Thesis (M.S. in National Security Affairs) Naval Postgraduate School, June 1990. / Thesis Advisor(s): Magnus, Ralph H. Second Reader: Amos, John W. "June 1990." Description based on title screen viewed on October 16, 2009. DTIC Descriptor(s): Syria, stability, political revolution, vulnerability, power, president (United States), foreign policy, leadership DTIC Indicator(s): Theses, Syria, Assad h, foreign policy, Nusairis, Ba'ath party, history, military forces(foreign), Islam, political science, socialism, nationalism. Includes bibliographical references (p. 312-316). Also available in print.

In 2001, Syria opened its media outlets to private ownership for the first time in over forty years. This thesis conducts a critical discourse analysis of the economic coverage of the sole Syrian political daily newspaper al-Watan and asks how media liberalization in Syria is more so emblematic of pro-market economic reforms as opposed to media reform. In this sense, it is the economic content of al-Watan that signifies how a private media outlet – under the guiding force of “red lines” and other regulatory mechanisms, yet financially “liberated” via advertising revenue and wealthy regime-friendly backers – can demonstrate its utility to the regime by providing a reiteration of its social-market economic policies all the while existing as a public embodiment of the regime’s willingness to embrace a marketized Syrian society. Simply put, al-Watan is a perfect vehicle for propagating the regime’s gradualist pro-market reforms in the public sphere. / text

Cette mémoire vise à analyser les processus de changement et de continuité dans la politique étrangère syrienne. En 2000, Bachar el-Assad a accédé au pouvoir après la mort d’Hafez el-Assad, en effectuant des réformes internes en matière du appareil économique et politique. Les changements qui ont eu lieu ont été limitées en regard l'aspect de la concentration du pouvoir, mais il y avait l'ouverture aux capitaux étrangers et la nomination de nouveaux technocrates qui ont étudié à l'étranger, ce qui conduit à une plus grande flexibilité en relation a la puissance militaire et politique très forte qui a duré pendant le gouvernement d'Hafez el-Assad. De plus, nous essayons de démontrer que le nouveau contexte international résultant des attentats du 11 septembre (2001) et le changement dans la géopolitique régionale avec l'invasion et l'occupation de l'Irak (2003) ont catalysé avec la possession de Bachar el-Assad une réorientation de politique étrangère, bien qu'en maintenant les principes politiques d'Hafez. C'est l'objectif de cette mémoire, par conséquent, d'examiner comment Bachar a travaillé avec de nouveaux obstacles imposés à la Syrie par l'intervention américaine au Moyen-Orient, aussi bien que l'influence politique syrienne dans les pays voisins. / Esta dissertação propõe analisar os processos de mudança e continuidade na política externa síria. Em 2000, Bashar al-Assad ascende ao poder, após a morte de Hafez al-Assad, realizando reformas internas no que concerne ao aparato econômico e político. As mudanças ocorridas foram limitadas quanto ao aspecto da concentração de poder, porém houve abertura ao capital externo e a nomeação de novos tecnocratas com educação obtida no exterior, o que acarretou uma maior flexibilização em relação ao forte poder político militar que perdurou durante o governo de Hafez al-Assad. Ademais, procura-se demonstrar que o novo contexto internacional resultado dos ataques de 11 de setembro (2001) e a alteração da geopolítica regional com a invasão e a ocupação do Iraque (2003) catalisou junto à posse de Bashar al-Assad uma reorientação da política externa, apesar de manter os princípios políticos de Hafez. É do escopo desta dissertação, portanto, analisar como Bashar lidou com os novos obstáculos impostos à Síria pela intervenção norte-americana no Oriente Médio, assim como, a influência política síria nos países vizinhos. / This dissertation aims to analyze the processes of change and continuity in Syrian foreign policy. In 2000, Bashar al-Assad ascends to the Syrian’s power after the death of his father Hafez al-Assad, with his promises of carrying out new internal reforms concerning the economic and political apparatus. The changes he had so far were limited, as the aspect of his concentration power, but there was openness to foreign capital and the appointment of new technocrats, with education obtained abroad leading to greater flexibility in relation to the strong military political power that lasted for the government Hafez al-Assad. In addition, the research demonstrated the new international context result from the 11 September (2001), and the change in regional geopolitics with the invasion and occupation of Iraq attacks (2003), catalyzed by the rise of Bashar al-Assad a reorientation of foreign policy while maintaining the political principles of Hafez. The scope of this dissertation also examine how Bashar dealt with new obstacles to Syria imposed by US intervention in the Middle East, as well the influence of Syria politics in the neighboring countries.

