Thèses (M.Sc.)--Université de Sherbrooke (Canada), 2003. / Titre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 20 juin 2006). Publié aussi en version papier.

Thesis (Ph.D.). / Written for the Dept. of Biochemistry. Title from title page of PDF (viewed 2009/06/11). Includes bibliographical references.

Thèse (M.Sc.)--Université Laval, 2004. / Bibliogr.: f. 66-78. Publié aussi en version électronique.

Submitted by Hiolanda Rêgo (hiolandar@gmail.com) on 2013-08-14T20:47:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_ICS_Paulo Cirino de Carvalho Filho.pdf: 1601148 bytes, checksum: 994736a47abe1ce0bf2aece42ff07568 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-14T20:47:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_ICS_Paulo Cirino de Carvalho Filho.pdf: 1601148 bytes, checksum: 994736a47abe1ce0bf2aece42ff07568 (MD5) / A periodontite é uma doença multifatorial causada pela resposta imuno-inflamatória do hospedeiro sob estímulos bacterianos que destroem o periodonto. Este estudo objetivou investigar a expressão in vitro das proteínas Fas e Bcl-2 em Células Mononucleares de Sangue Periférico (CMSP) estimuladas pela proteína rHmuY de Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg). Os 39 voluntários (18-periodontite crônica-PC e 21-sem periodontite- SP) foram avaliados seguindo descritores clínicos periodontais. As CMSP foram cultivadas sob o estímulo de P. gingivalis e os ensaios para a expressão de Bcl-2 e Fas (CD95) foram realizados após 48 horas. A fluorescência para CMSP com os marcadores para CD3, CD4, CD8, Bcl-2 e CD95 foi determinada usando Citometria de Fluxo. A expressão de Bcl-2 em células T CD3+ de indivíduos com PC estimuladas com a proteína rHmuY foi maior do que nos SP (P=0,043) e também maior do que nas CMSP estimuladas com o extrato total de Pg ATCC 33277 e sem estimulo. Não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significantes na co-expressão dos marcadores para CD3/CD4, CD3/CD8, Fas/Bcl-2 e CD3/Fas nas CMSP. A proteína rHmuY pode representar um importante estímulo de P. gingivalis, induzindo expressão elevada de Bcl-2, a qual possibilita a inibição de apoptose em CMSP de indivíduos com periodontite crônica. / Salvador

