Ghrelin has been established as a hunger hormone because of its role in weight regulation and appetite stimulation. However, recent studies have uncovered a role for ghrelin in the modulation of negative emotional states like fear, anxiety and depression. The unusually high constitutive activity of the ghrelin receptor, growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1a (GHSR1a) and its extensive ability to dimerize with other neuromodulatory receptors highlights the complexity of ghrelin receptor signaling. This led us to examine one of the essential constituents of this signaling mechanism. We exogenously administered GHSR1a into the basolateral complex of the amygdala (BLA), a region known to regulate negative emotional states. The Pavlovian fear conditioning paradigm was used to observe and compare the fear response of rats injected with GHSR1a and GFP to the fear response in rats injected with GFP alone. Our analyses revealed a significant attenuation of aversive memory recall in rats injected with GHSR1a and GFP, which suggests that increased ghrelin receptor signaling due to an overexpression of GHSR1a in the BLA impairs the consolidation and retrieval of conditioned fear memory. While other constituents of the ghrelin signaling mechanism remain to be investigated, our study provides an initial step in establishing ghrelin as a novel biomarker for stress-induced fear disorders.

Previous research investigating the neural circuitry underlying memory consolidation has primarily focused on single “nodes” in the circuit rather than the neural connections between brain regions, despite the likely importance of these connections in mediating different aspects or forms of memory. This focus has, in part, been due to technical limitations; however the advent of optogenetics has altered our capabilities in this regard, enabling optical control over neural pathways with temporal and spatial precision. The current set of experiments took advantage of optogenetics to control activity in specific pathways connecting brain regions in rats immediately after different kinds of learning. Chapter 2 first established the use of optogenetics to manipulate activity in the basolateral amygdala (BLA), which has been shown to modulate memory consolidation for a variety of types of learning likely through its connections to various downstream regions. Using a one-trial inhibitory avoidance task, a simple and robust fear learning paradigm, we found that both post-training stimulation and inhibition of BLA activity could enhance or impair later retention of the task, respectively. Enhancement was specific to stimulation using trains of 40, but not 20, Hz light pulses. Chapters 3 and 4 examined the projections from the BLA to the ventral hippocampus (VH) and medial entorhinal cortex (mEC) as the BLA’s ability to influence the consolidation for many types of memory is believed to be mediated through discrete projections to distinct brain regions. Indeed, the BLA innervates both structures, and prior studies suggest that the mEC and VH have distinct roles in memory processing related to contextual and nociceptive (footshock) learning, such as those involved in contextual fear conditioning (CFC). Optogenetic stimulation or inhibition of the BLA-VH or BLA-mEC pathway after training on a modified CFC task, in which the nociceptive or emotional stimulus (the footshock) and the context are separated, enabled experimental manipulations to selectively affect the consolidation for learning about one component and not the other. Optogenetic stimulation/inhibition was given to each candidate pathway immediately after the relevant training to determine its role in influencing consolidation for that component of the CFC learning. Chapter 3 results showed that stimulation of the BLA-VH pathway following footshock, but not context, training enhanced retention, an effect that was specific to trains of 40 Hz stimulation. Post-footshock photoinhibition of the same pathway impaired retention for the task. Similar investigations of the BLA-mEC pathway in Chapter 4 produced complementary findings. Post-context, but not footshock, stimulation of the pathway enhanced retention. In this particular case, only trains of 8 Hz stimulation were effective at enhancing retention. These results are the first, to our knowledge, to find that BLA inputs to different structures selectively modulate consolidation for different aspects of learning, thus enhancing our understanding of the neural connections underlying the consolidation of contextual fear conditioning and providing a critical foundation for future research.

