La préparation de commandes est une activité primordiale dans les entrepôts de distribution (près de 60% des coûts opérationnels dans les entrepôts traditionnels). Un des moyens de réduire ces coûts est de collecter plusieurs commandes simultanément, plutôt qu’une par une ; cela permet d’éviter des déplacements inutiles des opérateurs dans le cas de collecte manuelle des produits, et de moins solliciter les machines, dans le cas de collecte automatisée. Nous considérons dans cette thèse des entrepôts de distribution où les produits sont stockés dans des machines appelées stockeurs automatisés composés de plateaux sur lesquels les produits sont stockés ; nous prenons en compte deux types de stockeurs : les VLMs et Carousels. Ces deux types de machines, en plein développement, se différencient par le temps nécessaire pour passer d’un plateau au plateau suivant à visiter (constant dans le cas d’un VLM, dépendant du nombre d’étages entre les 2 plateaux visités dans le cadre des carousels). L’objectif de la thèse est donc de développer des méthodes pour faire des regroupements de commandes en lots dans des entrepôts automatisés afin de collecter un ensemble donné de commandes le plus efficacement possible selon des critères que nous allons définir.Nous étudions tout d’abord un premier type de regroupement de commandes en lots, pour lequel chaque lot sera collecté entièrement (toutes les commandes composant le lot seront traitées) avant de passer au suivant. Nous parlerons simplement de batching. Nous évaluons le temps de préparation de commandes, dans le cas où l’opérateur effectue la collecte sur une ou sur plusieurs machines. L’intérêt d’utiliser plusieurs machines est de permettre la recherche de plateaux en temps masqué (le stockeur effectue un changement de plateaux pendant que l’opérateur est occupé à effectuer la collecte sur d’autres stockeurs). Cette évaluation du temps de préparation de commandes nous permet d’extraire un critère d’optimisation et d’établir des modèles d’optimisation exacts pour les VLMs puis les carousels. Ces modèles sont ensuite testés avec des données réelles d’entreprise, grâce au partenariat avec l’entreprise KLS Logistic, éditeur du WMS Gildas. Enfin, nous étendons la résolution aux méthodes approchées de type métaheuristiques, afin de garantir de bonnes solutions sous un temps de calcul raisonnable. Des résultats significatifs en termes de réduction du temps de préparation de commandes permettent de justifier l’intérêt de nos travaux.Nous étudions ensuite un deuxième type de regroupement, où un ensemble de commandes est collecté simultanément mais, contrairement au cas précédent, à chaque fois qu’une commande est terminée, elle est immédiatement remplacée. Nous parlerons ici de « Rolling batching ». Cette approche est classiquement utilisée dans les « Drive ». Nous nous focalisons sur le cas de collecte effectuée sur des carousels, système le plus utilisé dans les « Drive ». Nous développons un algorithme permettant le calcul du temps d’attente de l’opérateur. Une résolution approchée couplant l’utilisation d’heuristiques et d’une métaheuristique est proposée afin de résoudre efficacement le séquencement des commandes. Nous notons que des gains significatifs sont obtenus par l’utilisation de la méthode proposée. / The order picking is a critical activity in distribution warehouses (60% of the operational costs in traditional warehouses). One way to reduce these costs is to collect several orders simultaneously, rather than individually, to avoid unnecessary travels to the operators in the case of manual picking of the products, and less workload for the machines, in the case of automated picking. We consider, in this PhD, warehouses where products are stored in automated storage systems composed by trays on which products are stored. We consider two types of machines: VLMs and Carousels. These two types differ by the time required to move from a tray to the next one to visit (constant in the case of a VLM, depending on the number of trays between 2 consecutively visited trays for the carousels). We aim to develop order batching methods in automated warehouses to collect a set of orders efficiently, according to criteria that we will define.We study a first category of order batching, for which each batch will be entirely collected (all orders associated with a given batch will be collected) before moving to the next batch. We evaluate completion time, when the operator does the picking on one or several machines. The interest of using multiple machines is to search trays in masked time (the machine change trays while the operator is busy to collect on other machines). From this evaluation of the completion time, we extract an optimization criterion and establish optimization models for the VLMs then the carousels. These models are then tested with actual data, thanks to the partnership with the company KLS Logistic, editor of the WMS Gildas. Finally, we extend the resolution to metaheuristics, to ensure good solutions under reasonable computation time. Significant savings in terms of completion time reduction justifies the interest of our work.We then study the second category, where a set of orders is collected simultaneously, but unlike the previous case, whenever an order is collected, it is immediately replaced by a new one. We'll talk here about "Rolling batching”. This approach is typically used in the "Drive-in shops". We develop an algorithm for the computation of the waiting time of the operator. Resolution coupling heuristics and a metaheuristic is proposed in order to effectively resolve the order sequencing. Significant gains are achieved by the use of the proposed method.