Adenomas hipofisários são tumores benignos, de crescimento lento, originados no interior da sela túrcica e constituem de 10% a 15% dos tumores intracranianos, Os adenomas clinicamente não funcionantes (ACNF), correspondem aproximadamente um terço dos adenomas em geral. Por não apresentarem síndrome clínica hormonal são geralmente diagnosticados devido a sintomas neurológicos ou oftalmológicos, como macroadenomas, com grandes dimensões, invasão de estruturas circunvizinhas e hipopituitarismo. A cirurgia é o tratamento de escolha para estes tumores e apesar de ser eficaz na resolução do quadro compressivo, a possibilidade de cura cirúrgica é reduzida principalmente em tumores invasivos. Seu acompanhamento pós-operatório é efetuado por exame de imagem, preferencialmente ressonância magnética, devido à indisponibilidade de marcadores séricos. Nesta pesquisa avaliou-se a relação da expressão dos genes relacionados à apoptose, Bcl-2, Bax e Caspase-3 e sua relação com o comportamento dos ACNF. Na Divisão de Neurocirurgia Funcional do Instituto de Psiquiatria do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo foram operados 119 doentes com tumores hipofisários, de 28/05/08 à 07/04/09, 50 deles com ACNF, 30 deles foram estudados. A ressonância magnética da região selar pré-operatória possibilitou a medida dos três maiores diâmetros do tumor, ou seja, antero-posterior (AP), crânio-caudal (CC), látero-lateral (LL) e avaliar a invasão do seios cavernoso e esfenoidal. O tamanho dos tumores foi avaliado pela soma dos três diâmetros, pelo maior diâmetro e pelo cálculo do volume, efetuado pela fórmula AP x CC x LL x 0,5. No intraoperatório foram avaliados, a consistência e invasão tumoral. A análise histológica por hematoxilina-eosina, foi efetuada em todos os tumores, assim como a análise imuno-histoquímica (IHQ) dos hormônios hipofisários, Ki-67, p53 e Bcl-2. Foi realizada a análise molecular dos genes Bcl-2, Bax e Caspase-3 por RT-PCR. Dados demográficos: 17 do sexo masculino, 13 do sexo feminino, mediana da idade foi de 54,5 anos e mediana da duração dos sintomas de 31 meses. Todos apresentavam macroadenoma, 87% deles com perda visual, 53% com cefaléia, 17% com outras alterações neurológicas e um assintomático diagnosticado incidentalmente. Avaliação hormonal, disponível em 26 doentes, confirmou deficiência em 92% deles, com mais de dois eixos acometidos em 50% dos casos. A mediana do volume dos tumores foi de 11,6 cm3, do maior diâmetro de 3,8cm e da soma dos três diâmetros de 8,6cm, observou estreita correlação significativa estatisticamente entre as três medidas. Quarenta porcento dos tumores eram gigantes (diâmetro maior ou igual a 4 cm). Consistência amolecida e invasão tumoral foram observadas em 87% e 67% dos tumores, respectivamente. Todos doentes foram operados pela via transesfenoidal, exceto um operado por craniotomia pterional. Complicações cirúrgicas ocorreram em cinco pacientes, três com fistula liquórica, dois com meningite e dois óbitos. A análise histológica confirmou o diagnóstico de adenoma hipofisário em todos os casos. A IHQ foi negativa para todos hormônios em 18 e positiva em 12 tumores (TSH, FSH, LH, GH ou ACTH). A IHQ para proteína P-53 foi negativa em todos os casos. A IHQ para KI-67 revelou ausência da proteína em 11, positividade em menos de 3% das células em 15 e em mais de 3% em 4 tumores. A IHQ para Bcl-2 foi positiva em apenas três pacientes. A análise molecular dos genes Bcl-2, Bax e Caspase-3 revelou expressão muito inferior nos tumores em relação à observada para um pool de hipófise normal. Observou-se correlação positiva estatisticamente significante entre os três genes porém não foi observada correlação entre os níveis destes três genes e nenhum