Social stress is a prevalent factor in society that can cause or exacerbate neuropsychiatric disorders including depression and posttraumatic stress disorder. According to the National Institutes of Health, 6.9% of adults in this country currently suffer from depression, and 4.1% suffer from an anxiety disorder. Unfortunately, current treatments are ineffective in reducing or alleviating symptoms in a majority of these patients. Thus, it is critical to understand how social stress changes in brain and behavior so that we might develop alternative treatments. Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which binds to tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) receptors, plays a role in fear learning and in behavioral responses to stress, although we do not currently know whether BDNF promotes or prevents these responses. The purpose of this project was to understand how BDNF alters brain and behavior in response to social stress using a model of social stress in Syrian hamsters, termed conditioned defeat (CD). CD refers to the marked increase in submissive and defensive behavior following social defeat. Specific Aim (SA) 1 tested the hypothesis that BDNF, via TrkB receptors, promotes CD learning. Instead, we found that BDNF and a selective TrkB receptor agonist reduced CD and that a TrkB receptor antagonist enhanced CD. SA 2 tested the hypothesis that the behavioral response observed following systemic administration of TrkB-active drugs is mediated via their action in specific nodes of the neural circuit underlying CD. Unfortunately, the vehicle in which these drugs are dissolved independently activates immediate early gene expression making interpretation of these data impossible. Finally, SA 3 tested the hypothesis that BDNF alters defeat-induced neural activation at least in part by acting in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). We demonstrated that BNDF microinjected into the mPFC site-specifically altered defeat-induced neural activation in the CD neural circuit supporting this hypothesis. Overall, these data suggest that BDNF acts to prevent social stress-induced changes in behavior, at least in part via the basolateral amygdala and the mPFC, and that BDNF-active drugs might be a useful avenue to pursue to discover new treatments for patients that suffer from stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders.

L’amygdale est une structure du système nerveux central impliquée dans l’intégration des émotions comme la peur et l’anxiété. Des études ont également montré que l’amygdale peut moduler de façon positive ou négative la douleur par le biais des projections de son noyau de sortie, le noyau central de l’amygdale (CeA), sur les structures impliquées dans les contrôles nociceptifs descendants. Le complexe basolatéral de l’amygdale (BLA), placé en amont du noyau central, est intimement connecté à ce dernier et peut ainsi réguler son fonctionnement. Les données obtenues au cours de ma thèse ont montré l’existence d’un contrôle tonique amygdalien de la nociception et de la douleur, directement dépendant de l’équilibre entre l’excitation et l’inhibition au sein de la structure. Ainsi la modulation de l’une ou l’autre des neurotransmission influence directement la sortie douloureuse, chez des animaux sains ou neuropathiques. Par ailleurs, nous nous sommes également intéressés à l’étude précise du mode d’action d’une molécule anxiolytique non benzodiazépinique, l’étifoxine (EFX), et à son effet sur le comportement douloureux. Les résultats des injections d’EFX dans le BLA indiquent qu’elle induit une action analgésique chez les animaux neuropathiques, mais ne modifie pas les seuils de sensibilité des animaux sains. Cette action analgésique est dépendante de l’effet indirect neurostéroïdogène de l’EFX. Ceci, associé au fait que l’EFX ne présente pas ou peu d’effets secondaires, en fait une molécule particulièrement intéressante pour un traitement alternatif des douleurs neuropathiques. Dans une dernière partie, nous avons cherché à observer les mécanismes en jeu au niveau cellulaire lorsque l’EFX est appliquée sur les neurones du BLA. Ainsi, nous avons montré que l’EFX potentialise l’inhibition au sein de la structure, via trois mécanismes indépendants ; l’augmentation de la fréquence des courants post-synaptiques inhibiteurs miniatures (mCPSIs), l’augmentation de leur amplitude, et l’augmentation de leur constante de déactivation. Ces deux derniers effets sont dépendants de l’action neurostéroïdogène de l’EFX, tandis que l’effet sur la fréquence des mCPSIs est du à l’action de l’EFX sur le récepteur GABAA. Les résultats de ma thèse ont ainsi permis de montrer l’existence d’un contrôle tonique amygdalien de la douleur, dans le cadre d’animaux neuropathiques, mais également de la nociception, chez des animaux sains. Par ailleurs, la place du complexe basolatéral de l’amygdale, souvent peu prise en compte dans les études sur la douleur, a été