Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul / This dissertation has as its theme the relationship of business elites of the financial sector and industry with the state economic policy in contemporary Brazil. Our object of the research, in precise terms, the discourse of the Industries Federation of São Paulo State (FIESP) and the bankers about the government's economic policy Dilma Rousseff (PT), in 2011-2014. Our sources of access to the object are i) articles, interviews and written statements / granted by industry business leaders and finance, published in the mainstream press organs; ii) materials and news (also from the press) about facts that were the contexts and the political situation analyzed here; iii) public notes and documents offered by FIESP and the Brazilian Federation of Banks (Febraban). The objective of this work is to identify, analyze, understand and compare i) ideological profiles and ii) the political positions - related to economic policy dilmista -, that can be inferred from the discursive productions of FIESP and bankers. Our main finding is that, even with ideological profiles, schedules and distinct modes of public behavior among themselves, after Dilma has implemented in his first presidential term economic policy matrix that significantly strengthened the role of State intervention in the Brazilian economy - the neodevelopmentalist offensive - both bankers as industrial submitted ratings and positions fairly critical of the economic model of government. Thus, the period analyzed here would have been marked by political tension of relations between industrial and financial business community with the federal government. / Esta dissertação tem como tema a relação das elites empresariais do setor financeiro e da indústria com a política econômica de Estado no Brasil contemporâneo. Nosso objeto de pesquisa é, em termos precisos, o discurso da Federação das Indústrias do Estado de São Paulo (FIESP) e dos banqueiros frente à política econômica do governo Dilma Rousseff (PT), no período 2011-2014. Nossas fontes de acesso ao objeto são i) artigos, entrevistas e declarações escritas/concedidas por lideranças empresariais da indústria e das finanças, publicadas em órgãos da grande imprensa; ii) matérias e notícias (também provenientes da imprensa) sobre fatos que constituíram os contextos e as conjunturas políticas aqui analisadas; iii) notas públicas e documentos disponibilizados pela FIESP e pela Federação Brasileira dos Bancos (FEBRABAN). O objetivo deste trabalho é identificar, analisar, compreender e comparar os i) perfis ideológicos e ii) os posicionamentos políticos - relativos à política econômica dilmista -, que podem ser depreendidos das produções discursivas da FIESP e dos banqueiros. Nossa principal conclusão é que, mesmo apresentando perfis ideológicos, agendas e modos de comportamento público distintos entre si, depois de Dilma ter implantado no seu primeiro mandato presidencial uma matriz de política econômica que reforçava significativamente o papel de intervenção do Estado sobre a economia brasileira a ofensiva neodesenvolvimentista -, tanto banqueiros quanto industriais apresentaram avaliações e posições bastante críticas em relação ao modelo econômico do governo. Assim, o período aqui analisado teria sido marcado pelo tensionamento político das relações do empresariado industrial e financeiro com o governo federal.

