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O processo de dissolução da alumina para produção de alumínio primário em condições industriais em cubas de Tecnologia VSS (Vertical Stud Soderberg) com alimentação lateral em batelada é bastante complexo, pois sofre interferência de muitas variáveis de processo como: temperatura e química de banho, propriedades físico-químicas da alumina, concentração inicial de alumina no banho, quantidade de alumina adicionada e massa de banho disponível para dissolução. Um bom controle de adição de alumina e variáveis de processo contribuem para garantia de uma melhor eficiência de corrente, menor consumo de energia e redução da quantidade de lama (alumina não dissolvida) formada que se deposita no fundo das cubas, comprometendo a passagem da corrente elétrica e consequentemente reduzindo a eficiência dos fornos. No presente trabalho foram realizados experimentos para determinação da concentração da alumina, temperatura do banho, temperatura da crosta, altura da cavidade das cubas e caracterização da lama. Os resultados mostram as principais variáveis que influenciam no processo de dissolução da alumina, o comportamento semelhante da concentração da alumina e diferença de temperatura do banho durante os intervalos de alimentação de 2:40 e 4:00 horas, a temperatura de entrada da alumina e as condições de perda de cavidade devido a deposição de lama no fundo das cubas. / The dissolution process of alumina on industrial conditions (side feeding VSS-Vertical Stud Soderberg technology) to aluminum production is very complex, because suffers interference from process variables such as: temperature and bath chemistry, physicochemical properties of alumina, initial alumina concentration in the bath, amount of alumina added and bath mass available. A good control of alumina addition and process variables will contribute to keep good the current efficiency, lower energy consumption and reduction of the amount of sludge (undissolved alumina) formed at the bottom that in the future will compromise the flow of the electric current that will consequently reduce the efficiency of the pots . This work, were carried out experiments to determine alumina concentration, bath temperature, crust temperature, high of the pots and sludge characterization. The results show the main variables that influence the dissolution process, the similar behavior of the alumina concentration, difference of the bath temperature during the feeding intervals of 2:40 and 4:00 hours, the inlet temperature of the alumina and the losses of cavity due the sludge deposition on the bottom.

Public Bath House / Badhus

I vår snabba och upptagna värld med saker att göra, folk att träffa, platser att besöka, är det lätt att tappa kontakten med tidens gång, årstidernas förändring etc. Förändringar sker kring oss hela tiden men vi uppmärksammar dem ej, och rätt som det är har flera år flutit förbi. Vi brukade leva mer i synk med tiden och naturen, i ett naturligt förhållande till skiftningar och förändring, och jag tycker att det finns ett värde i att försöka återupprätta det förhållandet. Jag ville undersöka vårt förhållande till tid och närvaro och försöka hitta sätt som arkitektur kan hjälpa oss vara mer medvetna om vår plats i världen och tiden.Detta undersöks genom utformningen av ett kallbad som erbjuder besökaren en rituell resa av upplevelser. En plats där man kan slappna av och ha utrymme för eftertanke, ta sin tid att uppleva och se världen och sig själv på ett nytt sätt. Fokus ligger ej på eskapism och nöje utan på att skapa intensiva upplevelser som kan främja medveten närvaro. / In today's world we all live very fast, we all have places to be and stuff to do and most of the time we are not aware of time passing, seasons coming and going, changes happening etc. We used to live more closely connected with time and nature, and I think it is important to try to regain that connection. I wanted to look closer at our relationship to time and presentness, and try to find ways that architecture can help bring about an increased awareness of our place in the world.This is investigated through designing a cold bath which offers the user a ritual journey of experiences. A place where one can relax and reflect, and take ones time to experience and look at the world and one self in a new light. The focus is not on escapism or purely pleasure but rather on creating intense experiences to foster mindfulness.

Abstract: This project explores the ritual of leisure, social interaction, and reflection in a democratic* space. Water is the universal experience. The program for this site examines the ritual of bathing and the role of intimacy within a public domain. *democratic: absence of hereditary or arbitrary class distinctions or privileges

Thesis (M.S.)--Boston University / PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you. / 2031-01-01

In this study , we investigate the relationship between growth condition and thin film quality of cadmium sulfide (CdS) thin films grown by chemical bath deposition (CBD) method. Thin film structures are analyzed by X-ray diffraction , morphology and grain size are obtained by scanning electronic microscopy , and film thickness measured by reflectance spectroscopy . In medium pH value ( pH=10.5) , 20 min deposition can achieve 450 nm film thickness . At lower pH (pH=8.5), low hydrolysis rate of thiourea limits the concentration of sulfur anion , film thickness is only 49 nm after one hour deposition at 70 ¢J , and the obtained thin film can not fully cover the substrate to have a pin-hole free film . At higher pH (pH=11), 40 min only deposites 100 nm film thickness. Strong binding between the cadmium ion and the complexing agent causes low free cadmium cation concentration in the solution, which limits the growing rate. By varying the growth pH condition, the difference in thickness is more than one order of magnitude. In contrast to the film thickness relationship, grain size distribution suffers less influence from the pH consition. Our results indicate no explicitly relation between the grain size and solution pH condition. 20 minutes depositions result cadmium sulfide grain sizes to be 70¡Ó10nm , and 40 minutes result grain size to be 75¡Ó15nm . The results indicate that film thickness increases mainly due to the increasing of grain number, rather than the increasing of grain size . By summarized the results, we propose that the deposition of cadmium sulfide film is initially formed homogeneous nucleation in the solution. The nuclea diffuse and adhere to the substrate. Intristic electric dipole momentum of the cadmium sulfide nano-particle provides an attractive force for the adhesion, and results preferred orientation. Meanwhile, the grain keeps growing up until the size saturated .