fator de prognóstico tumoral estudado, quais sejam, idade, positividade para hormônios na IHQ, tamanho ou invasão tumoral / Pituitary adenomas are benign, slow-growing tumors that arise in the sella turcica and account for 10% to 15% of all intracranial tumors. Non-functioning pituitary adenomas (NFPA) account for around one third of all pituitary adenomas. NFPA do not clinically present as hormonal syndromes and are generally diagnosed as macroadenomas due to marked neurological and ophthalmologic symptoms and invasion of surrounding structures, beside hypopituitarism. Surgery is the gold standard to treat these tumors. It effectively relieves compressive symptoms but cure is uncommon. Despite benign in nature, NFPA usually show aggressive behavior. There are no hormonal markers and the follow-up usually is made only by magnetic resonance imaging. Apoptosis-related genes, Bcl-2, Bax, and caspase-3, were here studied in NFPA to assess their role as potential markers of tumor behavior. Out of 119 patients with pituitary adenomas treated by surgery, 30 patients (17 men, 13 women, median age 54.5 years old) harboring NFPA who underwent surgery in the Department of Functional Neurosurgery at Hospital das Clínicas Psychiatric Institute, University of S. Paulo Medical School, from August 2008 to July 2009, were studied. Information on gender, age, pituitary function, symptoms and their length was collected. Tumor dimensions were measured using magnetic resonance imaging of the sella turcica. The tumor volume was calculated by the following equation: anterior-posterior diameter x cranial-caudal diameter x lateral-lateral diameter x 0.5. Intra-operative information such as tumor invasion and consistence was recorded. Histological examination by hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemistry analysis of pituitary hormones, Ki-67, p53, and Bcl-2 were performed. The molecular analysis of Bcl-2, Bax, and caspase-3 genes was performed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in all tumor specimens collected during surgery and compared to a poll of normal pituitary gland. All patients had macroadenomas diagnosed due to visual loss (87%), headache (53%) and other neurological symptoms (17%) and one case was incidentally found. Hormonal deficits were seen in 92% of 26 cases; more than two axes were involved in half of these patients. There was found good correlation between tumor volume, largest diameter and the sum of the 3 diameters, and tumor volume was used to assess the correlations with other parameters. The median volume was 11.6 cm3. Giant tumors (4 cm) were diagnosed in 40% of the patients. Soft tumors and tumor invasion were observed in 87% and 67% of cases, respectively. A transsphenoidal approach was used in all patients, except one who had pterional craniotomy. Five patients presented post-operative complications: three had CSF leakage, two meningitis and two died. The histological examination confirmed pituitary adenoma in all cases, 18 of them were null cell and 12 showed a positive immunohistochemistry analysis for one or more hormones, mainly TSH. Immunohistochemistry analysis results for p-53 was negative in all cases; for Ki-67 was negative in 11, positive in less than 3% of the cells in 15 and positive in more than 3% of the cells in 4 cases; and for Bcl-2 was positive only in three patients. Bcl-2, Bax and caspase-3 molecular analysis revealed very low expression compared to normal pituitary values. There was found a positive correlation between these three genes but no correlation between them and age, tumor volume or invasion. The Bcl-2, Bax, and caspase-3 gene analysis by RT-PCR in NFPA did not evidence their potential as markers of tumor behavior

