Barter system super - structures in the area agriculture shows like most effective way of transport materials. Single-level memory exchange super - structures, that's biggest trump for higher effectiveness investment that the consumer will do. Work treat of in many ways structural design on the part of using and driving quality.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South African businesses might be missing out on the benefits of commercial barter trading, which has seen considerable adoption in other parts of the world. Commercial barter is the non-monetary exchange of products and services between organisations specifically from the small to medium business sector. The research aim was to unpack and understand the level of awareness, engagement and perceptions of commercial barter in order to assess the viability, scope and scale of commercial barter as a trade instrument across small to medium businesses in South Africa. The research took on a quantitative approach surveying representatives of 68 firms primarily situated in Cape Town, South Africa. The research results suggested that commercial barter is a viable method of trade for small to medium businesses. Although viable, the scale to which it will propagate is dependent on the growth of awareness as well as the growth of knowledge on barter practices amongst firms that form part of the small to medium business sector. The study further found that commercial barter is favourable to organisations that offer either goods or services, more so to firms that are part of business services, information technology, hospitality and personal services industries. With commercial barter displaying viability, a Barter Exchange Network is suggested for mass introduction to South Africa. The generic business model was described using the Business Model Canvas by Alexander Osterwalder.

O crédito rural sempre teve papel fundamental na produção agrícola nacional sendo que desde a sua institucionalização no Brasil, o volume de capital direcionado para o financiamento expandiu. A participação de fontes públicas neste mercado de crédito, no entanto, diminui e desta forma abriu espaço para o financiamento privado. O produtor de soja mato-grossense, além do crédito rural público, disponibilizado por instituições financeiras, pode escolher dentre diversos tipos de contratos de troca de insumos por grãos. Estes contratos ganharam importância no financiamento da produção agrícola e na estratégia de garantia de demanda pelas empresas processadoras e exportadoras de commodities. Dessa forma, objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a percepção do produtor agrícola da região de Lucas do Rio Verde, Mato Grosso, com relação às operações de troca (Barter) oferecidas e compará-las com as demais opções. Na troca, o produtor agrícola recebe os insumos necessários para o plantio e desenvolvimento de sua cultura e concorda em entregar parte de sua produção como pagamento no futuro. A partir de análises de entrevistas feitas sob a ótica do \"Grounded Theory\", foi possível observar oito percepções de benefícios nas operações de troca realizadas pelos produtores: (1) Controle de risco: tanto do preço de venda do grão como o preço de compra dos insumos; (2) Entrega de insumos: evita a necessidade de estocagem de produtos, uma vez que são entregues durante o desenvolvimento da cultura; (3) Pacote completo: economia de tempo na negociação dos diversos insumos necessários; (4) Popularidade: diversas empresas oferecem os pacotes e concorrem entre si para fechar contratos; (5) Praticidade: possuem menor quantidade de pré-requisitos para fechamento do contratos e abrem a possibilidade para relacionamento entre produtor e empresa ; (6)Comercialização: economia de tempo no momento de venda dos grãos e possibilidade de aproveitamento de variações positivas do mercado a partir do excedente da produção; (7) Fluxo de caixa: melhor visualização dos custos e receitas medidos na mesma unidade; (8) Liquidez: possibilidade de negociação durante o ano e participação em variações positivas do mercado. Desta forma, foi possível observar a preferência do produtor por recursos mais baratos, como o bancário e o autofinanciamento, porém a opção pelas operações de troca se deve aos benefícios atrelados e oferta de crédito insuficiente das outras fontes. / Rural credit policies play an essential role in the Brazilian agricultural production. The amount of financial capital destined to Rural Credit has been increasing since the government institutionalized it in 1965. However, the arrangement of the several active financial resources changed over the years, passing from a main official source to several private alternatives. The soybean producer in Mato Grosso state can choose from a range of input-grain trades, known as barter, besides the public credit offered by financial institutions. These contracts have been important to finance agricultural inputs in the Center-West region of Brazil and, furthermore, exporting and processing companies use them to guarantee future demand. This study analyzes the farmer perception with respect to input-grain trades (Barter) offered and compare them with other options in the region of Lucas do Rio Verde, Mato Grosso. Survey questionnaires were applied using Grounded Theory. The study identified eight perceptions of benefits in barter operations by producers: (1) Risk control: both the selling price of the grain, as well as the purchase price of inputs; (2) Inputs Delivery: resellers deliver inputs during the season, avoiding the need for product storages; (3) Complete Package Deal: time saving in negotiating several required inputs; (4) Acceptance: many companies offer packages and compete to sign contracts; (5) Convenience : less prerequisites for approval and open up the possibility for the relationship between producer and company; (6) Marketing: time saving on grain sales and possibility to profit with markets oscillations with the production surplus; (7) Cash Flow : better view of costs and revenues measured in the same unit; ( 8 ) Liquidity : possibility of trading during the year and participation in positive changes in the market. Moreover, we observed the producer\'s preference for low-cost resources, such as banking and private equity, but often decide for barter operations due to other benefits and insufficient financial capital in other sources.

