Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Adverse pregnancy outcomes such as preterm birth and low birth weight are major causes of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Increasing evidence points to an association between periodontal disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes and thus a better understanding of the nature of this association will assist in treatment planning to reduce adverse pregnancy outcomes. Among the Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria frequently associated with periodontal disease are Treponema denticola, Tannerella forsythia and Porphyromonas gingivalis which may be detected in plaque using the BANA test (N-benzoyl-DL-arginine-2-naphthylamide). The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of periodontal disease on pregnancy outcomes and evaluate the use of BANA as a screening test for the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. This study complied with the Declaration of Helsinki (2013) and included 443 pregnant women attending ante-natal clinics in KwaZulu Natal. At first visit, maternal oral health status was assessed by the measurement of periodontal indices and BANA testing of dental plaque from the same teeth. Patient demography and medical history were obtained by means of a questionnaire and all data compared with pregnancy outcomes. While controlling for other factors, significant differences were found between the distributions of periodontal disease at BANA-negative and BANA-positive sites and between infant birth weight and maternal periodontal index scores such as plaque index and gingival index. The birth weight and gestational age at delivery of infants born of BANA-positive periodontally diseased mothers were significantly lower than those born of BANA-negative mothers with no periodontal disease. We may conclude that the presence of periodontal disease during pregnancy has a significant association with negative pregnancy outcomes and suggest that the risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes may be reduced by monitoring the oral health status of women during pregnancy.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2000-05-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:35:59Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 salis_amv_me_arafo.pdf: 622293 bytes, checksum: 53eac437d1597acb0f0c1af2b612f820 (MD5) / Descobertas recentes sugerem que microrganismos periodontopatogênicos são transmitidos entre membros de uma mesma família, pois há verificações da semelhança de linhagens de bactérias obtidas de seus integrantes, principalmente da mãe. Assim, o objetivo foi verificar se havia alguma correlação significativa entre os resultados do Teste BANA (Perioscan), obtidos em amostras de placa dentária subgengival de 54 crianças, entre 6 e 9 anos, e suas mães, todos residentes no município de Barretos-S.P. As amostras de placa subgengival foram colhidas com curetas periodontais de 432 sítios. Após a análise dos dados, os resultados do Teste BANA demonstraram que 67 sítios de crianças (31%) apresentaram reatividade positiva, enquanto que nas mães o número foi de 85 (39,3%). Em relação a negatividade do BANA nas crianças e suas mães, foi, respectivamente, de 149 (69%) e de 131 (60,7%) sítios, o que demonstrou a existência de uma relação estatisticamente significativa entre as variáveis BANA de mãe e filho. Os resultados do presente estudo permitiram sugerir que a presença de bactérias periodontopatogênicas nos filhos está relacionada à presença das mesmas bactérias nas mães, e que possível relacionamento de alterações periodontais nas mães podem representar significado importante no estabelecimento das patologias periodontais nos filhos. / Recent researchs suggest that periodontophatogens microrganisms are transmitted among the members of the same family, because it could be observed the likeness of the lineages of obtained from bacterias of family members, mainly of the mother. The purpose of this study was to verify if there was some significant correlation between the results of the Test BANA (Perioscan), obtained in samples of subgingival dental plaque of 54 children between 6 and 9 years and their mothers, resident in the municipal district Barretos-S.P. The samples of the subgingival plaques were picked up with periodontal instruments in 432 sites. After the statistical analysis of the data, the BANA Test results showed that in the children 67 (31%) of the sites presented positive reactivity while in the mothers 85 (39,3%) and in relation to the negativity of the BANA test, it was 149 (69%) e 131 (60,7%) respectivilly, this showed a statistically significant relationship between mother's and son BANA variable. The results of the present study let us to suggest that the presence of bacterial periodontophatogens in the children is related with the presence of the same bacterias in their mothers, and that a possible relationship of the periodontal alterations in the mothers can be an important factor in the establishement of periodontal pathologies in children.