Orientador: Valeriano Mendes Ferreira Costa / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T09:46:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Kessler_LuizCarlosdeAndrade_D.pdf: 2381304 bytes, checksum: 21d43ce194c4232a9cb6fbb5b9cb755a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Este trabalho tem como objetivo evidenciar a influência política do empresariado financeiro na condução da política monetária brasileira. Subsidiado por perspectivas teóricas sobre o Estado, a verificação desta influência foi guiada pelas seguintes abordagens: Elitista, Pluralista, Escolha Racional, Marxista e Neo-institucionalista. Cada qual com suas metodologias próprias, questões e hipóteses subjacentes diferenciadas da questão principal deste trabalho, mas que auxiliaram na sua resolução. Os resultados empíricos dos diversos modelos formulados, de acordo com cada abordagem foram parecidos, problemas de autocorrelação serial devido à má especificação (omissão de variáveis) ou coeficientes de determinação com valores extremamente baixos, evidenciando pouca influência da política na condução da política monetária. Estes resultados embora refutem a hipótese original que os banqueiros têm grande influência na política monetária brasileira, também revelam a dificuldade de se constatar qualquer influência política sobre uma matéria que responde fortemente a eventos conjunturais. Não satisfeito com resultado apresentado pelas abordagens tradicionais, resolveu-se buscar um abordagem mais apropriada à análise política da política econômica, que pudesse novamente evidenciar a pressão política do setor financeiro privado na condução da política monetária. Assim como os outros modelos econométricos testados, o modelo baseado na abordagem de Havrilesky (1995) não apresentou relevância para a relação entre as sinalizações de preferência pelos banqueiros com a taxa de juros. Não obstante, o levantamento dessas sinalizações revelou-se fonte fundamental para a resolução das questões propostas por Wooley (1994) que ajudaram a descrever o processo de pressão política do setor financeiro privado. O histórico das políticas monetárias demonstrou a existência formal e institucional de pressão política por parte SFP, no qual as demandas eram atendidas na medida em que fossem consistentes com a política monetária corrente / Abstract: This work has the purpose to demonstrate the political influence of the financial entrepreneurs in the Brazilian monetary policy administration. Supported by theoretical perspectives on the state, the verification of this influence was guided by the following approaches: Elitist, Pluralist, Rational Choice, Marxist and Neoinstitutionalist. Each with its own methodologies, issues and underlying assumptions different from the main issue of this work, but assisted in their resolution. The empirical results of the various models formulated according to each approach showed similar results, problems of serial autocorrelation due to poor specification (omitted variables) or coefficients of determination with extremely low values, showing little influence of politics on monetary policy administration. Although these results refute the original hypothesis that bankers have a significant influence on monetary policy in Brazil, also reveal the difficulty to find any political influence over the issue that responds strongly to cyclical events. Not satisfied with the result presented by traditional approaches, it was decided to seek a more appropriate approach to the political analysis of economic policy, which could again highlighted the political pressure of the private financial sector in the conduct of monetary policy. Like other econometric models tested, the model-based approach Havrilesky (1995) showed no relevance to the relationship between the signals preferably by private bankers with the interest rate. Nevertheless, the survey revealed these signs up key source for the resolution of the issues proposed by Wooley (1994) that helped to describe the process of political pressure from the private financial sector. The history of monetary policies demonstrated the existence of formal institutional and political pressure by SFP, in which the demands were met to the extent that they were consistent with the current monetary policy / Doutorado / Ciencia Politica / Doutor em Ciência Política

Financial inclusion is a measure of the ability of a population to make use of financial services. High rates of financial inclusion in a country are empirically correlated with high levels of economic development in that country; low rates of financial inclusion are correlated with low levels of development. Thus, policy makers are generally agreed that one method to increase economic development is to increase the level of financial inclusion. Not all attempts to increase financial inclusion are successful. Initiatives to improve financial inclusion can fail when policy makers or financial service providers have incorrect perceptions about financial inclusion. They may have incorrect perceptions about the purposes and beneficiaries of financial inclusion, or incorrect perceptions about how technology can encourage financial inclusion. This thesis investigates the perceptions of Pakistani bankers about financial inclusion in Pakistan. A survey of 125 Pakistani bankers was conducted. The results of the survey show that while bankers want to improve financial inclusion, they have perceptions that limit their effectiveness in reaching this goal. First, bankers’ perceptions of the actual financial inclusion levels in the country are higher than generally accepted empirical measures. Second, their perceptions about the reasons for financial exclusion are limited to socio-economic factors like low income and education of people. Finally, they have limited appreciation of the role that technology can play in elevating the level of financial inclusion. Bankers show more interest in customer-facing technology than in back-end technical infrastructure, thus limiting the scalability and interoperability of their systems. Our guidance to policy makers is to address these perceptual problems through education and through government-backed technical infrastructure programs, thus better enabling the banking industry to improve financial inclusion in Pakistan.

