms with pipeline milking in stalls. The lowest mean FFA level (15,4 mmol?kg-1) was determined on farms with an automatic milking system. Medium values were determined on farms with parlour milking. From the aspect of the inhibition of an increase in psychrotrophic bacteria, and mainly in psychrotrophic lipolytic bacteria in conditions of cold storage of raw milk the temperature of 4°C seems optimum as it markedly inhibits the growth of mesophilic and psychrotrophic bacteria and at the same time the increase in the values of free fatty acids is slower at this temperature compared to the temperatures of 6,5 and 10°C.

The subject of the dissertation deals with the secondary school pupil's awareness of zoonoses. Zoonoses are the diseases transmited from animals to human beings. Those are one of the topics of biology study currently. The main aim of the dissertation is theoretical definition of the matter in the first place. For knowledge testing have been chosen these four illness: Toxoplasmosis, Lyme boreliossis, Rabies and Creuzfeldt-Jakobo disease. With these chosen illness the main research goal is to provide a comprehensive collection of information about the details such as disease transfer, spread of the disease, disease development, cure and avoidance. The research part of the dissertation tries to find out the extent of knowledge about the chosen kinds of zoonoses among the pupils at specialized secondary schools. As a tool of quantitative research has been used a pupil's didactic test. As based on the evaluated results we may say that the pupil's knowledge at explored schools is relatively satisfactory.

Modern methods of processing genomic data yield good results, however they are often redeemed by time consummation. This is mainly the reason why this thesis deals with numerical methods of bacterial genome processing which could be a suitable alternative for current methods, both in terms of quality and computational demands. This thesis presents the current methods used for processing of genomes in silico and proposes suitable numerical presentations for the whole genome analysis. Some of these methods are programmed and used for processing further in this diploma thesis. In it, various mathematical and statistical methods are being tested, ones that could lead to successful species delineation of bacteria by numerical presentations of their genomes.

This thesis focused on the probiotic bacteria, DNA isolated from these bacteria by three different methods and the effect of isolation on DNA identification using molecular biological methods. Probiotic bacteria are an important part of human intestinal tract. They have an important role in the function of the immune system due to adhesion to the mucosa of the intestinal flora. They create a inhostile environment for pathogens. Probiotic bacteria are commonly taken in the food like dairy products or food supplements. However, overuse of antibiotics is at risk of passing on the intrinsic resistance that probiotic bacteria have to the pathogenic bacteria. The intrinsic resistence they have to maintain the natural homeostasis of the intestinal tract. It is important to effectively identify risky probiotic bacteria that have the ability to transmit resistance to eliminate their presence in food and dietary supplements. Three methods of DNA isolation like phenol extraction method, magnetic particle isolation and commercial kit isolation were used in the experimental part. DNA was isolated from three dietary supplements, namely Biopron 9 premium, Linex forte and GS Lactobacily forte 21. The purity and concentration of the isolated DNA was detected spectrophotometrically. The presence of individual DNA strains in dietary supplements was confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The best method of isolation in terms of purity and concentration of isolated DNA was evaluated by RT-PCR and spectrophotometry using a commercial kit isolation method.

This thesis deals with a measurement and interpretation of NIR spectra of bacterial cells and design of biosensor using this analytical technique. In the first chapter, there is introduction of current state of knowledge in the field of NIR spectroscopy in microbiology and technology of fiber optic biosensors. The summary of this chapter shows that NIR is a suitable technique for direct molecular analysis of bacteria, but it suffers from low sensitivity and insufficient interpretation of bacterial spectra. In the next part of the thesis, there is a theoretical background of spectral analysis techniques and technology of fiber optic sensors. In the practical part of this work, there is suggested the elimination of disadvantages of NIR spectroscopy in microbiology by a series of experiments used for interpretation of NIR spectra of bacteria and design of fiber optic sensor to increase sensitivity of this technique. In this work, spectral regions important for the identification of bacterial strains were determined and partially interpreted and the sensor for bacterial analysis capable of classifying strains based on 105 captured cells was designed. Therefore, the objectives of this work were fulfilled.

Zvýšená konzumace fermentovaných mléčných výrobků v posledních letech vede k zavádění nových výrobků na trh. Funkční a probiotické produkty jsou v dnešní době také hojně rozšířeny. Cílem diplomové práce bylo posoudit mikrobiální kvalitu komerčních jogurtů a nefarmakologických probiotických výrobků. Bylo zkoumáno 24 vzorků jogurtů a 8 vzorků probiotických mléčných výrobků. Pozornornost byla zaměřena zvláště na kvantifikaci mikroorganismů v jednotlivých výrobcích a na sledování viability buněk. Většina mléčných produktů obsahovala počty odpovídající minimální požadované hodnotě 1x107cfu/ml. Nicméně byly objeveny produkty, které neobsahovaly živé bakterie nebo obsahovaly jen jejich menší množství. To platí zejména pro běžné jogurty. Probiotické mléčné výrobky v zásadě obsahovaly větší množství bakterií než jogurty, protože je u nich navíc požadováno 1x106cfu/ml minimálního množství specifických bakterií jiných než jogurtových startovacích kultur. Isoláty z fermentovaných mléčných výrobků byly identifikovány jako Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus spp. Isoláty byly poté rozlišeny na jednotlivé kmeny pomocí RAPD použitím tří různých primerů. Byla zjištěna velká různorodost mezi kmeny rodu Lactobacillus spp. používaných různými podniky.

The aim of this study was focused on the study of conditions of growth of strains Lbc. paracasei subsp. paracasei CCDM 211, Lbc. paracasei CCDM 212, Lbc. paracasei subsp. paracasei CCDM 213 and Lbc. salivarius CCDM 216 in media with different amount of carbon-source (glucose, lactose and whey). Next part of the experiment was dealed with study of conditions of bacteria growth at stress conditions (lower pH). The purity od bacterial culture was verified with help of streaking. Purity DNA isolated from bacteria was tested using agarose gel electrophoresis, DNA concentration was estimated spectrophotometricaly. The presence of bacteria of genus Lactobacillus was proved using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with genus specific primers.