Cette mémoire vise à analyser les processus de changement et de continuité dans la politique étrangère syrienne. En 2000, Bachar el-Assad a accédé au pouvoir après la mort d’Hafez el-Assad, en effectuant des réformes internes en matière du appareil économique et politique. Les changements qui ont eu lieu ont été limitées en regard l'aspect de la concentration du pouvoir, mais il y avait l'ouverture aux capitaux étrangers et la nomination de nouveaux technocrates qui ont étudié à l'étranger, ce qui conduit à une plus grande flexibilité en relation a la puissance militaire et politique très forte qui a duré pendant le gouvernement d'Hafez el-Assad. De plus, nous essayons de démontrer que le nouveau contexte international résultant des attentats du 11 septembre (2001) et le changement dans la géopolitique régionale avec l'invasion et l'occupation de l'Irak (2003) ont catalysé avec la possession de Bachar el-Assad une réorientation de politique étrangère, bien qu'en maintenant les principes politiques d'Hafez. C'est l'objectif de cette mémoire, par conséquent, d'examiner comment Bachar a travaillé avec de nouveaux obstacles imposés à la Syrie par l'intervention américaine au Moyen-Orient, aussi bien que l'influence politique syrienne dans les pays voisins. / Esta dissertação propõe analisar os processos de mudança e continuidade na política externa síria. Em 2000, Bashar al-Assad ascende ao poder, após a morte de Hafez al-Assad, realizando reformas internas no que concerne ao aparato econômico e político. As mudanças ocorridas foram limitadas quanto ao aspecto da concentração de poder, porém houve abertura ao capital externo e a nomeação de novos tecnocratas com educação obtida no exterior, o que acarretou uma maior flexibilização em relação ao forte poder político militar que perdurou durante o governo de Hafez al-Assad. Ademais, procura-se demonstrar que o novo contexto internacional resultado dos ataques de 11 de setembro (2001) e a alteração da geopolítica regional com a invasão e a ocupação do Iraque (2003) catalisou junto à posse de Bashar al-Assad uma reorientação da política externa, apesar de manter os princípios políticos de Hafez. É do escopo desta dissertação, portanto, analisar como Bashar lidou com os novos obstáculos impostos à Síria pela intervenção norte-americana no Oriente Médio, assim como, a influência política síria nos países vizinhos. / This dissertation aims to analyze the processes of change and continuity in Syrian foreign policy. In 2000, Bashar al-Assad ascends to the Syrian’s power after the death of his father Hafez al-Assad, with his promises of carrying out new internal reforms concerning the economic and political apparatus. The changes he had so far were limited, as the aspect of his concentration power, but there was openness to foreign capital and the appointment of new technocrats, with education obtained abroad leading to greater flexibility in relation to the strong military political power that lasted for the government Hafez al-Assad. In addition, the research demonstrated the new international context result from the 11 September (2001), and the change in regional geopolitics with the invasion and occupation of Iraq attacks (2003), catalyzed by the rise of Bashar al-Assad a reorientation of foreign policy while maintaining the political principles of Hafez. The scope of this dissertation also examine how Bashar dealt with new obstacles to Syria imposed by US intervention in the Middle East, as well the influence of Syria politics in the neighboring countries.

