Schizofreni är en psykisk sjukdom som kännetecknas av hallucinationer, vanföreställningar och desorienterat tal. Incidensen är jämnt fördelad hos kvinnor och män och sjukdomen drabbar 15 per 100 000 individer. Negativa symtom innebär en förlust av kapaciteter, t.ex. motivationsbrist, afasi eller social isolering. Positiva symtom innebär vanföreställningar, hallucinationer och misstänksamhet. Dopaminhypotesen har länge varit den ledande teorin inom patofysiologi vid schizofreni. Även andra neurotransmittorer tros spela en viktig roll i sjukdomsutvecklingen. Första och andra generationens antipsykotika blockerar postsynaptiska dopaminerga receptorer och minskar därmed schizofrenisymtom. Antipsykotika i injektionsform är ett passande preparatval för patienter med en undermålig följsamhet till peroral antipsykotikabehandling. År 2009 registrerades paliperidonpalmitat, ett nytt andra generationens antipsykotika i injektionsform. Paliperidonpalmitat är en palmitatester av paliperidon (9-hydroxy-risperidon). Syftet med studien var att jämföra paliperidonpalmitat med andra antipsykotika i injektionsform vid schizofreni med avseende på effektivitet, tolerabilitet och biverkningsprofil. Fyra randomiserade kliniska studier samt en retrospektiv studie erhölls från artikelsökningar i databasen PubMed. Resultat från artikelanalyser visar likvärdiga antipsykotiska effekter hos paliperidonpalmitat, långverkande risperidoninjektion och haloperidoldekanoat. Paliperidonpalmitat och haloperidoldekanoat visades däremot ha olika biverkningsprofiler. / Schizophrenia is a mental disorder associated with symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, disoriented speech and other mood disturbances. The prevalence is equally distributed among men and women and affect approximately 15 per 100 000 individuals. Negative schizophrenic symptoms are synonymous with loss of specific capacities such as lack of motivation, aphasia or social isolation. Positive symptoms include delusions, hallucinations and suspiciousness. Pathophysiology of schizophrenia is mostly due to deregulation of the neurotransmitter dopamine. Additional neurotransmitters are also believed to play an important role in the pathogenesis. First and second generations antipsychotics block postsynaptic dopaminergic receptors and consequently alleviate schizophrenic symptoms. Antipsychotic injections are a suitable administration form for patients with poor adherence to oral treatment. In 2009, paliperidone palmitate was registered as a new second-generation antipsychotic injection. Paliperidone palmitate is a palmitate ester of paliperidone, 9-hydroxyrisperidone. The aim of this study is to compare paliperidone palmitate with other injectable antipsychotics in schizophrenia focusing on efficacy, tolerability and side effects. A total of four randomized clinical trials and one retrospective study were derived from PubMed. Results from the trial analysis show equal antipsychotic effects for paliperidone palmitate, long-acting risperidone and haloperidol decanoate. On the other hand, paliperidone palmitate and haloperidol decanoate differ in their side effect profile.

A transformação do manguezal em aglomerados subnormais com diferentes características construtivas (palafitas e imóveis consolidados) redunda não só em problemas de saneamento básico e ambiental, mas também, na degradação de um valioso ecossistema. O conhecimento das diferenças sanitárias dos distintos nichos de estudo, e a comparação da qualidade de vida e saúde das populações residentes nesses locais com a realidade de moradores da área convencional, proporciona um panorama das condições insalubres às quais estão expostos. A compreensão da dinâmica construtiva, das deficiências presentes no saneamento básico e ambiental, a percepção das pessoas em relação às barreiras e condições sanitárias, e a constatação do desconhecimento dos habitantes quanto à possível redução dos impactos ambientais negativos à sua saúde e à qualidade de vida são parte dos resultados deste estudo. Enquanto persistir a necessidade dessas populações residirem em áreas com urbanização precária ou inexistente, há que se proporcionar soluções que minimizem a sua vulnerabilidade à ocorrência de agravos, ressaltando-se a implantação de saneamento, com ênfase na implementação de barreiras sanitárias não estruturadas, garantindo, assim, melhorias nas condições de vida e saúde dos habitantes dessas áreas. / The transformation of mangrove in substandard clusters with different design characteristics (stilts and consolidated properties) results not only in problems of basic sanitation and environment but also in the degradation of a valuable ecosystem. Knowing the health differences of the different niches of study and the comparison of quality of life and health of populations living in those places with the reality of residents of conventional area provides an overview of the unsanitary conditions to which they are exposed. Understanding the constructive dynamics of the deficiencies present in the basic sanitation and in the environment as well as the evidence of the ignorance of people about the possibility of promoting the reduction of negative environmental impacts to their health and quality of life are part of the results of this study. While there is a need for such populations reside in areas with poor or nonexistent, urbanization, there must be provided solutions to minimize their vulnerability to the occurrence of injuries, emphasizing the implementation of basic sanitation, with efforts on the implementation of unstructured sanitary barriers , ensuring thus , improvements in living conditions and health of the inhabitants of these areas.