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-07-09T19:48:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Patrícia Sardão da Silva.pdf: 4033528 bytes, checksum: 46452b76693e6034cedae926e566e73b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-09T19:48:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Patrícia Sardão da Silva.pdf: 4033528 bytes, checksum: 46452b76693e6034cedae926e566e73b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-29 / FAPERGS - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul / Nos últimos anos, a geração de resíduos oriundos das atividades da construção civil tem crescido em grandes proporções e, com ela, o consumo de recursos naturais. A complexidade ambiental é causada pela extração e utilização desses recursos comprometendo os ecossistemas. O processo de gestão ambiental, inserido dentro do setor da construção civil, visa primeiramente à redução dos impactos ambientais e posteriormente contribui para o controle sistemático do consumo de insumos e matérias primas utilizadas no processo de produção; com possíveis ganhos na redução dos impactos ambientais negativos e na geração de resíduos, principalmente com uma menor disposição final destes resíduos no meio ambiente. Este estudo objetiva desenvolver e aplicar os conceitos da Produção Mais Limpa e da filosofia Lean and Green em uma Central Dosadora de Concreto, com a finalidade de avaliar ambientalmente o processo de produção de concreto. O estudo de caso foi desenvolvido com base na análise e interpretação do diagnóstico ambiental juntamente com a revisão dos registros documentais, fotográficos e visitas periódicas em uma Central Dosadora de Concreto localizada em um município do extremo sul do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Primeiramente, foi realizado um diagnóstico ambiental para avaliar a situação atual da empresa. Posteriormente foram coletados dados quali-quantitativos para elaboração dos indicadores ambientais e, por último, foram analisados os resultados levantados. Diante da análise da abordagem dos conceitos de Produção Mais Limpa e da filosofia Lean and Green foi possível alinhar e avaliar a central dosadora de concreto. No período de estudo foi possível identificar que sem a devida orientação e capacitação ambiental aplicada a todos os colaboradores envolvidos, não é possível desenvolver uma melhoria contínua de seus processos com redução dos impactos ambientais desta atividade. Dentre os fatores observados e avaliados positivamente foi a capacidade e empenho do ecotime ao longo da pesquisa, mesmo não tendo identificado a consciência e conscientização dos gestores, mas houve o interesse pelo assunto e pequena mudança de postura. Deste modo, a partir dos conceitos é possível promover um método de avaliação ambiental e iniciar um banco de dados através da análise do fluxo de matérias-primas, sendo de maior relevância a possibilidade de mitigação dos impactos ambientais através da implantação da gestão dos resíduos da concreteira. / In recent years, the generation of waste from the construction activities has grown into large proportions, and with it, the consumption of natural resources. Environmental complexity is caused by the extraction and use of these resources compromising ecosystems. The process of environmental management, applied within the construction industry, primarily aimed at reducing environmental impacts and subsequently contributes to the systematic control of the consumption of inputs and raw materials used in the production process; with possible gains in reducing negative environmental impacts and waste generation, especially with a smaller final disposal of these wastes into the environment. This study aims to develop apply the concepts of Cleaner Production and Lean and Green philosophy in a Central Concrete Dosing, with the purpose of environmentally evaluate the process of concrete production. The case study was developed based on the analysis and interpretation of environmental assessment together with a review of the documentary, photographic periodic visits and records in a Central Concrete Dosing a municipality located in the southernmost state of Rio Grande do Sul. Firstly, one environmental assessment was conducted to assess the current situation. Later qualitative and quantitative data for the preparation of environmental indicators were collected and, finally, the results gathered were analyzed. Among the results, it was found that the specific approach the concepts of Cleaner Production and Lean and Green philosophy is suitable for you can evaluate the dosing concrete plants, as well as the possibilities for the reduction of environmental impacts should be evaluated the generation of the product. There must be a good level of environmental concern ally rational use of natural resources and especially the engagement of all stakeholders, so that the company can develop a pattern of continuous improvement with a focus on sustainability. During this research it was found that if the company uses the concepts of Cleaner Production and Lean and Green philosophy as environmental assessment method in its production process is environmentally possible to manage the company, as well as reduce the impact potential impacts promoted by production concrete. It is still possible to optimize the existing process with the allowance of environmental indicators and disseminate consumer or environmental agencies improvements of the environmental aspects of its products and processes, or even environmental qualities compare with other competitors. Thus, from these concepts is possible to promote a method of environmental assessment of all emissions, the flow of raw materials used, and in order to help better environmental management and reducing environmental impacts in Concrete Batching Plants.