Financial inclusion is a measure of the ability of a population to make use of financial services. High rates of financial inclusion in a country are empirically correlated with high levels of economic development in that country; low rates of financial inclusion are correlated with low levels of development. Thus, policy makers are generally agreed that one method to increase economic development is to increase the level of financial inclusion. Not all attempts to increase financial inclusion are successful. Initiatives to improve financial inclusion can fail when policy makers or financial service providers have incorrect perceptions about financial inclusion. They may have incorrect perceptions about the purposes and beneficiaries of financial inclusion, or incorrect perceptions about how technology can encourage financial inclusion. This thesis investigates the perceptions of Pakistani bankers about financial inclusion in Pakistan. A survey of 125 Pakistani bankers was conducted. The results of the survey show that while bankers want to improve financial inclusion, they have perceptions that limit their effectiveness in reaching this goal. First, bankers’ perceptions of the actual financial inclusion levels in the country are higher than generally accepted empirical measures. Second, their perceptions about the reasons for financial exclusion are limited to socio-economic factors like low income and education of people. Finally, they have limited appreciation of the role that technology can play in elevating the level of financial inclusion. Bankers show more interest in customer-facing technology than in back-end technical infrastructure, thus limiting the scalability and interoperability of their systems. Our guidance to policy makers is to address these perceptual problems through education and through government-backed technical infrastructure programs, thus better enabling the banking industry to improve financial inclusion in Pakistan.

The main purpose of this qualitative research study was to investigate strategies to improve the representation of black females in senior levels within the South African banking industry. This was done through investigating the challenges that black women face in their career advancement within the banking industry and the strategies which currently exist and can be implemented to improve this representation. In as much as the research is aimed at seeking strategies to improve black women representation in senior positions, it also seeks to understand the barriers experienced by black women in different levels within the industry as these levels serve as a pipeline for senior management. This problem was addressed through answering the research objectives. The research objectives were achieved through conducting a literature review to explore the existing research topic and conducting an empirical study. Empirical evidence was obtained through conducting semi-structured interviews with seven black women who are currently working in the banking sector. Semi-structured interviews were used due to the target population being specific to black women as well as the need to acquire in-depth knowledge from black women of their experiences in climbing the corporate ladder in the sector. The key findings of the research found that the participant’s perception was that black women were at the bottom, that black women were displaying behaviours that were inhibiting their progress to senior positions. The study also found that black women struggled to advance to senior positions due to different challenges that they encountered. The study is finalised by the participants providing recommendations in terms of how the representation of black women could be improved.