O autor, depois de algumas considerações sobre dependências entre água, desenvolvimento econômico e saúde, procede a uma recuperação histórica do abastecimento de água desde a Antigüidade até os tempos atuais quando empresta ênfase à cidade de São Paulo. Compara a situação do Brasil ao mundo subdesenvolvido no início da década dos setenta, época em que o Governo Federal fez eclodir o mais importante, até hoje, dos programas oficiais relativos ao saneamento básico, o Plano Nacional de Saneamento Básico - PLANASA - sustentado pelo Sistema Financeiro de Saneamento - SFS. Em seguida, analisa o desempenho do PLANASA no primeiro decênio de sua existência, concluindo, pelas estatísticas disponíveis, que as metas para o período 1971-80 foram atingidas. No entanto, foca a situação financeira do PLANASA tomando por base a Companhia de Saneamento Básico de são Paulo - SABESP - concluindo em vista de vários problemas enfrentados pela economia nacional e pelo fato de as companhias estaduais de saneamento básico serem analisadas apenas sob o prisma dos demonstrativos financeiros usuais, ser urgente proceder a modificações na política da sustentação financeira da SABESP e, por extensão, do PLANASA como um todo. Propõe que se analise o desempenho das empresas de saneamento básico levando-se em consideração, também os benefícios sociais decorrentes de sua atuação. / After some considerations about the relationships between water, economic development and health, the Author makes a historical survey of water supply from ancient to present times, in which São Paulo City is focused. He compares the Brazilian situation in the beginning of the 70\'s to the other underdeveloped countries. The Federal Government then developed the most important plan of basic sanitation ever made in Brazil: \"Plano Nacional de Saneamento Básico\" - PLANASA (National Sanitation Plan) - supported by the \"Sistema Financeiro de Saneamento\" - SFS (Sanitation Financia! System). He makes an analysis of PLANASA performance during its 10 years of existence, coming to the conclusion, based on available statistics, that the aims for the period 1971-1980 were reached. However, he focuses PLANASA financial situation based on that of the \"Companhia de Saneamento Bâsico de São Paulo\" - SABESP (São Paulo State Sanitation Company)- and concludes that due to the various problems faced by the national economy and the fact that the states sanitation companies are analysed only on the basis of financial reports - it is urgently necessary to operate changes in the financial supporting policies of SABESP and consequently of PLANASA as a whole. He proposes to undertake further analysis of the basic sanitation companies taking into consideration the social benefits resulting from the performance of those companies.

by Au Sai Kit. / Thesis (M.A.Ed.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1992. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 79-83). / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.ii / ABSTRACT --- p.iii / LIST OF TABLES --- p.vii / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.ix / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Purpose of the research --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2 --- Significance of the research --- p.4 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.5 / Chapter 2.1 --- Literature related to cognitive skills in programming --- p.5 / Chapter 2.2 --- Literature related to programming in BASIC --- p.9 / Chapter 2.3 --- Literature related to organization aids --- p.13 / Chapter 2.4 --- Literature related to methodology --- p.23 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- METHODOLOGY --- p.28 / Chapter 3.1 --- Theoretical framework --- p.28 / Chapter 3.2 --- Hypotheses --- p.33 / Chapter 3.3 --- Method --- p.34 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Procedure --- p.34 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Subjects --- p.35 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Instruments --- p.35 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Design --- p.39 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Analysis --- p.44 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION --- p.46 / Chapter 4.1 --- Reliability of the instruments --- p.46 / Chapter 4.2 --- Results and discussion --- p.49 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS --- p.71 / Chapter 5.1 --- Summary of findings --- p.71 / Chapter 5.2 --- Conclusions --- p.73 / Chapter 5.3 --- Limitations --- p.75 / Chapter 5.4 --- Recommendations --- p.77 / Bibliography --- p.79

Since the 1990s, there has been a growing interest for economic cash transfers as development policy tools. Thus, this thesis aims to study basic income as a development policy idea. From its postcolonial and feminist theoretical framework, a question about potential arises. Can basic income promote development without further enforcing global marginalization and colonial structures? Basic income is a relatively new idea in the development policy debate. Thereby, empirical examples are few. Because of this, the thesis studies the scientific discourse on basic incomeas a development policy idea. This is done through discourse analysis based upon postcolonialand feminist theory. Theory and research on microcredit are further taken into consideration. Thus, the thesis investigates how identity and development processes are made within thescientific discourse. The analysis identifies an antagonism between the identities available to the potential recipients. An identity that is free in its form is made impossible since rationality and autonomy are vital for development on an individual and a societal level. Additionally, development is constructed as a linear and cumulative process, which strengthens the hegemonic power of the west. The analysis shows that the basic income is affected by neoliberal dominance. Hence, basic income, as presented in the material of this study, hasminor chances of promoting sustainable and worthy development for individuals in the third world.