redéfinie. Ce complexe doit être pris en considération dans le circuit de la douleur et son rôle de pilote du noyau central de l’amygdale ne doit pas être négligé. / The amygdala is a major control center of the emotions, but also integrates sensory, especially nociceptive information. Cortical afferents to the amygdala largely target its basolateral complex. The basolateral amygdala (BLA) then projects to the central amygdala nucleus, which in turn projects densely to the periaqueductal gray and thus can drive a behavioural output via the spinal cord. Data obtained during my thesis have shown that the balance between excitation and inhibition in the BLA triggers an tonic control of pain. Therefore modulating one of the neurotransmission directly influences the pain threshold of control or nociceptive mice. My thesis work also focused on the functioning of an anxiolytic and non benzodiazepinic drug ; Etifoxin (EFX). This molecule as a positive modulator of GABAA receptors and indirectly by increasing the synthesis of neurosteroids, also known as strong modulator of these receptors. In our team, we already showed that EFX has anti-nociceptive effects when injected intraperitonealy in rats. Here we wanted to determine the action of EFX on pain descending control drive by BLA. We showed that EFX infusion in the BLA seems to be anti-nociceptive, inducing a recover of the pre-cuff mechanical threshold level. We also used a patch-clamp approach to study directly in vitro the modulation of the inhibitory synaptic transmission produced by EFX. We showed that EFX potentiate the inhibition in BLA neurons via different and complementary mechanisms. These potentiating effects are mostly dependent of a neurosteroidogenesis increase.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Anxiety disorders are estimated to impact 1 in 4 individuals within their lifetime. For some individuals, repeated episodes of the stress response leads to pathological anxiety and depression. The stress response is linked to increased levels of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA), a putative site for regulating anxiety and associative processes related to aversive emotional memories, and activation of CRF receptors in the BLA of rats produces anxiety-like behavior. Mimicking repeated episodes of the stress response, sub-anxiogenic doses of urocortin 1 (Ucn1), a CRF receptor agonist, are microinjected into the BLA of rats for five consecutive days, a procedure called priming. This results in 1) behavioral sensitization, such that a previously non-efficacious dose of Ucn1 will elicit anxiety-like response after the 3rd injection and 2) the development of a persistent anxiety-like phenotype that lasts at least five weeks after the last injection without any further treatment. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis was to identify mechanisms involved in the Ucn1-priming-induced anxiogenesis. The first a set of experiments revealed that the anxiety-like behavior was not due to aversive conditioning to the context or partner cues of the testing environment. Next, Ucn1-priming-induced gene expression changes in the BLA were identified: mRNA expression for Sst2, Sst4, Chrna4, Chrma4, and Gabrr1 was significantly reduced in Ucn1-primed compared to Vehicle-primed rats. Of these, Sst2 emerged as the primary receptor of interest. Subsequent studies found that antagonizing the Sstr2 resulted in anxiety-like behavior and activation of Sstr2 blocked acute Ucn1-induced anxiety-like responses. Furthermore, pretreatment with a Sstr2 agonist delayed the behavioral sensitization observed in Ucn1-induced priming but did not stop the development of persistent anxiety-like behavior or the Ucn1-priming-induced decrease in the Sstr2 mRNA. These results suggest that the decrease in Sstr2 mRNA is associated with the expression of persistent anxiety-like behavior but dissociated from the mechanisms causing the behavioral sensitization. Pharmacological studies confirmed that a reduced Sstr2 mediated effect in the BLA is likely to play a role in persistent anxiety and should be investigated further.

OLIVEIRA, A.R. Envolvimento de receptores dopaminérgicos da área tegmental ventral e do complexo basolateral da amígdala na aquisição e na expressão do medo condicionado. 2010. 