Scalable on-demand content delivery systems, designed to effectively handle increasing request rates, typically use service aggregation or content replication techniques. Service aggregation relies on one-to-many communication techniques, such as multicast, to efficiently deliver content from a single sender to multiple receivers. With replication, multiple geographically distributed replicas of the service or content share the load of processing client requests and enable delivery from a nearby server.<p>Previous scalable protocols for downloading large, popular files from a single server include batching and cyclic multicast. Analytic lower bounds developed in this thesis show that neither of these protocols consistently yields performance close to optimal. New hybrid protocols are proposed that achieve within 20% of the optimal delay in homogeneous systems, as well as within 25% of the optimal maximum client delay in all heterogeneous scenarios considered.<p>In systems utilizing both service aggregation and replication, well-designed policies determining which replica serves each request must balance the objectives of achieving high locality of service, and high efficiency of service aggregation. By comparing classes of policies, using both analysis and simulations, this thesis shows that there are significant performance advantages in using current system state information (rather than only proximities and average loads) and in deferring selection decisions when possible. Most of these performance gains can be achieved using only local (rather than global) request information.<p>Finally, this thesis proposes adaptations of already proposed peer-assisted download techniques to support a streaming (rather than download) service, enabling playback to begin well before the entire media file is received. These protocols split each file into pieces, which can be downloaded from multiple sources, including other clients downloading the same file. Using simulations, a candidate protocol is presented and evaluated. The protocol includes both a piece selection technique that effectively mediates the conflict between achieving high piece diversity and the in-order requirements of media file playback, as well as a simple on-line rule for deciding when playback can safely commence.

Scalable on-demand content delivery systems, designed to effectively handle increasing request rates, typically use service aggregation or content replication techniques. Service aggregation relies on one-to-many communication techniques, such as multicast, to efficiently deliver content from a single sender to multiple receivers. With replication, multiple geographically distributed replicas of the service or content share the load of processing client requests and enable delivery from a nearby server.<p>Previous scalable protocols for downloading large, popular files from a single server include batching and cyclic multicast. Analytic lower bounds developed in this thesis show that neither of these protocols consistently yields performance close to optimal. New hybrid protocols are proposed that achieve within 20% of the optimal delay in homogeneous systems, as well as within 25% of the optimal maximum client delay in all heterogeneous scenarios considered.<p>In systems utilizing both service aggregation and replication, well-designed policies determining which replica serves each request must balance the objectives of achieving high locality of service, and high efficiency of service aggregation. By comparing classes of policies, using both analysis and simulations, this thesis shows that there are significant performance advantages in using current system state information (rather than only proximities and average loads) and in deferring selection decisions when possible. Most of these performance gains can be achieved using only local (rather than global) request information.<p>Finally, this thesis proposes adaptations of already proposed peer-assisted download techniques to support a streaming (rather than download) service, enabling playback to begin well before the entire media file is received. These protocols split each file into pieces, which can be downloaded from multiple sources, including other clients downloading the same file. Using simulations, a candidate protocol is presented and evaluated. The protocol includes both a piece selection technique that effectively mediates the conflict between achieving high piece diversity and the in-order requirements of media file playback, as well as a simple on-line rule for deciding when playback can safely commence.