Student Number: 0209777E Master of Arts in English Education Faculty of Humanities, Social Sciences and Education / The research report explores a pedagogic and curricular intervention in the English curriculum of third year pre-service education students at the National University of Rwanda. It uses as an implementation instance the Bana Molokai subculture as a means of relating the teaching of English literature to cultural practices found in the students’ living space which are semiotically more diverse than the traditional literary-linguistic forms. My research attempts to establish whether and how the pedagogical intervention of teaching cultural artefacts produced by the Bana Molokai can enrich the learning/teaching of literature in this context. At a secondary level, the introduction of the Bana Molokai youth culture phenomenon into a literature classroom calls attention to the presence of the youth culture phenomenon on the continent as an emerging site for the articulation of the contemporary interests and needs of African youth. Therefore, although the pedagogical intervention forms the major component of this Research project, it incorporates a preliminary phase: an overview of the Bana Molokai subculture as an illustration of the vitality of texts from the field of popular culture on the African continent. The study uses an analysis of students’ responses before and after the pedagogical intervention as a means of providing comparative evidence of students’ perceptions of existing literary practices in their context in the light of the expansion. In effect, it uses in the first instance emerging thematic points in the students’ responses in order to understand their perception of literary practices as a preliminary justification of an interventionist expansion in Rwanda. In the second instance, it uses emerging thematic points in the students’ responses to the pedagogical intervention to unravel how the lesson of teaching Bana Molokai has related them to the exercise of learning/teaching literature in their context. The analysis furthermore attempts to indicate the comparative benefits of teaching Bana Molokai texts in Rwanda in regards to the established literary canon.

Denna rapport är av en reflekterande karaktär. Den förmedlar arbetsprocessen och resultatet av ett projekt som gjorts i kursen examensarbete i medier: Dataspelsutveckling vt 2008. Verket som rapporten grundar sig på är en bana gjord för Unreal Tournament 3 (Epic Games, 2007). Banan skall uppnå mina egenstipulerade krav för att en bana skall vara välbalanserad. Texten inleds med en beskrivning av arbetsprocessen och de olika stegen som genomgicks. Den börjar med idén och går vidare i flertalet olika steg till det färdiga resultatet. Därefter visas den färdiga banan upp i form av bilder. Sedan följer en diskussion om resultatet och de problem som uppstod i arbetsprocessen. Slutsatsen är att förutom några få undantag så har min arbetsprocess fungerat bra. Jag anser mig ha skapat en multiplayer-bana som lever upp till mina egenstipulerade krav för en välbalanserad bana.

<p>Denna rapport är av en reflekterande karaktär. Den förmedlar arbetsprocessen och resultatet av ett projekt som gjorts i kursen examensarbete i medier: Dataspelsutveckling vt 2008. Verket som rapporten grundar sig på är en bana gjord för Unreal Tournament 3 (Epic Games, 2007). Banan skall uppnå mina egenstipulerade krav för att en bana skall vara välbalanserad. Texten inleds med en beskrivning av arbetsprocessen och de olika stegen som genomgicks. Den börjar med idén och går vidare i flertalet olika steg till det färdiga resultatet. Därefter visas den färdiga banan upp i form av bilder. Sedan följer en diskussion om resultatet och de problem som uppstod i arbetsprocessen. Slutsatsen är att förutom några få undantag så har min arbetsprocess fungerat bra. Jag anser mig ha skapat en multiplayer-bana som lever upp till mina egenstipulerade krav för en välbalanserad bana.</p>

