L'augmentation de la concurrence économique internationale et les attentes accrues des clients ont imposé aux entreprises de prendre en compte non seulement le prix ou la qualité du produit, mais également la fiabilité et la rapidité des livraisons. Dans les industries ayant une composante manufacturière dominante telles que l'automobile et l'électronique, la distribution et les coûts de stockage constituent les deuxième et troisième catégories de coûts les plus importantes après les coûts de production. Par conséquent, les entreprises industrielles et de logistique recherchent continuellement des méthodes pour réduire le niveau des stocks et les coûts de distribution. Cette tendance a créé une interaction plus forte entre les différentes étapes de la chaîne logistique, et augmente de ce fait l'utilité pratique des modèles intégrés.Cette thèse considère deux catégories de problèmes d'ordonnancement intégré. La première catégorie est l'ordonnancement intégré de la production, distribution et stockage (Integrated Scheduling of Production-Distribution-Inventory, ISPDI) et la deuxième est l'ordonnancement intégré de la production, stockage, distribution et stockage (Integrated Scheduling of Production-Inventory-Distribution-Inventory, ISPIDI). Au niveau de la production, les tâches à réaliser sont traitées sur une seule machine et regroupées par lot de production, ce qui nécessite un coût et un temps de réglage. Elles doivent ensuite être livrées à un client prédéfini par un transporteur à capacité limitée, avant des dates dues données. Chaque aller-retour du transporteur entre l'usine et le client implique un coût de livraison et des délais de livraison. De plus, on suppose que les tâches qui sont terminées avant leur date de départ ou qui sont livrées au client avant leur date due entraînent un coût de stockage supplémentaire. Notre objectif est de minimiser le coût total comprenant les coûts de reglage, de stockage et de transport, tout en garantissant un niveau de service donné pour le client.Pour les problèmes ISPDI, nous avons d'abord fourni un modèle de programmation mixte entière pour le problème multi-produits, à un seul niveau, et avons développé un algorithme génétique amélioré pour le résoudre. Puis, nous avons modifié ce modèle pour prendre en compte le cas mono-produit, multi-niveau, et avons proposé deux méthodes, un algorithme hybride et un algorithme génétique, pour le résoudre. Pour les problèmes ISPIDI, nous avons établi un modèle général non-linéaire dans le cas mono-produit, et avons traité un cas spécifique du cas général. Puis nous avons démontré une propriété d'optimalité qui lie les ordonnancements de production et de livraison dans le cas particulier, pour finalement proposer une approche heuristique pour le résoudre. Pour chaque problème étudié et afin d'évaluer la performance des algorithmes proposés, des limites inférieures intéressantes sur les fonctions objectifs correspondantes ont été établies selon des méthodes différentes telles que la méthode de relaxation lagrangienne ou des méthodes basées sur les bornes inférieures du problème de bin packing. Les résultats des expérimentations montrent l'efficacité des modèles et algorithmes proposés en termes de qualité de la solution et de temps d'exécution. / Increasing global competition in the business world and heightened expectations of customers have forced companies to consider not only the pricing or product quality, but reliability and timeliness of the deliveries as well. In manufacturing-centric industries such as automotive and electronics, distribution and inventory costs constitute the second and third largest cost components following the production costs. Therefore, industrial and logistics companies need to continuously search for ways to lower the inventory level and distribution cost. This trend has created a closer interaction between the different stages of a supply chain, and increased the practical usefulness of the integrated models.This thesis considers two categories of integrated scheduling problems. One is Integrated Scheduling of Production-Distribution-Inventory problems (ISPDI problems) and the other is Integrated Scheduling of Production-Inventory-Distribution-Inventory problems (ISPIDI problems). Jobs are first processed on a single machine in the production stage, and then delivered to a pre-specified customer by a capacitated transporter. Each job has a distinct due date, and must be delivered to customer before this due date. Each production batch requires a setup cost and a setup time before the first job of this batch is processed. Each round trip between the factory and customer requires a delivery cost as well as a delivery time. Moreover, it is assumed that a job which is completed before its departure date or delivered to the customer before its due date will incur a corresponding inventory cost. Our objective is to minimize the total cost involving setup, inventory and delivery costs while guaranteeing a certain customer service level.For ISPDI problems, we firstly provide a mixed integer programming model for the case of multi-product, single-stage situation, and develop an improved Genetic algorithm (GA) for solving