93 f. Tese (Doutorado) Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo. O condicionamento Pavloviano é um dos paradigmas mais utilizados para estudar as bases biológicas das emoções, assim como da aprendizagem e memória. A dopamina (DA) é um dos principais neurotransmissores envolvidos na mediação de estados de medo e ansiedade. Um conjunto crescente de evidências dá suporte à hipótese de que a ativação da via mesocorticolímbica, proveniente de neurônios dopaminérgicos da área tegmental ventral (ATV), é particularmente sensível à estimulação aversiva. Entre as regiões inervadas por esta via, o complexo basolateral da amígdala (BLA) é um componente essencial dos circuitos neurais do medo condicionado. Assim, o presente estudo explorou o envolvimento de mecanismos DA da ATV e do BLA, através do uso de agonistas e antagonistas de receptores DA, na aquisição e expressão do medo condicionado à luz. Não houve efeito das drogas DA no sobressalto potencializado pelo medo (SPM), quando injetadas na ATV antes do condicionamento, indicando que os receptores DA da ATV não participam da aquisição do medo condicionado à luz. Ao contrário, quando injetado na ATV antes do teste, quimpirole (agonista D2) reduziu o SPM, enquanto as demais drogas não tiveram efeito. A administração de SCH 23390 (antagonista D1) no BLA não produziu efeitos no SPM, indicando que os receptores D1 do BLA não parecem envolvidos na expressão do SPM. Já a administração de sulpirida (antagonista D2) no BLA inibiu o SPM produzido pela luz. Além disso, a expressão do medo condicionado foi associada a um aumento do congelamento e dos níveis extracelulares de DA no BLA, ambos inibidos com a administração de quimpirole na ATV. A capacidade do quimpirole em diminuir o SPM e o congelamento condicionado parece ser resultado de sua ação em auto-receptores D2 da ATV. A ativação desses receptores diminui os níveis de dopamina em áreas que recebem terminações da via mesocorticolímbica. Os resultados com a sulpirida realçam a importância dos receptores D2 do BLA na expressão do medo condicionado Pavloviano. / OLIVEIRA, A.R. Involvement of dopaminergic receptors of ventral tegmental area and basolateral amygdala in the acquisition and expression of conditioned fear. 2010. 93 p. Thesis (Doctoral) Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo. The Pavlovian fear conditioning is one of the most used paradigms to study the biological basis of emotion, as well as of learning and memory. Dopamine (DA) is one of the most important neurotransmitters involved in mechanisms underlying states of fear and anxiety. A growing body of evidence supports the hypothesis that excitation of the mesocorticolimbic pathway, originating from DA neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), is particularly sensitive to fear-arousing stimuli. Among the forebrain regions innervated by this pathway, the basolateral amygdala (BLA) is an essential component of the neural circuitry of conditioned fear. The present study explored the involvement of VTA and BLA DA receptors, using DA agonists and antagonists, in the acquisition and expression of conditioned fear to a light conditioned stimulus (CS). None of the drugs used produced significant effects on fear-potentiated startle (FPS) when injected in VTA before conditioning, indicating that VTA DA receptors are not involved in the acquisition of conditioned fear to a light-CS. In contrast, when injected before the test session, intra-VTA quinpirole (D2 agonist) significantly reduced FPS, whereas the other drugs had no effect. Intra-BLA SCH 23390 (D1 antagonist) did not produce significant effects on FPS, indicating that BLA D1 receptors do not appear to be involved in the expression of FPS. On the other hand, intra-BLA sulpiride (D2 antagonist) inhibited FPS produced by light-CS previously paired with footshocks. Also, conditioned fear was associated with increased freezing and DA levels in the BLA, both inhibited by intra-VTA quinpirole. Quinpirole\'s ability to decrease FPS and conditioned freezing may be the result of an action on VTA D2 presynaptic autoreceptors. The activation of those receptors decreases dopamine levels in terminal fields of the mesocorticolimbic pathway. Sulpirides results stress the importance of BLA D2 receptors in the fear-activating effects of the Pavlovian conditioning.

Evidências na literatura apontam o núcleo basolateral do complexo amigdalóide como uma estrutura importante na elaboração e controle das respostas defensivas. O sistema serotonérgico é um dos tantos sistemas de neurotransmissão que estão envolvidos nessas respostas. Dentre os diferentes subtipos de receptores serotonérgicos existentes, os do tipo 5-HT2C é um dos mais estudados com relação à mediação dos processos de ansiedade. A estimulação de receptores 5-HT2C tem efeito do tipo ansiogênico em diferentes modelos animais de ansiedade. Porém, não se conhece ainda a real participação desses receptores localizados no núcleo basolateral do complexo amigdalóide sobre as respostas de esquiva e fuga geradas no labirinto em T elevado relacionas, respectivamente, com ansiedade generalizada e pânico. Assim, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo verificar o papel dos receptores serotonérgicos do tipo 5-HT2C do núcleo basolateral do complexo amigdalóide na modulação das respostas defensivas associadas à ansiedade generalizada e ao pânico. Foram realizadas injeções bilaterais intra-núcleo basolateral do agonista endógeno serotonina, do agonista preferencial de receptores 5-HT2C MK-212 ou do antagonista seletivo desses receptores SB242084 em ratos submetidos ao teste do