Larval recruitment is influenced by intrinsic biological traits (e.g. swimming behavior) and environmental factors. In this study, I examined the effects of environmental factors (e.g. light, temperature, salinity and pH) on the development of an intertidal keratose sponge from Peng-hu. The experiments included species identification, the observation of larval development, effects of environmental factors on larval choice and development. Based on morphological characters and the mitochondrial COI (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) gene, the sponge is identified as Spongia ceylonensis which is viviparous. Sponge larva is a typical lecithotrophic, tufted parenchymella, about 500 £gm long and ovoid in shape. The mean swimming speed was 3.9 ¡Ó 0.6 sec/cm. Under natural light condition (3500 ¡V 6500 lux), planktonic stage was 5-6 hours. In the vertical dark/light choice experiments, larvae exhibited a negative phototaxis with larvae distributed in dark areas in all treatments except the light-treated group. A significant shorter time period for metamorphosis in the light-treated group than all other groups (all dark, upper-half dark and lower-half dark) (p < 0.0001) had been observed. Under various light gradients of single light source, i.e. fluorescent, non-UV, UVA, UVB or UVC light, larvae preferred in the darkest area. Under various light sources (fluorescent, non-UV, UVA, UVB and UVC lights) with the same intensity (220 ¡Ó 10 lux), there was no significant differences (p > 0.05) in the distribution of larvae. In all, larvae had strong dark preference and no preference on different light sources. Under various environmental gradients of each experimental factor (i.e. pH 6.5 ¡V 9.0; temperature: 20 ¡V 40¢J; silica: 0.5 ¡V 20.5 mg/L) in all light or all dark conditions, larvae showed no significant preference (p > 0.05). In salinities of 5, 15, 25 and 45 psu, some larvae had abnormal development as ball formation or dead. At pH 8.0 and 8.2, sponge juveniles developed better than the groups of pH 7.0¡B7.5¡B8.5 and 9.0. In addition, there was no significant difference in larval development (p > 0.05) under various silica concentrations (i.e. SiO2 0¡B2.5¡B5.0¡B7.5¡B10.0 mg/L).