it. Then, we extend this model to a single-product, multi-stage model, and provide two methods, dominance-related greedy algorithm and GA, for solving it. For ISPIDI problems, we establish a general non-linear model for the case of single-product situation and devise a special case from the general model. Then we provide an optimality property between the production and delivery schedules for the special case. Finally, a heuristic approach is developed for solving it. For each problem under study, in order to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithms, some interesting lower bounds on the corresponding objective functions are established according to different methods such as Lagrangian relaxation method, classical bin-packing based method. Computational results show the efficiency of the proposed models and algorithms in terms of solution quality and running time.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:03:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacaoDanilo.pdf: 2147690 bytes, checksum: c918dd24c275d43fcca4fc1283e857a6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-10-03 / Even though the different sizes of cylindrical specimens for tests in concrete are standardized to get the simple compressive strength and the modulus of elasticity, this factor is not usually studied in most researches. So, the goal of this thesis was to evaluate the influence of the size of the specimens in the initial tangent modulus of elasticity (Eci) and in the compressive strength (fc), correlate the values of fc and Eci, and compare the values of modulus of elasticity that were estimated by the equations proposed by the Brazilian code (NBR 6118/2003) and by the American norm (ACI 318/2002). Concretes with three levels of strength were used after 28 days: 25MPa, 30MPa and 40MPa. They were all proportionally mixed with materials of the region and supplied by only one concrete batching plant of Goiânia GO. The tests of compressive strength and initial tangent modulus of elasticity were done in cylindrical specimens of 100 x 200 mm and 150 x 300 mm after 28 days. The samples were collected during the delivery of the concrete in the construction sites. For each truck, ten specimens were molded, five of 100 x 200 mm and five of 150 x 300 mm. Of the 600 specimens that were molded, 240 tests of compressive strength and 360 tests of modulus of elasticity were done. The cure was in a tank with water saturated with limestone. After the tests were done, the statistical analysis of the results was done. The variance analysis (ANOVA) indicated that the size of the specimen exerts influence only on the results of the initial tangent modulus of elasticity (Eci). There is a tendency for the specimens of 100 x 200 mm to show greater results for the modulus of elasticity of the concrete than the specimens of 150 x 300 mm. In the compressive strength, only the level of strength significantly exerted influence on the results. It was also observed that the NBR 6118/2003 overestimates the values of modulus of elasticity of the researched concretes and the results are better adequate to the model proposed by the ACI 318/02. / Apesar dos parâmetros de ensaios, como o tamanho do corpo de prova, influenciarem nos resultados do módulo de deformação e da resistência a compressão, normalmente esse fator não é estudado na maioria das pesquisas. Assim, esta dissertação objetivou avaliar a influência do tamanho dos corpos de prova no módulo de deformação tangente inicial (Eci), e na resistência a compressão (fc), correlacionar os valores de fc e Eci e comparar os valores de módulo de deformação alcançados com os valores estimados pelas equações propostas pela norma brasileira (NBR 6118/2003) e pelo amaericana (ACI 318/2002). Utilizaram-se concretos com três níveis de resistência aos 28 dias: 25MPa, 30MPa e 40Mpa, todos dosados com materiais da região e fornecidos por uma mesma central de concreto de Goiânia - GO. Os ensaios de resistência à compressão e de módulo de deformação tangente inicial foram realizados em corpos de prova cilíndricos de 100 x 200 mm e 150 x 300 mm aos 28 dias. As amostras foram coletadas durante a entrega do concreto nas obras. A cada caminhão, eram moldados dez corpos de prova, cinco de 100 x 200 mm e cinco de 150 x 300 mm. Foram moldados 600 corpos de prova, onde realizaram-se 240 ensaios de resistência à compressão e 360 de módulo de deformação. A cura foi em tanque com água saturada com cal. Após a realização dos ensaios, fez-se a análise estatística dos resultados obtidos. A análise de variância (ANOVA) indicou que o tamanho do corpo de prova exerce influência apenas nos resultados do módulo de deformação tangente inicial (Eci). Houve uma tendência dos corpos de prova de 100 x 200 mm apresentarem maiores resultados para o módulo de deformação do concreto que os corpos de prova 150 x 300 mm. Na resistência à compressão, como já era esperado, apenas a classe de resistência influenciou significativamente nos resultados. Observou-se também que a NBR-6118/2003 superestima os valores de módulo de deformação dos concretos estudados e que os resultados obtidos se adequam melhor ao modelo proposto pelo ACI318/02.