labirinto em T elevado e teste de transição claro-escuro. Os resultados mostram que a administração do agonista endógeno serotonina e do agonista de receptores do tipo 5-HT2C MK-212 promove uma facilitação na aquisição da esquiva inibitória em ratos testados no labirinto em T elevado. A administração dos agonistas também diminui o tempo gasto pelos animais no compartimento claro da caixa claro-escuro, também sugerindo um efeito do tipo ansiogênico. Por outro lado, a administração local do antagonista dos receptores 5-HT2C SB-242084 prejudica tal resposta. Esse mesmo tratamento não altera a resposta no teste de transição claro-escuro. A administração prévia de SB-242084 é capaz de bloquear o efeito ansiogênico promovido pela serotonina. Nem a ativação nem o bloqueio desses receptores exerceu efeito sobre a resposta de fuga. Em suma, nossos resultados sugerem que os receptores 5-HT2C do núcleo basolateral do complexo amigdalóide têm papel regulatório sobre a resposta de esquiva inibitória, mas não sobre a resposta de fuga gerada no labirinto em T elevado. / A wealth of evidence highlights the importance of serotonergic mechanisms within the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala for the regulation of defensive responses. However, conflicting evidence exists on the role of played by different 5-HT receptor subtypes such as 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors in this process. For instance, previous studies show that whereas activation of the former two subtypes causes anxiolytic-like effect in the elevated T-maze, stimulation of 5-HT2C receptors has anxiogenic consequences in different animal models of anxiety. In this study we further explored the role played by 5-HT2C receptors of the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala in the regulation of defensive behaviors that have been associated with generalized anxiety and panic. The results showed that bilateral injection of the endogenous agonist serotonin or the 5-HT2C receptor agonist MK-212 facilitates inhibitory avoidance acquisition in rats tested in the elevated T-maze. Both drugs decreased the time spent by the animals in the light compartment of a light-dark box, also suggesting an anxiogenic-like effect. On the other hand, local administration of the 5-HT2C receptor antagonist SB-242084 impaired inhibitory avoidance acquisition in the elevated T-maze, but was without effect upon the behaviors measured in the light-dark transition test. Previous administration of SB-242084 blocked the anxiogenic effect of serotonin on inhibitory avoidance acquisition in the T-maze. Neither the blockade nor the activation of 5-HT2C receptors of the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala affected escape performance in the elevated T-maze. In summary, the results obtained in the present study are indicative that 5-HT2C receptors in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala are selectively involved in the regulation of defensive behaviors that are associated with generalized anxiety but not panic disorder.

OLIVEIRA, A.R. Envolvimento de receptores dopaminérgicos da área tegmental ventral e do complexo basolateral da amígdala na aquisição e na expressão do medo condicionado. 2010. 93 f. Tese (Doutorado) Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo. O condicionamento Pavloviano é um dos paradigmas mais utilizados para estudar as bases biológicas das emoções, assim como da aprendizagem e memória. A dopamina (DA) é um dos principais neurotransmissores envolvidos na mediação de estados de medo e ansiedade. Um conjunto crescente de evidências dá suporte à hipótese de que a ativação da via mesocorticolímbica, proveniente de neurônios dopaminérgicos da área tegmental ventral (ATV), é particularmente sensível à estimulação aversiva. Entre as regiões inervadas por esta via, o complexo basolateral da amígdala (BLA) é um componente essencial dos circuitos neurais do medo condicionado. Assim, o presente estudo explorou o envolvimento de mecanismos DA da ATV e do BLA, através do uso de agonistas e antagonistas de receptores DA, na aquisição e expressão do medo condicionado à luz. Não houve efeito das drogas DA no sobressalto potencializado pelo medo (SPM), quando injetadas na ATV antes do condicionamento, indicando que os receptores DA da ATV não participam da aquisição do medo condicionado à luz. Ao contrário, quando injetado na ATV antes do teste, quimpirole (agonista D2) reduziu o SPM, enquanto as demais drogas não tiveram efeito. A administração de SCH 23390 (antagonista D1) no BLA não produziu efeitos no SPM, indicando que os receptores D1 do BLA não parecem envolvidos na expressão do SPM. Já a administração de sulpirida (antagonista D2) no BLA inibiu o SPM produzido pela luz. Além disso, a expressão do medo condicionado foi associada a um aumento do congelamento e dos níveis extracelulares de DA no BLA, ambos inibidos com a administração de quimpirole na ATV. A capacidade do quimpirole em diminuir o SPM e o congelamento condicionado parece ser resultado de sua ação em auto-receptores D2 da ATV. A ativação desses receptores diminui os níveis de dopamina em áreas que recebem terminações da via mesocorticolímbica. Os resultados com a sulpirida realçam a importância dos receptores D2 do BLA na expressão do medo condicionado Pavloviano. / OLIVEIRA, A.R. Involvement of dopaminergic receptors of ventral tegmental area and basolateral amygdala in the acquisition and expression of conditioned fear. 2010. 