Indigenous people in the global periphery are positioned in the crosshairs of neoliberal globalism that not only conspires to liberalize their national markets but also coerce their full integration into the global capitalist economy. This was the case in the Calca Province of Peru, where 1960s Green Revolution reform sought to integrate Quechua agrarian communities into the global economy. Neoliberal reform impoverished Quechua communities through increasing production costs and decreasing the retail prices of produce. As a protectionist reaction, Quechua women cultivated a network of barter markets to combat food insecurity. Using anthropologist Jon Altman’s (2011) theory of Hybrid Economy as a framework of analysis, this thesis evaluates economic activity in the Calca Province with qualitative, quantitative, and ethnographic evidence from two recently published case studies. This thesis argues that the hybrid economy in the Calca Province is one of dual market access, as Quechua people navigate through a non-monetized customary economy and a monetized economy. The hybrid economy expands market access and promotes the continuance of customary exchange. These findings contribute to our understanding of alternative economic development and valorize the customary economy as an autonomous institution that absorbs the blows of the global market and is not to be confused as transitional to capitalism.

O crédito rural sempre teve papel fundamental na produção agrícola nacional sendo que desde a sua institucionalização no Brasil, o volume de capital direcionado para o financiamento expandiu. A participação de fontes públicas neste mercado de crédito, no entanto, diminui e desta forma abriu espaço para o financiamento privado. O produtor de soja mato-grossense, além do crédito rural público, disponibilizado por instituições financeiras, pode escolher dentre diversos tipos de contratos de troca de insumos por grãos. Estes contratos ganharam importância no financiamento da produção agrícola e na estratégia de garantia de demanda pelas empresas processadoras e exportadoras de commodities. Dessa forma, objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a percepção do produtor agrícola da região de Lucas do Rio Verde, Mato Grosso, com relação às operações de troca (Barter) oferecidas e compará-las com as demais opções. Na troca, o produtor agrícola recebe os insumos necessários para o plantio e desenvolvimento de sua cultura e concorda em entregar parte de sua produção como pagamento no futuro. A partir de análises de entrevistas feitas sob a ótica do \"Grounded Theory\", foi possível observar oito percepções de benefícios nas operações de troca realizadas pelos produtores: (1) Controle de risco: tanto do preço de venda do grão como o preço de compra dos insumos; (2) Entrega de insumos: evita a necessidade de estocagem de produtos, uma vez que são entregues durante o desenvolvimento da cultura; (3) Pacote completo: economia de tempo na negociação dos diversos insumos necessários; (4) Popularidade: diversas empresas oferecem os pacotes e concorrem entre si para fechar contratos; (5) Praticidade: possuem menor quantidade de pré-requisitos para fechamento do contratos e abrem a possibilidade para relacionamento entre produtor e empresa ; (6)Comercialização: economia de tempo no momento de venda dos grãos e possibilidade de aproveitamento de variações positivas do mercado a partir do excedente da produção; (7) Fluxo de caixa: melhor visualização dos custos e receitas medidos na mesma unidade; (8) Liquidez: possibilidade de negociação durante o ano e participação em variações positivas do mercado. Desta forma, foi possível observar a preferência do produtor por recursos mais baratos, como o bancário e o autofinanciamento, porém a opção pelas operações de troca se deve aos benefícios atrelados e oferta de crédito insuficiente das outras fontes. / Rural credit policies play an essential role in the Brazilian agricultural production. The amount of financial capital destined to Rural Credit has been increasing since the government institutionalized it in 1965. However, the arrangement of the several active financial resources changed over the years, passing from a main official source to several private alternatives. The soybean producer in Mato Grosso state can choose from a range of input-grain trades, known as barter, besides the public credit offered by financial institutions. These contracts have been important to finance agricultural inputs in the Center-West region of Brazil and, furthermore, exporting and processing companies use them to guarantee future demand. This study analyzes the farmer perception with respect to input-grain trades (Barter) offered and compare them with other options in the region of Lucas do Rio Verde, Mato Grosso. Survey questionnaires were applied using Grounded Theory. The study identified eight perceptions of benefits in barter operations by producers: (1) Risk control: both the selling price of the grain, as well as the purchase price of inputs; (2) Inputs Delivery: resellers deliver inputs during the season, avoiding the need for product storages; (3) Complete Package Deal: time saving in negotiating several required inputs; (4) Acceptance: many companies offer packages and compete to sign contracts; (5) Convenience : less prerequisites for approval and open up the possibility for the relationship between producer and company; (6) Marketing: time saving on grain sales and possibility to profit with markets oscillations with the production surplus; (7) Cash Flow : better view of costs and revenues measured in the same unit; ( 8 ) Liquidity : possibility of trading during the year and participation in positive changes in the market. Moreover, we observed the producer\'s preference for low-cost resources, such as banking and private equity, but often decide for barter operations due to other benefits and insufficient financial capital in other sources.