Cette mémoire vise à analyser les processus de changement et de continuité dans la politique étrangère syrienne. En 2000, Bachar el-Assad a accédé au pouvoir après la mort d’Hafez el-Assad, en effectuant des réformes internes en matière du appareil économique et politique. Les changements qui ont eu lieu ont été limitées en regard l'aspect de la concentration du pouvoir, mais il y avait l'ouverture aux capitaux étrangers et la nomination de nouveaux technocrates qui ont étudié à l'étranger, ce qui conduit à une plus grande flexibilité en relation a la puissance militaire et politique très forte qui a duré pendant le gouvernement d'Hafez el-Assad. De plus, nous essayons de démontrer que le nouveau contexte international résultant des attentats du 11 septembre (2001) et le changement dans la géopolitique régionale avec l'invasion et l'occupation de l'Irak (2003) ont catalysé avec la possession de Bachar el-Assad une réorientation de politique étrangère, bien qu'en maintenant les principes politiques d'Hafez. C'est l'objectif de cette mémoire, par conséquent, d'examiner comment Bachar a travaillé avec de nouveaux obstacles imposés à la Syrie par l'intervention américaine au Moyen-Orient, aussi bien que l'influence politique syrienne dans les pays voisins. / Esta dissertação propõe analisar os processos de mudança e continuidade na política externa síria. Em 2000, Bashar al-Assad ascende ao poder, após a morte de Hafez al-Assad, realizando reformas internas no que concerne ao aparato econômico e político. As mudanças ocorridas foram limitadas quanto ao aspecto da concentração de poder, porém houve abertura ao capital externo e a nomeação de novos tecnocratas com educação obtida no exterior, o que acarretou uma maior flexibilização em relação ao forte poder político militar que perdurou durante o governo de Hafez al-Assad. Ademais, procura-se demonstrar que o novo contexto internacional resultado dos ataques de 11 de setembro (2001) e a alteração da geopolítica regional com a invasão e a ocupação do Iraque (2003) catalisou junto à posse de Bashar al-Assad uma reorientação da política externa, apesar de manter os princípios políticos de Hafez. É do escopo desta dissertação, portanto, analisar como Bashar lidou com os novos obstáculos impostos à Síria pela intervenção norte-americana no Oriente Médio, assim como, a influência política síria nos países vizinhos. / This dissertation aims to analyze the processes of change and continuity in Syrian foreign policy. In 2000, Bashar al-Assad ascends to the Syrian’s power after the death of his father Hafez al-Assad, with his promises of carrying out new internal reforms concerning the economic and political apparatus. The changes he had so far were limited, as the aspect of his concentration power, but there was openness to foreign capital and the appointment of new technocrats, with education obtained abroad leading to greater flexibility in relation to the strong military political power that lasted for the government Hafez al-Assad. In addition, the research demonstrated the new international context result from the 11 September (2001), and the change in regional geopolitics with the invasion and occupation of Iraq attacks (2003), catalyzed by the rise of Bashar al-Assad a reorientation of foreign policy while maintaining the political principles of Hafez. The scope of this dissertation also examine how Bashar dealt with new obstacles to Syria imposed by US intervention in the Middle East, as well the influence of Syria politics in the neighboring countries.

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The thesis "Syrians in the Czech Republic" is engaged with the Syrians living in the Czech Republic, and their activities here. Attempts to outline the Syrians view on the Czech society and their integration into Czech society. The main method of work is a field research among the Syrians supplemented with study of technical literature. Keywords Syria, Syrians, the Arabic spring, the Arab revolution, Bashar Assad, the Baas, Syrian identity, islam, emigration, immigration, integration process, problem of identity

The main objective of this research paper is to analyze the international effects the Syrian Conflict has had to the global community. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees has declared this conflict to be the worst humanitarian crisis of our time. Millions of Syrians have fled their home country to avoid unjust persecution and are looking to not only neighboring countries, but the European Union for assistance in resettlement. Since the outbreak of the conflict in Syria in 2011, more than 220,000 people have been massacred, leaving fifty percent of the population in unrest due to home displacement. According to Amnesty International, apart from the twelve million Syrians who are in dire need of humanitarian assistance inside the country, there are about four million refugees fleeing to countries such as Turkey, Jordan, Lebanon, Egypt, and Iraq. These five countries are unable to maintain the capacity of refugees that are desperate to pour in from Syria. Further gulf countries such as Qatar, United Arab Emirates, and Saudi Arabia have refused to offer any resettlement venues for these migrants. Therefore, a plethora of European Union countries have received many asylum applications over the course of four years. Germany and Sweden have pledged resettlement locations for these refugees however relying on these two countries is not enough. This paper provides a historical background of the civil war in Syria, along with what the United Nations has done thus far to end the conflict. It will also analyze similar refugee situations in other countries in the region and compare it that in Syria. Finally, it will provide possible solutions of how the Refugee Agency, Human Rights Council, and Security Council can operate as a whole to distinguish this horrifying hostility in the region.

No description available.