Orientador: Benedicto Egbert Corrêa de Toledo / Banca: Rita de Cássia Loiola Cordeiro / Banca: Marcelo Fava de Moraes / Resumo: Descobertas recentes sugerem que microrganismos periodontopatogênicos são transmitidos entre membros de uma mesma família, pois há verificações da semelhança de linhagens de bactérias obtidas de seus integrantes, principalmente da mãe. Assim, o objetivo foi verificar se havia alguma correlação significativa entre os resultados do Teste BANA (Perioscan), obtidos em amostras de placa dentária subgengival de 54 crianças, entre 6 e 9 anos, e suas mães, todos residentes no município de Barretos-S.P. As amostras de placa subgengival foram colhidas com curetas periodontais de 432 sítios. Após a análise dos dados, os resultados do Teste BANA demonstraram que 67 sítios de crianças (31%) apresentaram reatividade positiva, enquanto que nas mães o número foi de 85 (39,3%). Em relação a negatividade do BANA nas crianças e suas mães, foi, respectivamente, de 149 (69%) e de 131 (60,7%) sítios, o que demonstrou a existência de uma relação estatisticamente significativa entre as variáveis BANA de mãe e filho. Os resultados do presente estudo permitiram sugerir que a presença de bactérias periodontopatogênicas nos filhos está relacionada à presença das mesmas bactérias nas mães, e que possível relacionamento de alterações periodontais nas mães podem representar significado importante no estabelecimento das patologias periodontais nos filhos. / Abstract: Recent researchs suggest that periodontophatogens microrganisms are transmitted among the members of the same family, because it could be observed the likeness of the lineages of obtained from bacterias of family members, mainly of the mother. The purpose of this study was to verify if there was some significant correlation between the results of the Test BANA (Perioscan), obtained in samples of subgingival dental plaque of 54 children between 6 and 9 years and their mothers, resident in the municipal district Barretos-S.P. The samples of the subgingival plaques were picked up with periodontal instruments in 432 sites. After the statistical analysis of the data, the BANA Test results showed that in the children 67 (31%) of the sites presented positive reactivity while in the mothers 85 (39,3%) and in relation to the negativity of the BANA test, it was 149 (69%) e 131 (60,7%) respectivilly, this showed a statistically significant relationship between mother's and son BANA variable. The results of the present study let us to suggest that the presence of bacterial periodontophatogens in the children is related with the presence of the same bacterias in their mothers, and that a possible relationship of the periodontal alterations in the mothers can be an important factor in the establishement of periodontal pathologies in children. / Mestre

Detta examensprojekt handlar om att utforma en stadsdel med bostäder som lever upp till visionerna för Stockholm och Sundbyberg inför 2020 och 2030. En bilfri förort, 15 minuter med tunnelbanan från Stockholms innerstad. Alldeles intill ett känsligt naturreservat. Kompakt boende, småskalig service och platsen präglas av en känsla av närhet. De boende ska använda lite yta, röra sig till fots, cykla och nyttja offentliga rum och kollektivtrafik i största möjliga utsträckning. Men de ska kunna leva ett fullgott urbant liv utan att behöva offra den bekvämlighet som ett liv i storstadsmiljö erbjuder.

In this work, we study the benefits of predicting human trajectories using human body poses instead of solely their x-y locations in time. We propose ‘Social-pose’, an attention-based pose encoder that encodes the poses of all humans in the scene and their social relations. Our method can be used as a plugin to any existing trajectory predictor. We explore the advantages to use 2D versus 3D poses, as well as a limited set of poses. We also investigate the attention map to find out which frames of poses are critical to improve human trajectory prediction. We have done extensive experiments on state-of-the-art models (based on LSTMs, GANs and transformers), and showed improvements over all of them on synthetic (Joint Track Auto) and real (Human3.6M and Pedestrians and Cyclists in Road Traffic) datasets. / I det här arbetet studerar vi fördelarna med att förutsäga mänskliga banor med hjälp av människokroppspositioner istället för enbart deras x-y-positioner i tiden. Vi föreslår ”Social-pose”, en uppmärksamhetsbaserad poseringskodare som kodar poserna för alla människor på scenen och deras sociala relationer. Vår metod kan användas som en plugin till vilken befintlig bana som helst. Vi utforskar fördelarna med att använda 2D kontra 3D poser, såväl som en begränsad uppsättning poser. Vi undersöker också uppmärksamhetskartan för att ta reda på vilka ramar av poser som är avgörande för att förbättra förutsägelsen av mänsklig bana. Vi har gjort omfattande experiment på toppmoderna modeller (baserade på LSTM, GAN och transformers) och visat förbättringar jämfört med dem alla på syntetiska (Joint Track Auto) och riktiga (Human3.6M och Fotgängare och cyklister på vägen) trafik) datauppsättningar.