93 p. Thesis (Doctoral) Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo. The Pavlovian fear conditioning is one of the most used paradigms to study the biological basis of emotion, as well as of learning and memory. Dopamine (DA) is one of the most important neurotransmitters involved in mechanisms underlying states of fear and anxiety. A growing body of evidence supports the hypothesis that excitation of the mesocorticolimbic pathway, originating from DA neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), is particularly sensitive to fear-arousing stimuli. Among the forebrain regions innervated by this pathway, the basolateral amygdala (BLA) is an essential component of the neural circuitry of conditioned fear. The present study explored the involvement of VTA and BLA DA receptors, using DA agonists and antagonists, in the acquisition and expression of conditioned fear to a light conditioned stimulus (CS). None of the drugs used produced significant effects on fear-potentiated startle (FPS) when injected in VTA before conditioning, indicating that VTA DA receptors are not involved in the acquisition of conditioned fear to a light-CS. In contrast, when injected before the test session, intra-VTA quinpirole (D2 agonist) significantly reduced FPS, whereas the other drugs had no effect. Intra-BLA SCH 23390 (D1 antagonist) did not produce significant effects on FPS, indicating that BLA D1 receptors do not appear to be involved in the expression of FPS. On the other hand, intra-BLA sulpiride (D2 antagonist) inhibited FPS produced by light-CS previously paired with footshocks. Also, conditioned fear was associated with increased freezing and DA levels in the BLA, both inhibited by intra-VTA quinpirole. Quinpirole\'s ability to decrease FPS and conditioned freezing may be the result of an action on VTA D2 presynaptic autoreceptors. The activation of those receptors decreases dopamine levels in terminal fields of the mesocorticolimbic pathway. Sulpirides results stress the importance of BLA D2 receptors in the fear-activating effects of the Pavlovian conditioning.

Evidências na literatura apontam o núcleo basolateral do complexo amigdalóide como uma estrutura importante na elaboração e controle das respostas defensivas. O sistema serotonérgico é um dos tantos sistemas de neurotransmissão que estão envolvidos nessas respostas. Dentre os diferentes subtipos de receptores serotonérgicos existentes, os do tipo 5-HT2C é um dos mais estudados com relação à mediação dos processos de ansiedade. A estimulação de receptores 5-HT2C tem efeito do tipo ansiogênico em diferentes modelos animais de ansiedade. Porém, não se conhece ainda a real participação desses receptores localizados no núcleo basolateral do complexo amigdalóide sobre as respostas de esquiva e fuga geradas no labirinto em T elevado relacionas, respectivamente, com ansiedade generalizada e pânico. Assim, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo verificar o papel dos receptores serotonérgicos do tipo 5-HT2C do núcleo basolateral do complexo amigdalóide na modulação das respostas defensivas associadas à ansiedade generalizada e ao pânico. Foram realizadas injeções bilaterais intra-núcleo basolateral do agonista endógeno serotonina, do agonista preferencial de receptores 5-HT2C MK-212 ou do antagonista seletivo desses receptores SB242084 em ratos submetidos ao teste do labirinto em T elevado e teste de transição claro-escuro. Os resultados mostram que a administração do agonista endógeno serotonina e do agonista de receptores do tipo 5-HT2C MK-212 promove uma facilitação na aquisição da esquiva inibitória em ratos testados no labirinto em T elevado. A administração dos agonistas também diminui o tempo gasto pelos animais no compartimento claro da caixa claro-escuro, também sugerindo um efeito do tipo ansiogênico. Por outro lado, a administração local do antagonista dos receptores 5-HT2C SB-242084 prejudica tal resposta. Esse mesmo tratamento não altera a resposta no teste de transição claro-escuro. A administração prévia de SB-242084 é capaz de bloquear o efeito ansiogênico promovido pela serotonina. Nem a ativação nem o bloqueio desses receptores exerceu efeito sobre a resposta de fuga. Em suma, nossos resultados sugerem que os receptores 5-HT2C do núcleo basolateral do complexo amigdalóide têm papel regulatório sobre a resposta de esquiva inibitória, mas não sobre a resposta de fuga gerada no labirinto em T