Increasing global competition in the business world and heightened expectations of customers have forced companies to consider not only the pricing or product quality, but reliability and timeliness of the deliveries as well. In manufacturing-centric industries such as automotive and electronics, distribution and inventory costs constitute the second and third largest cost components following the production costs. Therefore, industrial and logistics companies need to continuously search for ways to lower the inventory level and distribution cost. This trend has created a closer interaction between the different stages of a supply chain, and increased the practical usefulness of the integrated models.This thesis considers two categories of integrated scheduling problems. One is Integrated Scheduling of Production-Distribution-Inventory problems (ISPDI problems) and the other is Integrated Scheduling of Production-Inventory-Distribution-Inventory problems (ISPIDI problems). Jobs are first processed on a single machine in the production stage, and then delivered to a pre-specified customer by a capacitated transporter. Each job has a distinct due date, and must be delivered to customer before this due date. Each production batch requires a setup cost and a setup time before the first job of this batch is processed. Each round trip between the factory and customer requires a delivery cost as well as a delivery time. Moreover, it is assumed that a job which is completed before its departure date or delivered to the customer before its due date will incur a corresponding inventory cost. Our objective is to minimize the total cost involving setup, inventory and delivery costs while guaranteeing a certain customer service level.For ISPDI problems, we firstly provide a mixed integer programming model for the case of multi-product, single-stage situation, and develop an improved Genetic algorithm (GA) for solving it. Then, we extend this model to a single-product, multi-stage model, and provide two methods, dominance-related greedy algorithm and GA, for solving it. For ISPIDI problems, we establish a general non-linear model for the case of single-product situation and devise a special case from the general model. Then we provide an optimality property between the production and delivery schedules for the special case. Finally, a heuristic approach is developed for solving it. For each problem under study, in order to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithms, some interesting lower bounds on the corresponding objective functions are established according to different methods such as Lagrangian relaxation method, classical bin-packing based method. Computational results show the efficiency of the proposed models and algorithms in terms of solution quality and running time.

La coordination des activités dans une chaîne logistique a suscité récemment beaucoup d'attention dans larecherche de gestion. Dans une chaîne logistique typique, des produits finis sont produits et transportés pour êtrestockage temporairement ou arriver directement chez clients. Pour réaliser la représentation opérationnelleoptimale, la coordination et l'intégration de la production, de la livraison, et du stockage devient très importante.L'étude récente a considéré le coût de stockage de client avec le coût fixe de transport ou la taille fixe des lots, cequi est irréaliste.Dans cette thèse, nous étudions la coordination de traitement des produits en lots et l'ordonnancement des lots, quiinclut la coordination du traitement en lots des produits dans les groupes après l'étape de production,l'ordonnancement des lots après les productions exigent la livraison du fournisseur ainsi que le stockage desproduits aux clients. Ce travail focalise sur les cas du simple-fournisseur/plusieurs-clients et le cas de simplefournisseur/plusieurs-transporteurs. Pour le premier scénario avec plusieurs-clients, deux modèles illustrent letransfert des lots aux clients. Dans le premier modèle, nous avons considéré un simple-fournisseur/plusieurs-clientsavec un transporteur disponible pour servir les clients sans considération du problème de tournée de véhicule. Puis,dans le deuxième modèle, nous avons considéré un simple-fournisseur/plusieurs-clients avec plusieurs transportersdisponibles pour servir les clients. Différentes hypothèses sont proposées et comparées dans le dernier chapitre.Pour ce qui concerne le deuxième scénario, nous avons étudié le cas du simple-fournisseur avec plusieurstransporteurs disponibles pour servir un seul client. Dans ce scénario, des modèles avec les véhicules homogèneset hétérogènes sont étudiés. Tout le coût du système est calculé en additionnant de tout le coût de la livraison et destockage pour les différents clients et transporteurs qui se sont dans le système à étudier. Le nombre des produitsdans les lots peut être inégal et les lots sont limités seulement par la capacité du transporteur utilisé. Le coût destockage chez les clients dépend de chaque client, la distance entre le fournisseur et leurs clients dépend del'emplacement de client, qui est le cas du coût de livraison également qui dépend de l'emplacement du client. Dansle cas des multi transporteurs, le coût de livraison dépend du transporteur utilisé.Dans chaque modèle, nous présentons ce qui suit : procédures de solution pour résoudre chaque