The bicycle has for a long time been a way of traveling short and medium-term trips. The popularity has varied over time but today it is increasing in popularity. The main reason for the increasing popularity is because its ecological, economical, and social sustainable. In areas where the bike is popular one often talks about a “bicycle culture”. A bicycle culture cannot be built just by redesigning the streets, but when designing the streets in the right way, the municipality can create benefits for cyclist which in the longer run can lead to more people preferring the bike. There are documents with recommendations and guidelines for how specific streets should be planned in order to be safe and pleasant for bike users. These are available on a state, regional and local level, but may differs depending on which document you get your information from. In the municipality of Täby, no streets have previously been designed for pedestrian and cycling lanes in urban environments. Therefore, local recommendations and guidelines have not been updated and not been used. Instead urban and traffic planners have used extern documents. Recently intern documents have been updated and started to be used when planning pedestrian and cycling lanes, which will be examined in this thesis. The purpose of this master thesis will be to explore opportunities and challenges that occur when planning safe walking and cycling lanes. By examining general and Täbys recommendations and guidelines in a document study and in a case study investigate how the planning of walking and cycling lanes goes into practice these conditions and answers have been identified. First of all, the control documents will have a great impact on how the final design will be. These guidelines and recommendations serve a basic function for all planning of walking and cycle lanes. The existing condition of an area affecting how its possibly to plan a street. For example, it could limit the width of the street or the flow size of pedestrians. There are also external influencing factors such as politics, economics and interests that can influence the design of the street. A service person who is working for the municipality can also have a great impact on the outcome. The service person can deviate from the control documents or make own solutions where there is lack of documents. In order to make as many people as possible satisfied, it's also good in the future if structural traffic issues are being solved in a detailed comprehensive plan or structure plan in advance for people to express their thoughts. Otherwise the risk of getting the interested party unsatisfied with the results. / Cykeln har länge varit ett transportmedel för korta och medellånga resor. Dess popularitet har varierat med tiden men idag är den på uppgång igen. Den största anledningen till cykelns ökade popularitet är att den är hållbar både ekologiskt, ekonomiskt och socialt. För områden där cykeln idag har starka fästen pratas det ofta om en cykelkultur. Cykelkultur kan dock inte byggas genom att utforma gator. Men genom att utforma gator på rätt sätt kan kommunen skapa fördelar för cyklister vilken i sin tur kan leda till att fler väljer cykeln. Styrdokument finns för hur gator ska planeras för gång- och cykeltrafik. Dessa finns på statlig, regional och lokal nivå men kan skilja sig en del beroende vart informationen hämtas från. Tidigare i Täby kommun planerades det inte för gång- och cykelbanor i stadsmiljö vilket gjort att de lokala riktlinjerna inte varit uppdaterade och inte använts. Istället har andra externa styrdokument använts. Nu har de uppdaterats och användas vid planering och utformning av gång- och cykelbanor vilket kommer att undersökas i detta examensarbete. Med detta examensarbete är syftet att undersöka möjligheter och utmaningar för svenska kommuner att skapa säkra gång- och cykelbanor i befintliga stadsmiljöer. Detta kommer att utföras genom en fallstudie i Täby kommun. Genom att undersöka både generella styrdokument och Täby kommuns egna styrdokument samt undersöka hur planeringen av gång- och cykelbanor går till i praktiken har dessa förutsättningar och svar identifierats. Det som i slutändan leder till hur gång- och cykelbanor utformas är först och främst de befintliga styrdokumenten. Riktlinjer och rekommendationer fungerar som en grund för all planering av gång- och cykelbanor. Förutom styrdokumenten har förutsättningarna för ett specifikt område betydelse för hur utformningen blir. T ex hur bred kan vägen byggas eller hur kommer flödet för en gata se ut. Det finns även yttre påverkande faktorer som politik, ekonomi och intressen som kan påverka utformningen. Tjänstepersoner på bland annat kommunen kan även frångå styrdokument eller komma på nya lösningar där styrdokumenten inte räcker till. För att göra så många som möjligt nöjda är det bra att i framtiden vara ute i god tid med strukturella trafikfrågor i en fördjupad översiktsplan (FÖP) eller strukturplan. Detta kan minska risken för att boende, verksamhetsägare eller sakägare inte blir nöjda med det slutliga resultatet.