Den senaste finanskrisen har visat att det finns ett behov av ökad övervakning av aktörerna på den finansiella marknaden. Ett sätt att förbättra övervakningen är genom att öka förståelsen för företagens affärsmodeller. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att hitta likheter i affärsmodellerna hos svenska kreditinstitut och hos svenska filialer av utländska banker. Mer specifikt syftar denna studie till att hitta grupper av företag, i denna rapport kallat kluster, med liknande affärsmodell och till att identifiera existerande affärsmodeller på den svenska bankmarknaden. Informationen som användes i studien är från årsredovisningar som rapporterades till Finansinspektionen för åren 2000, 2005, 2010 och 2013.  För att möjliggöra en jämförelse mellan olika aktörers data har kvoter skapats utifrån deras balans- och resultaträkningar. För att reducera mängden data och för att få ett fåtal okorrelerade variabler användes principalkomponentanalys. Metoden som användes för att hitta klustren är en hierarkisk agglomerativ metod kallad Wards metod. Antalet kluster bestämdes genom att använda Calinski- Harabasz-index. Bootstrapping användes för att testa stabiliteten hos de identifierade klustren.  Denna studie visar att mönster existerar på den svenska bankmarknaden och att det är möjligt att hitta kluster av företag med liknande affärsmodell. Svenska filialer av utländska banker och svenska kreditinstitut har studerats separat. För svenska kreditinstitut hittades sex kluster och för att beskriva affärsmodellerna kallas de: Universalbanker, Sparbanker, Leasingföretag, Icke inlåningsfinansierade kreditinstitut, Servicefokuserade kreditinstitut och Övriga kreditinstitut. De mest stabila klustren, det vill säga de med högst likhet, är Sparbanker och Leasingföretag. Klustret med lägst likhet är Universalbanker och detta bör ses som ett mönster i använd data snarare än ett kluster. För de svenska filialerna av utländska banker hittades tre kluster och dessa kallas: Banker, Servicefokuserade kreditinstitut och Övriga kreditinstitut. Dessa kluster är stabila. / The recent financial crisis has emphasized the need for improved supervision of the actors on the financial market. One way to improve supervision is through better understanding of business models. The aim with this thesis is to find similarities in business models for Swedish credit institutions and for Swedish branches of foreign banks. More specific this study aims to find groups of companies, in this paper called clusters, with similar business models and identify existing business models in the banking market. The data used in this study are financial statements reported to the Swedish Financial Supervisory Authority for the years 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2013. In order to compare the companies’ data, ratios from the income statements and balance sheets have been created. To reduce the amount of data and arrive at a smaller set of uncorrelated variables, principal component analysis was used. The method used for finding the clusters was a hierarchical agglomerative clustering method called Ward’s method. The number of clusters was determined using Calinski-Harabasz index. Bootstrapping was used in order to test cluster stability. This study shows that patterns in the Swedish banking sector exist and that it is possible to find clusters of companies with similar business models. Swedish branches of foreign banks have been treated separately from Swedish credit institutions. For Swedish credit institutions a division into six clusters was found to be most suitable and in order to describe the business model the clusters are named: Universal banks, Savings banks, Leasing companies, Non-deposit funded credit institutions, Service-focused credit institutions and Other credit institutions. The most stable clusters, that are the clusters with highest similarity, are Savings banks and Leasing companies. The cluster with lowest stability is Universal banks and it could be considered as a pattern in the data rather than a cluster. For Swedish branches of foreign banks, three clusters were found to be most suitable and the clusters are named: Banks, Service-focused credit institutions and Other credit institutions. These clusters are stable.

<p dir="ltr">The Farm Service Agency's Guaranteed Loan Program supports eligible lender's ability to provide credit to farms who would otherwise not qualify for loans by guaranteeing up to 95% of principal and interest if the farmer defaults. The first chapter examines the degree to which bank characteristics influence FSA guaranteed loan rates paid by farmers. We leverage the unique characteristics of a panel of FSA guaranteed loans that include both borrower and lender information. Relative to pooled OLS, our preferred fixed-effects regression specification suggests that both time-varying and invariant lender effects are a significant determinant of FSA guaranteed loan rates. Further, when controlling for lender-effects, the significance of borrower characteristics largely diminish. These findings are consistent with prior studies of broader lending market interaction. This is the first study to examine FSA guaranteed loans which accounts for bank-level variation in lending terms. The findings may be of interest to policymakers, program administrators, lenders, and farmers.</p><p dir="ltr">Bankers’ expectations have been shown to provide reasonable forecasts of land value. In the second chapter, we test the informativeness of bankers’ expectations in predicting FSA guaranteed loan application volumes. Once again, we leverage proprietary administrative data from the FSA and, this time, pair it with survey data from the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago to evaluate bankers’ forecasts. Results show that bankers’ forecasts are outperformed by naïve models, and including bankers’ expectations does not improve predictive models. Once again, these results will be of interest to FSA program administrators, lenders, and potential borrowers.</p><p dir="ltr">The study of risk is an important thread of farm management research as agriculture is an industry with many sources of risk. In the third chapter, we link broad measures of policy risk in the form of Equity Market Volatility trackers to farmer’s perceptions of risk and uncertainty. We consider disagreement in ex ante sentiment questions to measure farmer risk. Through a series of pairwise VARs, we show which sources of risk matriculate as concerns for farmers measured by uncertainty in the Purdue University-CME Group Ag Economy Barometer. Increases in tax policy, trade policy and infectious disease uncertainty are found to Granger-cause movement in farmer sentiment uncertainty.</p>