modèle, plusieursexemples numériques pour soutenir des résultats mathématiques et pour clarifier le problème, et comparaisons desperformances parmi différents résultats. La future extension de cette recherche peut considérer des contraintes detemps et de coût de chargement dans l'étape de production, la considération du tourné de véhicule avec un cout destockage chez les clients. / The coordination of logistics activities in a supply chain has recently received a lot of attention in operationsmanagement research. In a typical supply chain, finished products are produced and either shipped to be temporarystorage or arrived directly on time to the customers. To achieve optimal operational performance, the coordinationand integration of production, delivery, and storage is an important consideration. The recent study consideredcustomer storage cost with fixed transportation cost or fixed batch size, which is unrealistic. In this thesis, we studythe coordinate of batching and scheduling activities, which includes the coordination of batching of products inbatches after the production stage, the coordination of scheduling, customer(s) orders which require the deliveryfrom the supplier, and the storage of products at the customer(s). This study focus on single-supplier/multi-customerscenario and single-supplier/multi-transporter scenario. For the first scenario with multi-customer, two modelsillustrate the transferring of batches to the customer. Where in the first model, we considered a singlesupplier/ multicustomerwith one capacitated transporter available to serve the customers without the vehicle routingconsideration. Then, in the second model, we considered a single-supplier/multi-customer with multi-transportavailable to serve the customers. In this case different assumption is proposed and compared in the last chapter.Concerning the second scenario, we studied the case of single-supplier with multi-transporter available to serve asingle customer. In this scenario, models with homogeneous and heterogeneous vehicles are studied. The totalsystem cost is calculated by summing the total delivery and storage cost for different customers and transporters inthe system. The number of products by batch is unequal and they are limited only by the capacity of the transporterused. The storage cost of the customers depends on the customer destination, the distance between the supplierand their customers depends on the customer location, which is the case of the delivery cost also which depends onthe customer¿s location. In the case of the multi-transporters, the delivery cost depends on the transporter used.In each model, we present the following: solution procedures to solve each model, many numerical examples tosupport mathematical findings and to clarify the problem under study, and performance comparisons amongdifferent findings. The future extension of this research may involve considering setup time and cost constraints inthe production stage, the vehicle routing consideration with inventory in the multi-customer case.

Detta arbete syftar till att undersöka om det är möjligt att med en heuristisk metod skapa giltiga lösningar till ett problem vid planering av stränggjutningsproduktion på SSAB. Planeringsproblemet uppstår när stål av olika sorter ska gjutas under samma dag. Beroende på i vilken ordning olika kundordrar av stål gjuts uppstår spill av olika storlek. Detta spill ska minimeras och tidigare arbete har genomförts på detta problem och resulterat i en matematisk modell för att skapa lösningar till problemet. Det tar i praktiken lång tid att hitta bra lösningar med modellen och frågeställningen är om det går att göra detta med en heuristisk metod för att kunna generera bra lösningar snabbare. Med inspiration från Variable Neighbourhood Search, Simulated Annealing och tabusökning har heuristiker skapats, implementerats och utvärderats mot den matematiska modellen. En av heuristikerna presterar bättre än den matematiska modellen gör på 10 minuter. Matematiska modellens resultat efter 60 minuter körtid är bättre än den utvecklade heuristiken, men resultaten är nära varandra. Körtiden för heuristiken tar signifikant mindre tid än 10 minuter. / This study aims to investigate if it is possible to use a heuristic method to create feasible solution in a Cast Batching Problem at SSAB. The problem occurs when different kinds of steel should be cast during the same day. Depending on which order the groups of different steel is placed different amounts of waste is produced, the goal is to minimize this waste. Earlier work has been done on this problem and resulted in a mathematical model to create feasible solutions to this problem. In practice the time it takes to create good solutions are long and the question is if it is possible to use a heuristic method to generate good solutions in a shorter amount of time. Drawing upon inspiration from metaheuristics such as Variable Neighbourhood Search, Simualted Annealing and Tabu Search multiple heuristics have been created, implemented and evaluated against the mathematical model. One of the heuristics perform better than the mathematical model does in 10 minutes. The result from the mathematical model after 60 minutes is slightly better than the heuristic, but the results are similar. With regards to running time the heuristic takes considerably less time than 10 minutes.