The aim of this explorative and descriptive study was to develop an action plan for criminologists to become specialised practitioners within the South African child justice system. An exploratory, sequential, mixed-methods approach was used, where data was collected during the first phase using a self-administered, semi-structured questionnaire, including closed- and open-ended questions. The questionnaire was distributed to members of the Criminological Society of Africa (CRIMSA), as well as criminologists, magistrates, and other experts in the field of child law, known to the researcher. Sixteen questions were posed to collect data, consisting of nine Likert scale questions and seven open-ended questions. A semi-structured interview schedule was employed during the second phase of the study, to conduct 22 face-to-face and telephonic interviews with experts in the field of child law, probation officers, social workers, and criminologists. Descriptive data analysis was utilised during the first, and thematic analysis during the second phase of this study. The findings indicate that the absence of a regulating, professional body, limits career opportunities for criminologists as far as exercising their skills in practice. Furthermore, it was established that the role and function of criminologists, and the academic field of criminology, remain unfamiliar to various practitioners in the human science professions. Subsequently, criminologists are often considered mere crime researchers with limited applied skills for use in the South African criminal justice system. Though it was proven that, at least to some degree the academic training of criminologists is deficient, it was established that criminologists have a unique skill-set that places them in a unique position to execute various functions within the child justice sector as part of a multi-disciplinary team. Findings suggest that the Child Justice Act (75 of 2008) should be amended to facilitate the inclusion of criminologists in the South African child justice sector. / Die doel van hierdie verkennende en beskrywende studie was om ʼn aksieplan vir kriminoloë te ontwikkel om hulle in staat te stel om gespesialiseerde praktisyns in die Suid-Afrikaanse kindergeregtigheidstelsel te word. ʼn Verkennende, opeenvolgende, gemengdemetode-benadering is gebruik waar data gedurende die eerste fase ingesamel is deur middel van ’n selfgeadministreerde vraelys, wat geslote en oop vrae ingesluit het. Die vraelys is versprei onder lede van die Kriminologiese Vereniging van Suider-Afrika (CRIMSA), asook kriminoloë, landdroste en ander kundiges op die gebied van kinderreg wat aan die navorser bekend is. Altesame 16 vrae is gestel om data in te samel, wat uit nege Likert-skaalvrae en sewe oop vrae bestaan het. ’n Halfgestruktureerde onderhoudrooster is gedurende die tweede fase van die studie gebruik om 22 onderhoude van aangesig tot aangesig asook telefoniese onderhoude met kundiges op die gebied van kinderreg, proefbeamptes, maatskaplike werkers en kriminoloë te voer. Beskrywende dataontleding is gedurende die eerste, en tematiese ontleding gedurende die tweede fase van hierdie studie gebruik. Die bevindings dui aan dat die afwesigheid van ’n regulatoriese, professionele liggaam loopbaangeleenthede vir kriminoloë beperk wat die uitoefening van hul vaardighede in die