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Ao longo dos anos a implementação das políticas de saneamento básico no Brasil foram evoluindo gradativamente, porém as metas de universalização não serão alcançadas até 2030. Os piores índices historicamente se concentram nas regiões norte e nordeste, sendo mais acentuados nas áreas rurais. O Amapá é o estado mais preservado do país, abrange em seu território diversas modalidades de áreas protegidas e comunidades tradicionais, dentre elas a comunidade Água Branca do Cajari, localizada na Reserva Extrativista do Rio Cajari, objeto de estudo desta Dissertação, que consistiu na formulação e avaliação de alternativas para suprir a demanda de água potável e ao encaminhamento seguro dos esgotos sanitários. Para o alcance dos objetivos, foram realizadas duas campanhas de campo, com o intuito de conhecer o perfil social, econômico e ambiental da comunidade, através da aplicação de questionários e observação in situ, avaliação da qualidade das águas destinadas ao consumo humano, através de análises físico-químicas e microbiológicas e estimativas da geração de esgoto. A proposição das alternativas foi feita a partir do dimensionamento e avaliação dos custos de instalação, operação e manutenção ao longo do horizonte de planejamento de 20 anos. Os orçamentos foram elaborados a partir de dados disponíveis na literatura técnica e a composição dos custos por pesquisas de preço e fontes oficiais como o SINAPI. Treze poços freáticos são utilizados pela população que reside na parte alta da comunidade, enquanto os que moram na parte baixa, retiram diretamente do rio, adicionam polímero que adquirem informalmente para a clarificação das águas, em média 95% da população afirma realizar a desinfecção com hipoclorito de sódio, sendo que 41,1% da população tem acesso ao mínimo estabelecido pela ONU e 7,6% abaixo do recomendado. Estavam em não conformidade, de acordo como o que estabelece a Portaria n° 2.914/2011 do Ministério da Saúde, 75% das amostras analisadas para o parâmetro pH, 62,5% para turbidez, 90% para coliformes totais/Escherichia coli. Cerca de 82,3% do esgoto séptico gerado é encaminhado a fossas negras, e 13% das unidades domiciliares não dispõe de banheiro. O custo total dos sistemas foi de: sistema de bombeamento fotovoltaico 430.644,97 R$ (0,18 R$/hab.dia); aproveitamento de água de chuva de 432.236,72 R$ (0,19 R$/hab.dia); filtro lento domiciliar 7.326.27 R$; sistema de desinfecção solar (SODIS) 9.768,54 R$ e para o tratamento de esgoto sanitário unifamiliar, fossas sépticas \"Imhoff\" e sumidouro 434.371,32 R$ ou 0,19 R$/hab.dia. Portanto, verificou-se que as alternativas avaliadas são viáveis economicamente e operacionalmente. A efetividade da implantação das tecnologias de tratamento de água e esgoto em comunidades isoladas ou de difícil acesso na Amazônia devem ser precedidas de estudos socioeconômicos, ambientais e culturais. / In the world, about 748 million of people do not have access to a potable water, more than 30% of the world population do not have appropriate installations and 1 million of people do their physical necessities in open areas, of theses, nine out ten are in rural areas. The policies about basic sanitation in Brazil gets better long of the years, but the marks for universalization cannot be touched until 2030. The indications get worst in north and northeast, especially in the countryside. Amapá is the most preserved state of Brazil, that has in its territory many spaces of protected areas and traditional communities, one of them is Àgua Branca do Cajarí, located in an extractive reserve, and is the focus of this issue, whose objective is propose and estimate better ways to get a high quality of water and sanitary wastewaters. To get better results, it was necessary to visit at these areas to know the community social, economic and environmental profile through questionnaires and in situ observation, beside doing physic-chemical and microbiological analyzes. The proposition of the best alternatives was made by starting from the estimative of installation and conservation along of 20 years, getting the present prizes. Those estimative were based on technical literature, prizes researched and official sources as SINAPI. Thirteen phreatic wells are used by people who live on the higher part of the community while people that live on the lowest part need to take water right from the river, put some polymer that is taken informally to clarify the water. About 95% of people say that use sodium hypochlorite in water, but just 41% has the least required by UNO and 7.6% is low from what is demanded. According with the governmental decree N. 2914/2011, 75% of the sample that were analyzed showed to the pH parameter; 62.5% for turbidity; 90% for total coliforms/ Escherichia coli. About 82.3% of the septic sewer created is sent to black cesspool and 13% of the houses do not have a bathroom. The total cost of the systems was about R$ 430,644.97 for a photoelectric system (0.18 R$/resident.day). The perforation and preservation of the wells were not considered; R$ 432,236.72 if use rain water (0.19 R$/resident.day). R$ 7,326.27 for slow domiciliary filter. R$ 9,768.54 for solar disinfection system and R$ 434,371.32 for unifamilial sanitary sewer treatment, septic tank \"imhoff\" and escape hole (0.19 R$/resident.day). Therefore, it was possible to see that the alternatives analyzed were economically and operationally possible. The implementation of water and sewer treatment technologies in isolated communities of by difficult access in Amazonia must be followed by socioeconomic, environmental and cultural studies.