The purpose of this thesis is to look at a non-conventional approach to increasing well-being at the community level. This new approach to development is called community-based economic development (CBED). Interest in CBED has been stimulated both by crises at the local level and by global problems. In Canada the impetus for CBED is attributable to three factors: the dependency of small communities on external factors and the alienation it promotes; a globalizing international economy; and the failure of past Canadian regional development planning policies. Community-based economic development is a new approach that seeks to increase community self-reliance. Many different CBED initiatives are currently operating in various regions, communities, and neighbourhoods across Canada. These CBED initiatives have centred on stimulating local employment and income levels almost exclusively within the formal "monetized" economy. This thesis examines a CBED initiative that operates within the "non-monetized" informal sector called the Local Exchange Trading System (LETS). LETS is a barter network that uses a local currency, "green dollars", to facilitate trading between members. To ascertain if the LETSystem can improve well-being at the local level, this thesis has examined three Canadian LETSYstems: Victoria, Cowichan Valley, and Ottawa. Three central goals of CBED were distilled: increased local control; implementation of an integrated approach to development; and sustainable development. The three LETSystems were then evaluated using the above goals. There are two main findings of this thesis. The first finding is that CBED can be, and presently is being, promoted in the informal sector. The second finding is that the LETSystems three examined, pursued goals similar to those of other CBED initiatives and sought to improve community well-being. The continued promotion of CBED by LETS is subject to two constraints: the novelty of the idea; and the lack of variety of goods and services traded. Nevertheless, there exists additional opportunities for the increased promotion of CBED through LETS, increased community development, and an expanded range of employment opportunities. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

This master thesis deals with Czech television commercial products in relation to cooperation with media houses. The objective is to evaluate the presence of commercial products in Czech Television using qualitative and quantitative research, taking into consideration the part of the viewer, and advertiser of individual campaigns focusing on media houses. The thesis consists of two parts. The first theoretical part introduces the issue of commercial communication, characteristics and measurability of media. Further, it deals with media influence of Czech Television, including commercial products which may be used in broadcasting. The second part looks into the implementation process of barter between Czech Television and media house. After that, there are secondary data obtained from the project MML-TGI and primary data from the questionnaire survey analyzed. Fi-nally are presented interviews with practitioners who provide a comprehensive view of the ongoing barter cooperation.

This dissertation is an analysis of the relations between reindeer herding Sami and settled non-Sami in Gällivare parish, Swedish Lapland, 1898-1940. The focus of the dissertation is on the system of skötesrenar, the practice of reindeer belonging to non-Sami being herded by Sami and the subsequent contacts between the two groups. The results presented demonstrate the transformation of the relations between the two groups from mutuai interdependence to mutuai self-sufficiency, and the swiftness with which this change took place. In order to analyse the transformation, reciprocity theory is used. Reciprocity theory concerns the Constitution of relations between different groups, and the basis for such relations. In the early 1900's, the practice of skötesrenar was a well-developed system contributing to the good relations between Sami and non-Sami, as well as to the improvement of the material conditions of those involved. The skötesrenar were important both socially and economically for the persons participating in the system. The huge societal changes that took place during the 20th Century resulted in painful consequences for the relations between the groups. Industrialisation multiplied the number and types of jobs available for the settled non-Sami, while the Sami to a large extent were prevented from partaking of the new opportunities. Industrialisation also caused the decline of the subsistence economy and made the market economy dominant in the locai community. The foundation of the system with skötesrenar had been the mutuai need to meet and exchange goods and services not available within each group; the growth of the market economy altered that. The laws concerning skötesrenar were also changed repeatedly - in 1898, 1917, and 1928 - without regard for the fears by the local community concerning the negative consequences for inter-group relations. Significant changes also took place within Sami society affecting the skötesrenar; the transformation of herding from the intensive to extensive type decreased the participation of women and children in herding, and subsequent erection of permanent residences for Sami families, as well as large annual fluctuations in herd sizes. The present dissertation demonstrates from reciprocity theory that a mutual concern - in this case the skötesrenar - can contribute to the maintenance of a low level of conflict between two ethnically and culturally different parties. Mutual interdependence is a significant factor in upholding a feeling of solidarity. The parties were eager to preserve good mutual relations as conflicts could severely hurt their material conditions. The societal changes taking place meant that by the 1930's the old institutionalised interdependency had ceased to exist. Older people continued the exchanges across group boundaries, but for the rising generation mutuai interaction was replaced by alienation. / digitalisering@umu