praktyk betref. Daar is voorts vasgestel dat die rol en funksie van kriminoloë, en die akademiese gebied van kriminologie, onbekend aan verskeie praktisyns in die geesteswetenskapberoepe is. Kriminoloë word gevolglik dikwels bloot as navorsers met beperkte toegepaste vaardighede vir gebruik in die Suid-Afrikaanse strafregspleging beskou. Hoewel bewys is dat die akademiese opleiding van kriminoloë in ’n mate ontoereikend is, is vasgestel dat kriminoloë ’n unieke stel vaardighede besit wat hulle in ’n unieke posisie plaas om as deel van ’n multidissiplinêre span verskeie funksies in die kindergeregtigheidsektor uit te voer. Bevindings dui daarop dat die “Child Justice Act” 75 van 2008 gewysig behoort te word om vir die insluiting van kriminoloë in die Suid-Afrikaanse kindergeregtigheidsektor voorsiening te maak. / Sepheo sa phuputso ena ya kutullo le tlhaloso e ne e le ho hlahisa morero wa ketso bakeng sa ditsebi tsa tsa botlokotsebe hore ebe basebetsi ba ikgethang sistiming ya Afrika Borwa ya toka ya bana. Ho latetswe katamelo ya kutullo, ya mekgwa e kopaneng e latellanang. Tlhahisoleseding e bokelleditswe nakong ya mokgahlelo wa pele wa phuputso ho sebediswa lethathamo le dipotso le iketsetswang, le nang le sebopeho se sa fellang le nang le dipotso tse kwetsweng le tse butsweng. Lethathamo la dipotso le fuwe ditho tsa Mokgatlo wa Ditsebi tsa tsa Botlokotsebe le Ditsebi tsa tsa ho ba Phofu wa Afrika e Borwa (Criminological Society of Southern Africa (CRIMSA)), hammoho le ditsebi tse ding tsa tsa botlokotsebe, bommasterata le ditsebi tse ding lekaleng la molao wa bana. Ho botsitswe dipotso tse 16 ho bokella tlhahisoleseding; di ne di kenyelletsa dipotso tse robong tsa Likert-scale le tse supileng tse butsweng. Tlhophiso ya sebopeho se sa fellang ya inthavu e sebedisitswe mokgahlelong wa bobedi wa phuputso ho etsa diinthavu tsa phuputso tsa batho ba shebaneng mahlong le tsa mohaleng le ditsebi lekaleng la molao wa bana, diofisiri tsa batshwaruwa ba sa tswa lokollwa, di-social worker le ditsebi tsa tsa botlokotsebe. Manollo ya tlhaloso ya datha e sebedisitswe nakong ya mokgahlelo wa pele wa phuputso le manollo ya ditema nakong ya mokgahlelo wa bobedi. Diphetho di supa hore tlhokeho ya setheo se laolang sa seprofeshenale e sitisa menyetla ya mesebetsi ya ditsebi tsa tsa botlokotsebe hobane e kgina menyetla ya bona ya ho sebedisa ditsebo tsa bona tshebetsong. Ho feta moo, ho fumanwe hore mosebetsi wa ditsebi tsa tsa botlokotsebe, lekala la dithuto lefapheng la tsa botlokotsebe, di ntse di sa tsebahale ho basebetsi ba fapaneng diprofesheneng tsa mahlale a botho. Ka lebaka leo, ditsebi tsa tsa botlokotsebe hangata di nkwa e le bafuputsi feela ba tsa botlokotsebe ba nang le botsebi bo itseng ba ka nkang karolo sistiming ya Afrika Borwa ya toka ya botlokotsebe. Leha ho ile hwa pakwa hore thupelo dithutong tsa ditsebi tsa tsa botlokotsebe e ya fokola ka tsela e itseng, ho fumanwe hore ditsebi tsa tsa botlokotsebe di na le bokgoni bo ikgethileng bo di behang sebakeng se ikgethileng sa ho etsa mesebetsi e fapaneng lekaleng la toka ya bana jwalo ka karolo ya dihlopha tsa mafapha a fapaneng. Diphetho di supa hore Molao wa Toka ya Bana (75 wa 2008) o lokela ho fetolwa ho dumella kenyelletso ya ditsebi tsa tsa botlokotsebe lekaleng la toka ya bana Afrika Borwa. / Criminology and Security Science / Ph. D. (Criminal Justice)