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2002-06-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:14:10Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 amseijunior_nl_me_ilha.pdf: 2699114 bytes, checksum: c6abbb8f07f024d65eb10a3cef381405 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Preparou-se e caracterizou-se, neste trabalho, semicondutores de PbS (Chumbo Sulfide) e Bi2S3 (Bismuto Sulfide) através do método de Deposição por Banho Químico (CBD). Este método tem provado ser o método mais barato e também não poluente. A técnica consistiu na preparação de solução de íons metálicos misturada em uma solução que contenha o íon S-2 formar o semicondutor na forma de filme fino e precipitado (pó). Semicondutor de PbS foi preparado misturando, em temperatura ambiente, solução de acetato de chumbo, hidróxido de sódio, tiouréia e trietanolamina (TEA). Por outro lado, semicondutor de Bi2S3 foi preparado misturando, em temperatura ambiente, solução de nitrato de bismuto, tioacetamida e trietanolamina. A medida de difração de Raios-X (XRD) mostrou a uma estrutura cúbica de face centrada de PbS e uma estrutura ortorrômbica de Bi2S3, que além de formar os semicondutores, mostrou indícios de impureza (sulfate e hidroxidos) em tratamento térmico acima de 200ºC. Pela medida de Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura, (DSC) dos pós dos semicondutores, o dado mostrou que para PbS a temperatura de cristalização está em torno de 350ºC e para Bi2S3 está em torno de 273ºC com formações de outras fases. Medidas de Transmitância Uv-Vis-Nir foram usadas para determinar os gaps ópticos para os filmes finos semicondutores. Considerando as transições diretas e indiretas, os valores dos gaps para os filmes finos de PbS estiveram em torno de 0,5 eV e para os filmes finos de Bi2S3 em torno de 1,6 eV, mudando com o tratamento térmico. A medida Espectroscopia Fotoelétria de Raios-X (XPS) foi usada para mostrar a evolução de crescimento dos semicondutores nos filmes. Na medida elétrica, a resistência diminuiu com o aumento da temperatura, mostrando o comportamento típico dos semicondutores. / In this work, we prepared and characterized PbS (Lead Sulfide) and Bi2S3 (Bismuth Sulfide) semiconductors by Chemical Bath Deposition (CBD) method. This method has been proved to be the least expensive and non-polluting method. The technique consisted in the preparation of metallic ions solution mixed in a solution that contains the S-2 ion to form the semiconductor in the thin film and precipitated (powder) forms. PbS semiconductor was prepared by mixing, at room temperature, of lead acetate, sodium hydroxide, thiourea, and triethanolamine (TEA) solutions. On the other hand, Bi2S3 semiconductor was prepared by mixing, at room temperature, of bismuth nitrate, thioacetamide, and triethanolamine solutions. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) measure showed a PbS face centered cubic structure and a Bi2S3 orthorhombic structure that besides forming the semiconductors, there were indications of impurity (sulfate and hydroxide) in thermal treatment above 200ºC. By the measure of Differential Scanning Calorimetric (DSC) of the semiconductor powders, data has shown that for PbS the crystallization temperature is about 350ºC and for Bi2S3 is about 273ºC with other phase formations. Uv-Vis-Nir transmittance measures were used to determine the optical gaps for the semiconductor thin films. Considering direct and indirect transition, the gap values for PbS thin films are about 0.5 eV and for Bi2S3 thin films are about 1.6 eV, changing with the thermal treatment. The X-ray Photoelectric Spectroscopy (XPS) measure was used to show the semiconductor growth evolution in the films. In the electrical measure, the resistance decreased with the increase of the temperature, showing the typical behavior of the semiconductors.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-08-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:16:05Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 lima_tc_me_botfm.pdf: 1700875 bytes, checksum: 2e2263c3050a7e0c2ea982e64931072f (MD5) / Hospital Das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu / Pro-Reitoria de Extensao / Secretaria de Saúde do Estado de São Paulo / Trata-se de uma pesquisa de natureza qualitativa, de abordagem etnográfica focada, com os objetivos de: compreender o processo que compõe a experiência da equipe de enfermagem, acerca dos conhecimentos êmico e ético, norteadores da prática do banho no leito, bem como elaborar um modelo teórico que a represente. O estudo teve como cenário a Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) de adultos de um Hospital de médio porte, da cidade de Anápolis, Goiás. A instituição é considerada referência no atendimento de usuários politraumatizados do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Os informantes-chave foram os membros da equipe de enfermagem. A coleta de dados transcorreu no período de dezembro de 2007 a março de 2008, após receber parecer favorável do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa (CEP), bem como a obtenção do Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido de Participação em Pesquisa. Essa etapa de execução do projeto de pesquisa fundamentou-se no referencial metodológico da etnoenfermagem, proposto por Madaleine Leininger. Utilizou-se, especificamente, do habilitador Observação-Participação-Reflexão (OPR) e de entrevistas individuais orientadas pelo Modelo Sunrise, conduzidas com três enfermeiros e cinco técnicos de enfermagem. Para análise dos dados, utilizou-se a Grounded Theory, também, conhecida como Teoria Fundamentada em Dados, recomendada por Charmaz (2007) como uma estratégia a ser utilizada em pesquisas etnográficas que visam ao aprofundamento do conhecimento, acerca de objetos de estudos como desta investigação, envolvendo processo vivencial. Ressalta-se que, durante a análise, procurou-se não perder de vista o princípio fundamental da etnoenfermagem que é: estudar fenômenos relativos ao objeto com enfoque êmico e ético. A contento, da análise emergiram cinco fenômenos: (a) considerando... / This is a qualitative study with a focused ethnographic approach which firstly aimed at understanding the process composing the nursing team’s experience as concerns the emic and etic knowledge guiding the bed bath practice and, secondly, at designing a theoretical model that could represent it. The investigation scenario was the adults’ Intensive Care Unit (ICU) at a medium-sized hospital in the city of Anápolis, Goiás. Such institution is considered to be a reference service in the assistance of polytraumatized users of the Unified Health Care System (UHCS). Members of the nursing team were the key informants. Data were collected from December 2007 to March 2008, after approval by the Research Ethics Committee (REC) and receipt of a signed Consent Form for Research Participation. This phase of the research project execution was based on the ethnonursing methodological framework proposed by Madeleine Leininger. Specifically, the Observation-Participation-Reflection (OPR) enabler and individual interviews guided by the Sunrise Model were used. The interviews were conducted with three nurses and five nursing technicians. The Grounded Theory was used for data analysis. Such theory is recommended by Charmaz (2007) as a strategy to be used in ethnographic research with the purpose to improve knowledge on objects of study involving the process of experience, as is the case in this investigation. It is noteworthy that, during the analysis, an attempt was made not to deviate from the fundamental principle of ethnonursing, which is to investigate phenomena related to the object with an emic and etic focus. Effectively, five phenomena emerged from the analysis: (a) considering the UCI as a scenario that goes beyond the purpose of attending to individuals in critical condition; (b) rethinking integral nursing care after... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)