L&L Contratistas es una empresa que realiza actividades en el norte del Perú desde 2008. Su principal giro de negocio es la distribución y comercialización de materiales de construcción. Asimismo, la fabricación y suministro de concreto premezclado. Entre las oportunidades de negocio de L&L Contratistas, están obras lejos del radio de acción de sus plantas fijas y de gran demanda de volumen de concreto premezclado. Para cubrir esta demanda, L&L Contratistas provee a sus clientes de plantas dosificadoras de concreto dedicadas solo para este requerimiento. Ante el crecimiento de la necesidad de atención con plantas dosificadoras de concreto, L&L Contratistas está instalando plantas dosificadoras de concreto en base a su experiencia, sin contar con buenas prácticas de dirección de proyectos para estos trabajos. Ello, sin embargo, genera sobrecostos e incumplimiento en los plazos de instalación, además de insatisfacción en el cliente, con la posibilidad de imponer penalizaciones por demoras en el inicio de suministro de concreto premezclado. El presente trabajo de investigación busca implementar las buenas prácticas de la guía del PMBOK®, sexta edición, en la instalación de una planta dosificadora de concreto para una capacidad de 80 metros cúbicos por hora (m3/h). El alcance incluye la aplicación de los grupos de procesos de inicio y planificación. Ello permitirá mejorar la probabilidad de disminuir los sobrecostos y el incumplimiento del plazo. También facilitará planificar la instalación con mayores estándares de calidad. Este trabajo de investigación servirá como base de futuros proyectos de instalación de plantas dosificadoras de concreto y formará parte de los activos de la organización de la empresa L&L Contratistas. / L&L Contractors is a company that has been operating in the North of Peru since 2008; their main core business is the distribution, commercialization of construction materials and the manufacture, supply of ready-mix concrete. Among the business opportunities of L&L Contractors, there are works that are far from the radius of action of its fixed plants and of great demand by volume of ready-mix concrete. To meet this demand, L&L Contractors provides its customers with concrete batching plants dedicated exclusively to this requirement. Faced with this growing need for attention with Ready-Mix Concrete Plants, the company L&L Contractors, has carried out the installation of the Plants based on its experience without having good project management practices for these jobs, generating cost overruns and non-compliance in the installation deadlines, which causes dissatisfaction in the client, with the possibility of imposing penalties for delays in the start of the supply of ready-mixed concrete. This research work seeks to implement the good practices of the PMBOK® guide, sixth edition, in the installation of a concrete batching plant for a capacity of 80 cubic meters per hour (m3 / h). The scope includes the application of the planning and initiation process groups. This will improve the probability of reducing cost overruns and non-compliance with the deadline. It will also make it easier to plan the installation with higher quality standards. This research work will be the basis for future projects to install Ready-Mix Concrete Plants and will form part of the organization process assets of L&L Contractors. / Trabajo de investigación

Olofsfors is a steel product manufacturer in Nordmaling, Sweden, producing steel edges for snowplows, tracks for forest machines, and wear edges for buckets on heavy equipment. Most of their products are heated to 900◦ C and then cooled down in water, so-called quenching, during the hardening process. A group of ovens and quench machines together form an oven system and this is used for the hardening. Since it takes a long time for the ovens to reach operating temperature, they are always kept on, which is why it is important to utilize them as effectively as possible. This project investigates the potential utilization increase of one of the three oven systems in the wear edge production unit. This oven system is part of a production line that consists of a saw and a mill, and can process products up to two meters in length, and is hereon called the two-meter line. The two-meter line has a natural inflow through the saw, but raw material produced in other parts of the factory can also be fetched from another