Suretyships given in favour of banks are being challenged in the courts on the basis of equitable doctrines of unconscionable conduct, undue influence, or statutory provisions dealing with unfair conduct or unfair contract terms. This thesis is an enquiry into a bank's duties of disclosure or advice to an intending surety. Such an investigation also necessitates a study of the relationship between banker and customer, as the surety is quite often a customer of the bank as well, and, as a surety's obligation to the bank is an accessory obligation, the obligation is dependent on a valid principal obligation between the bank and the principal debtor - the customer. The face of modern banking has, however, changed dramatically and most major banks have become multi-functional. As a result, the banker-customer relationship may often be seen as a fiduciary relationship. A major problem brought about my multi-functioning banks is that of conflicts of interest between the bank and its customer. Furthermore, the banker-customer relationship is providing much more scope for lender liability than in the past. Various factors are currently having an impact on the law of contract, and this is expected to affect the legal policy makers in their assessments of whether a duty of disclosure of material facts exits or not. A surety has long been a favoured debtor in the eyes of the law, and the courts have developed a plethora of technical principles on which a surety can be relieved of his obligation. The escape routes of the surety, especially if he is a consumer as well, on the new grounds of public policy, unconscionability, good faith or unreasonableness, are growing. The results of these trends is the expected demise of suretyship as an acceptable, cheap form of debt security in the banking sector. / Jurisprudence / LL.D.

This thesis focuses on the financial careers of Lionel and Barron Jacobs in Tucson, Arizona, from 1867 to 1913. As early merchants, the Jacobs brothers discovered that cash and credit were scarce in the region, and in 1870 opened a money exchange and lending business. Then in 1879, the Jacobs brothers opened the Pima County Bank to serve the increased economic activity caused by the Tombstone silver discoveries. Mastering the details of banking, they developed management skills and insights. They organized and operated the First National Bank of Tucson (1882-1885), the Bank of Tucson (1885-1887), the Consolidated Bank of Tucson (1887-1890), and the Arizona National Bank (1890-1913). At retirement the Jacobs brothers were among the preeminent financiers of Arizona. A study of their banking experience provides a valuable perspective on the economic growth of southern Arizona during the late nineteenth century and mirrors the problems that bankers faced on remote frontiers.

This dissertation assesses how Islamic finance fares as an example of 'civil compromise' in Islamic law. By focusing on the Islamic project finance sector, my research examines how the industry's main stakeholders (representing faith, capital, and power) cooperate and compete to bring about this compromise through the 'Game of Islamic Bank Bargains'. The Islamic finance industry is a work in progress, and while it has made some significant strides, it is still a niche in the global conventional financial order rather than an alternative to it. It has fallen short of fulfilling its originally-stated social justice aspirations, but has provided a previously unavailable form of banking and finance for Muslims to transact, at least formalistically, in accordance with widely-believed tenets of their faith. Thus, those who hold up Islamic finance as a universal panacea or dismiss it outright as a fraud have both got it wrong. It is neither. It is, rather, a complex myriad of incentives and aspirations of a multitude of stakeholders muddled together across numerous geographies and evolving incrementally and constantly. The state of the industry is the result of how the stakeholders (the shariah scholars, lawyers, bankers, government officials, and customers) have pursued their self-interest in the Game of Islamic Bank Bargains. My research examines who are the 'winners' and 'losers' of this game, and what religious, commercial, and political factors have influenced this outcome. I assess what may incentivise the incumbent 'winners' to guide the Islamic finance industry away from a formal and legalistic approach towards one that also incorporates principles from Islamic economics. I explore how the 'losers' - whose interests are not accounted for due to their lack of sufficient financial and political clout - can sway the outcome of the game in their favour.