A conservation approach developed without considering the conflicts and inequalities of political, economic and social fields can not achieve that purpose of conservation of historical and cultural values as well as engendering conflicts within relations of property relations-conservation field, social justice-conservation field and tensions between relations of property owners in areas planned to be conserved &ndash / and- state. Justified as a preference of transferring from private to public ownership of the areas those should be conserved and as a tool for solution of problems arising from restrictions on property rights of property owners, the &lsquo / barter&rsquo / system, on the one hand is becoming dysfunctional because of the contradictions between legal regulations and implementation practices, is used as a tool for production rents in reaction to the vulnerability to economic and political speculative pressures / on the other hand as being a sensitive system to inequalities in society, it deepens the disadvantageous state of property owners and produces tensions between conservation field-property owners-and-state / accordingly the justified purpose can not be realized. These findings constituting the focus of the study, verifies the necessity to reproduce the policies at &lsquo / barter&rsquo / system, justified as a conservation tool and a tool to solve the inequality problems produced while performing the conservation aim, and policies of conservation field as well.

Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2016-04-01T21:26:34Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Adriane Regina Garippe Johann - 2016.pdf: 1781487 bytes, checksum: 18af31142ba5f730c7dc9a8ceab22f8c (MD5) license_rdf: 19874 bytes, checksum: 38cb62ef53e6f513db2fb7e337df6485 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-04-04T15:07:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Adriane Regina Garippe Johann - 2016.pdf: 1781487 bytes, checksum: 18af31142ba5f730c7dc9a8ceab22f8c (MD5) license_rdf: 19874 bytes, checksum: 38cb62ef53e6f513db2fb7e337df6485 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T15:07:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Adriane Regina Garippe Johann - 2016.pdf: 1781487 bytes, checksum: 18af31142ba5f730c7dc9a8ceab22f8c (MD5) license_rdf: 19874 bytes, checksum: 38cb62ef53e6f513db2fb7e337df6485 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-22 / Barter are negotiations based on commodity exchange, addressing the most primitive trades, barter. With the growth of barter, in agribusiness, agricultural dealers out of this marketing mode, may lose competitiveness against its competitors. At the same time has a competitive advantage of opportunity, their use for agricultural resale, can be limited by several existing ways. The aim of this study was to analyze the socioeconomic perspectives that can determine or not the use of barter transactions in agricultural dealers, the states of Goiás and Mato Grosso. To meet the objective of this study, a survey was conducted using a questionnaire using the "Survey Monkey" tool with closed questions. We used the binary logistic regression model, which studies the probability of an event that presents a dichotomous qualitative way, based on the behavior of explanatory variables. In general, all variables were statistically insignificant, with only a significant explanatory variable in the estimation of the binary logistic regression model. It sought to empirical evidence, analyzing the answers of the respondents of agricultural resales of the analyzed region. Also made it possible to analyze the functioning of the barter operations within these agricultural dealers, the risks involved with the use of these operations, the mitigation strategies of these risks, and what are the future intentions for the use of barter. Keywords: Barter. Agricultural resellers. Midwest. Risk management. / Operações de troca ou operações de Barter são negociações baseadas em troca de mercadorias, endereçando ao mais primitivo dos comércios, o escambo. Com o crescimento das operações de troca no agronegócio, revendas agrícolas fora desta modalidade de comercialização, podem perder competitividade frente a seus concorrentes. Ao mesmo tempo em que apresenta uma oportunidade de vantagem competitiva, sua utilização pelas revendas agrícolas, pode ser limitada por diversos aspectos existentes. O objetivo desse trabalho foi analisar as perspectivas socioeconômicas que podem determinar, ou não, a utilização das operações de troca nas revendas agrícolas, dos estados de Goiás e Mato Grosso. Para atender ao objetivo deste trabalho, foi realizada uma pesquisa utilizando um questionário usando a ferramenta “Survey Monkey” com perguntas fechadas. Foi utilizado o modelo de regressão logística binária, que estuda a probabilidade de ocorrência de um evento que se apresenta de maneira qualitativa dicotômica, baseando-se no comportamento de variáveis explicativas. De maneira geral, todas as variáveis analisadas foram estatisticamente não significativas, havendo apenas uma variável explicativa significativa na estimação do modelo de regressão logística binária. Buscou-se evidência empírica, analisando as respostas dos respondentes das revendas agrícolas da região analisada. Também possibilitou analisar o funcionamento das operações de troca dentro destas revendas agrícolas, os riscos envolvidos com a utilização destas operações, as estratégias de mitigação destes riscos, e quais as intenções futuras para o uso de barter.