inlet. The use of the other inlet is limited by the operator of the two-meter line who has to fetch the material with a forklift. This could be automated so that the operator would not have to handle this inlet. The purpose is to investigate the potential increases in utilization of the oven system for different degrees of automation in order to make the most of the machines and the operator at the two-meter line. In the end, a recommendation is given with a set of ideal properties of the investment that could improve productivity the most. The main method applied in order to explore the potential use of the oven system is a re-entrant flow shop scheduling model. As preceding steps, the production line is first mapped in order to find potential routes for different product families, then the order quantities in the production data are translated into jobs to be scheduled with the help of packing problems and batching rules. The scheduling model of the production line is then solved heuristically with a genetic algorithm based on the sequence of jobs entering the production line followed by a method for creating a deterministic schedule based on this initial sequence of jobs. Lastly, a sensitivity analysis is applied to the processing time for the steps performed by the operator to evaluate the results' robustness. The conclusion is that there is a substantial potential to increase the utilization of the oven system of the two-meter line. The largest potential is when the operator is not actively working at the production line; a maximum of 15.6 h on average. There does also exist a potential to increase utilization while the operator is working at the production line; a maximum of 3.9 h on average. The automation degree needed is high in both cases but due to different reasons. When the operator is not working, the automatic solution needs to work without supervision for longer periods of time, while, in the other case, it needs to be smart enough to adjust to not disturb the operator’s work. For the future, the recommendation is to focus the next step on finding investment options that could exploit the time when the operator is not working. By further specifying the potential investment alternatives, the cost factor can be added to the analysis as well. / Olofsfors AB är en stålproduktstillverkare i Nordmaling, Sverige, som producerar vägstål till bland annat snöplogar, band till skogsmaskiner och slitstål till entreprenadmaskiner. De flesta av deras produkter hettas upp till 900 C och släcks sedan i vatten under härdningsprocessen. En grupp av ugnar och härdmaskiner kallas tillsammans för ett ungsystem och det används till härdningen. Eftersom det tar lång tid att värma upp ugnarna står de alltid på-slagna och det är därför viktigt att använda dem så effektivt som möjligt.  I detta projekt har potentialen att öka användandet av ett av tre ugnsystem i slitstålsproduktionen undersökts.  Ugnsystemet i fråga är en del av en produktionslinje som också består av en såg och en fräs och kan härda artiklar med längder upp till två meter och kallas därför här tvåmeterslinjen. Den naturliga ingången för råmaterial i produktionslinjen är genom sågen, men det finns även en alternativ ingång för råmaterial som förbehandlats i tidigare produktionssteg i fabriken. Användandet av den andra ingången till produktionlinjen begränsas av att operatören i produktionslinjen måste hämta materialet med truck. Detta in-flöde skulle gå att automatisera så att operatören inte skulle behöva hämta dessa artiklar.  Syftet är att undersöka det potentiella ökade nyttjandet av ugnsystemet för olika grader av automation för att bäst använda maskiner och operatör i tvåmeterslinjen. I slutet ges en rekommendation gällande vilka egenskaper investeringen bör ha för att öka produktiviteten mest.  Huvudmetoden för att undersöka möjligt ökat nyttjande av ugnarna är en schemaläggningsmodel. Som underliggande steg kartläggs först produktionslinjen och de olika rutter som olika produktfamiljer tar genom produktionslinjen. Produktkvantiteterna för varje order i produktionsdatan omvandlas sedan till jobb som kan schemaläggas genom packningsproblem och regler för laststorlekar i de olika maskinerna. Schemaläggningsmodellen löses sedan heuristiskt med hjälp av en genetisk algoritm som bestämmer den initiala sekvensen av jobben i första steget, tillsammans med en deterministisk metod för att skapa ett helt schema baserat på den initiala sekvensen av jobben. Slutligen genomförs en känslighetsanalys på processtiderna för steg som motsvarar operatören för att undersöka hur robust resultatet är.    