Bakgrund: Under de senaste decennierna har industriell logistik fått en allt viktigare roll för att ge företag konkurrensfördelar på den globala marknaden. För att uppnå ökad effektivitet i logistikfunktionen kan konfigurationen av ett internt materialförsörjningssystem ha en betydande inverkan på minimering av icke värdeadderande aktiviteter. Det finns flera principer för intern materialförsörjning, hur dessa appliceras har en signifikant påverkan i en industriell miljö. Valet mellan olika system kännetecknas av en överhängande komplexitet där tillverkningsindustrier byter fram och tillbaka flera gånger. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att föreslå ett ramverk för utveckling av interna materialförsörjningssystem gällande svetsprocess inom metallbearbetning. Genomförande: Studien är genomförd som en enfallsstudie på Hörle Automatic. Där studiens tillvägagångsätt har varit att identifiera icke värdeadderade aktiviteter i fallföretagets interna materialförsörjningssystem till svetsprocessen. För att därefter utveckla deras nuvarande system för att minimera identifierade aktiviteter. Utifrån detta har ett ramverk konstruerats som belyser faktor som ska tas i beaktning vid utveckling av ett internt materialförsörjningssystem. Empiriskt material har samlats in genom intervjuer, observationer, fokusgrupper och arkivmaterial. För att möjliggöra identifiering av icke värdeadderande aktiviteter har en processkartläggning upprättats. Fortsättningsvis har det genomförts tester gällande förslag på arbetssätt som utvecklats. Resultat/Diskussion: Ett ramverk har konstruerats som belyser elva olika faktorer som ska tas i beaktning vid utveckling av ett internt materialförsörjningsystem. Det är faktorer relaterade till produktionsvariation, detaljspecifikation, layout, leverantörer och kommunikation. Slutsats: Det har identifierats totalt 18 icke värdeadderande aktiviteter gällande Hörle Automatics interna materialförsörjningssystem till svetsprocessen. Utvecklingen av det interna materialförsörjningssystemet enligt förslag eliminerar en del icke värdeadderande aktiviteterna som identifierats. Resterande aktiviteter minskas genom utvecklingen av en materialförsörjningsprocess som möjliggör en ny layout och att mer kostnadseffektiv personal utför de icke värdeadderande aktiviteterna / Background: Over the past decades, industrial logistics has gained an increasingly important role in giving companies a competitive edge in the global market. To achieve increased efficiency in the logistics function, the configuration of an internal materials supply system may have a significant impact on minimizing non-value added activities. There are several principles for internal materials supply system, how these are applied have a great impact on it’s industrial environment. The choice between different systems is characterized by an complexity where manufacturing industries change back and forth several times. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to propose a framework for the development of internal materials supply systems in the welding process within metalworking. Methodology: This is a case study at Hörle Automatic. The study approach has been to identify non-value adding activities in the case company's internal materials supply system to the welding process. And after that develop their current system to minimize identified activities. Based on this, a framework has been designed to highlight the factors to be taken into account when developing an internal materials supply system. Empirical material has been collected through interviews, observations, focus groups and archival material. To enable identification of nonvalue-adding activities, a process mapping has been established. Furthermore, tests have been carried out regarding internal materials supply processes to strengthen the author's proposal. Result/Discussion: The result of the study is a framework including eleven factors that companies should take into account when developing an internal materials supply system. The framework involves factors regarding, production variation, item specification, layout, suppliers, and communication. Conclusion: A total of 18 non-value adding activities was identified regarding Hörle Automatic's internal materials supply system in their welding process. The development of the internal materials supply system as proposed eliminates some of the identified nonvalue-adding activities performed by welding operators. The remaining activities are reduced through a new layout and that usage of more cost-effective personnel.