elevado. / A wealth of evidence highlights the importance of serotonergic mechanisms within the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala for the regulation of defensive responses. However, conflicting evidence exists on the role of played by different 5-HT receptor subtypes such as 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors in this process. For instance, previous studies show that whereas activation of the former two subtypes causes anxiolytic-like effect in the elevated T-maze, stimulation of 5-HT2C receptors has anxiogenic consequences in different animal models of anxiety. In this study we further explored the role played by 5-HT2C receptors of the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala in the regulation of defensive behaviors that have been associated with generalized anxiety and panic. The results showed that bilateral injection of the endogenous agonist serotonin or the 5-HT2C receptor agonist MK-212 facilitates inhibitory avoidance acquisition in rats tested in the elevated T-maze. Both drugs decreased the time spent by the animals in the light compartment of a light-dark box, also suggesting an anxiogenic-like effect. On the other hand, local administration of the 5-HT2C receptor antagonist SB-242084 impaired inhibitory avoidance acquisition in the elevated T-maze, but was without effect upon the behaviors measured in the light-dark transition test. Previous administration of SB-242084 blocked the anxiogenic effect of serotonin on inhibitory avoidance acquisition in the T-maze. Neither the blockade nor the activation of 5-HT2C receptors of the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala affected escape performance in the elevated T-maze. In summary, the results obtained in the present study are indicative that 5-HT2C receptors in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala are selectively involved in the regulation of defensive behaviors that are associated with generalized anxiety but not panic disorder.

L’objectif de cette thèse est de décrire le réseau cérébral et la dynamique neuronale qui pourraient servir de support aux aversions alimentaires de type olfactives. Nous avons réalisé des enregistrements multisites de potentiel de champ locaux chez le rat vigile engagé dans cet apprentissage, en proposant deux modes de présentation de l’indice olfactif : à proximité de l’eau de boisson (distal) ou ingéré (distal-proximal). Après apprentissage, la présentation du seul indice distal induit l’émergence d’une activité oscillatoire de forte amplitude dans la bande de fréquence beta (15-40 Hz). Finement corrélée au comportement d’aversion de l’animal, cette activité est proposée comme la signature du réseau de structures fonctionnellement impliquées dans la reconnaissance de l’odeur en tant que signal. Nous montrons que ce réseau peut être plus ou moins étendu selon la façon dont le stimulus a été perçu lors du conditionnement: dans certaines aires (bulbe olfactif, cortex piriforme, amygdale basolatérale, cortex orbitofrontal) la modulation en puissance de l’activité beta se fait indépendamment du mode de conditionnement; dans d’autres aires (cortex insulaire, cortex infralimbique) ces changements ont lieu si et seulement si l’odeur a été ingérée. Complétés par l’étude des interactions fonctionnelles entre ces différentes structures dans la bande de fréquence considérée, ces résultats nous permettent de mieux comprendre comment un stimulus peut être représenté en mémoire dans un réseau cérébral en fonction de l’expérience que l’animal en a fait. / The goal of this thesis is to describe the dynamic of the neural network involved in food aversion based on olfactory cue. We performed multisite recordings of local field potential in the behaving rat engaged in such aversion learning and offered two modes of presentation of the olfactory cue: either close to drinking water (distal) or ingested (distal-proximal). After learning, the presentation of the distal cue alone induced the emergence of a powerful oscillation in the beta frequency band (15-40 Hz). Finely correlated with the aversive behavior of the animal, this activity has been proposed as the signature of the neural network functionally involved in odor signal recognition. We showed that this network may be more or less extended depending on how the stimulus has been experienced during conditioning: in some areas (olfactory bulb, piriform cortex, basolateral amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex), modulation of beta power were observed whatever the mode of odor presentation; in other areas (insular and infralimbic cortices) these changes took place only if the odor cue has been ingested. Associated to the analysis of transient oscillatory synchronizations between these different structures, these results allowed us to better understand how a stimulus could be represented in memory by a cerebral network depending on the way the animal had experienced it.