Slutsatsen är att det finns en stor potential att öka nyttjandet av ugnsystemet i tvåmeterslinjen. Den största potentialen är när operatören inte arbetar aktivt vid produktionslinjen, med ett maximum på ca 15,6 h per dag. Det finns också en möjlighet att utöka nyttjandet av ugnarna under tiden som operatören arbetar aktivt med ordrar och outnyttjad tid då är 3,9 h i genomsnitt. Graden av automation är hög oberoende av vilken tid som ska utnyttjas men på grund av olika anledning. Om tiden då operatören inte aktivt jobbar utnyttjas, måste den automatiserade lösningen fungera autonomt under längre tid. Om den istället förväntas fungera parallellt med operatören måste den anpassas smart så att den inte stör operatörens arbete och flöde. Rekommendationen är att fokusera på att hitta konkreta investeringsalternativ som utnyttjar tiden då operatören inte aktivt arbetar för att få bättre kostnadsunderlag att ha med i den vidare analysen.

La thèse est composée de deux parties. La première partie traite de la gestion des qualifications dans l'industrie des semi-conducteurs. La contrainte de qualification définit l'éligibilité d'une machine à processer un produit. La gestion des qualifications nécessite de résoudre un problème d'allocation et d'équilibrage des charges sur des machines parallèles non-identiques et partiellement reconfigurables. Nous avons défini et introduit des indicateurs pour la gestion des qualifications en tenant compte de la capacité des équipements ainsi que la contrainte de regroupements de lots (batching). Plusieurs algorithmes d'équilibrage de charge sont proposés et validés pour le calcul de la charge optimale sur un parc d'équipements. Ce concept est industrialisé au sein de l'entreprise Soitec et fait partie du processus de prise de décision.La deuxième partie de la thèse porte sur la planification de production en boucle fermée. Le processus de fabrication des plaques SOI à Soitec s'appuie sur la Technologie Smart-Cut. En utilisant cette technologie, une des deux matières premières peut être réutilisée à plusieurs reprises pour la fabrication des produits finis. Le couplage de deux lignes de production crée un système manufacturier en boucle fermée. Nous avons proposé un modèle de dimensionnement de lots original pour la planification de production de ce système manufacturier, que nous avons validé avec des données industrielles. En se basant sur le problème industriel, un problème mono-produit et sans contrainte de capacité est défini, analysé et résolu pour une version simplifiée du problème. / In the first part, we take a binding restriction, called qualification, present in semiconductor manufacturing as a lever for increasing flexibility and optimizing capacity utilization. A qualification determines the processing authorization of a product on a machine (like an eligibility constraint). In order to define the best qualification, the production volume should be allocated to parallel non-identical machines which are partially reconfigurable. Capacitated flexibility measures are introduced to define the best qualification which increases machine capacity utilization at most. Batching is another industrial constraint encountered in semiconductor industry. It influences workload balancing and qualification management. Several workload balancing algorithms are proposed to find the optimal workload balance of a workcenter. Variability measures are also proposed to evaluate the workload variability of a workcenter. The second part deals with closed-loop production planning. Soitec uses Smart-Cut Technology to fabricate SOI wafers. Using this technology, one of the two raw materials used to fabricate SOI wafers can be reused several times to make other SOI wafers. However, before coming back to the SOI fabrication line, the used raw material (by-product) must be reworked in another production line. An original closed-loop production planning model adapted to the supply chain specificities of Soitec is proposed, and is validated using industrial data. Based on this industrial model, a single-item uncapacitated closed-loop lot-sizing model is defined, analyzed, and a dynamic programming algorithm is proposed for a simplified version of the problem.