The rising demand for powerful oncolytic virotherapy agents has led to the identification of Maraba virus, one of the most potent oncolytic viruses from Rhabdoviridae family which displays high selectivity for killing malignant cells and low cytotoxicity in normal cells. Although the virus is readied to be used for clinical trials, the interactions between the virus and the host cells is still unclear. Using a newly developed interferon-sensitive mutant Maraba virus (MG1), we have identified two key regulators of global translation (4E-BP1 and eIF2α) responsible for the inhibition of protein synthesis in the infected cells. Despite the translational arrest upon viral stress, we showed an up-regulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-xL protein that provides a survival benefit for the host cell, yet facilitates effective viral propagation. Given the fact that eIF5B canonically regulates 60S ribosome subunit end joining, and is able to replace the role of eIF2 in delivering initiator tRNA to the 40S ribosome subunit upon the phosphorylation of eIF2α, we have tested whether eIF5B mediates the translation of target mRNAs during MG1 infection. Our results show that the inhibition of eIF5B significantly down-regulates the level of Bcl-xL steady-state mRNA, thus indirectly attenuates viral propagation.

Les cancers des voies aéro-digestives supérieures (VADS) sont des cancers de mauvais pronostic avec 50% de rechute des patients dans les deux ans qui suivent leur traitement. La surexpression des protéines anti-apoptotiques de la famille Bcl-2 est un des marqueurs corrélés avec la résistance aux divers traitements. L’objectif de ce travail a été d’évaluer l’efficacité d’une approche thérapeutique associant l’irradiation à un inhibiteur des protéines anti-apoptotiques Bcl-2 et Bcl-XL, l’ABT-737 (Laboratoires Abbott), ceci à la fois sur des lignées issues de cancers de VADS, mais également sur une sous-population de cellules souches cancéreuses (CSC).La première partie de ce travail a démontré que cette association thérapeutique provoque une radio-sensibilisation des lignées cellulaires étudiées in vitro, avec augmentation de la mort cellulaire par apoptose. Cet effet synergique fait intervenir la mitochondrie, module le métabolisme des céramides et modifie l’expression de certaines protéines de la famille Bcl-2 dont l’équilibre est déterminant dans la destinée de la cellule cancéreuse. De plus, le traitement par l’ABT-737 permet de ralentir très sensiblement la croissance tumorale après irradiation sur un modèle in vivo.La deuxième partie de ce travail a permis de révéler une efficacité cytotoxique encore plus importante de l’ABT-737 sur une sous-population de CSC, résistante à l’apoptose, proliférante et tumorigène, dont le rôle dans la résistance aux divers traitements fait l’objet de nombreux travaux. A cette efficacité cytotoxique s’ajoute une diminution de la migration et de l’invasion des CSC, effet très prometteur dans la lutte contre la récidive locale et la dissémination métastatique, caractéristiques des cancers de VADS de haut grade / Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) are frequently characterized by chemotherapy and radiation resistance and 5-year survival rates have lingered around 50% for several decades. The frequent resistance of HNSCC is due, in large part, to aberrant inhibition of apoptosis and overexpression of antiapoptotic members of the Bcl-2 protein family. The aim of this study was to examine, in association with radiation, the impact of ABT-737, a potent small-molecule inhibitor of Bcl-XL and Bcl-2, on HNSCC cells and cancer stem cells (CSC).The first part of our work demonstrated that ABT-737 strongly synergized with radiotherapy to promote HNSCC cell death and loss of clonogenic survival. This effect involves mitochondrial damage, modulates ceramide metabolism and modify the expression of some proteins of the Bcl-2 family whose interactions with other family members determine cell fate. Moreover, we found that this combination is able to significantly slow tumor growth.The second part of our work revealed that ABT-737, even without radiation, had a preferential cytotoxic activity in vitro towards CSC. Thus, as CSC have a greater capacity for tumor relapse, increased motility and invasiveness, our data suggest that ABT-737 could effectively complement a first line of therapy with chemotherapy or radiotherapy in order to target residual quiescent HNSCC CSC

The inflammatory response caused by the deposition of crystals of monosodium urate monohydrate (MSUM) and calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) in the synovial fluid of joints, results from the interaction of the crystals with neutrophils. Neutrophils (whose function in the body is to remove hazardous microorganisms and inflammatory debris) are activated by the binding of the crystals to the neutrophil cellular membrane, which leads to respiratory burst activity, engulfment of the crystals and release of proteolytic enzymes. Furthermore, we have found that crystals delay the normal “cell death program” or apoptosis, thus allowing for the accumulation of these cells, and extended inflammatory responses. Very little is known about the mechanisms of activation and delay of apoptosis, however, bcl-2 family proteins have been implicated in the control of neutrophil apoptosis. This study helps to define the role of several bcl-2 family proteins (both pro- and anti-apoptotic) by examining the differential expression of these proteins upon stimulation with crystals. Subsequent identification of signaling targets that function to regulate this process in response to crystals could lead to potential therapeutics for crystal-induced inflammatory diseases. / Medicine, Faculty of / Medicine, Department of / Experimental Medicine, Division of / Graduate

XIAP and Bcl-xL are critical anti-apoptotic molecules that directly inhibit caspases and block mitochondrial membrane permeabilization, respectively. In addition to preventing apoptosis, both XIAP and Bcl-xL can be generated by cap-independent translation via the utilization of an IRES in the 5'-UTR of their mRNAs. In recent years it has been shown that activation of S6K2 induces the translational upregulation of these two apoptotic regulators. Here I have determined that activation of S6K2 enhances IRES-mediated translation of XIAP and Bcl-xL by inducing the degradation of PDCD4, which I have identified as a novel regulator of XIAP and Bcl-xL IRES elements. Furthermore, I have shown that PDCD4 is a positive modulator of the Apaf-1 IRES element. The concurrent regulation of XIAP, Bcl-xL and Apaf-1 by PDCD4 suggests a model in which the level of PDCD4 expression alters the apoptotic threshold by specifically impacting IRES-mediated translation of the XIAP, Bcl-xL and Apaf-1 mRNAs.

The RNA-binding protein HuR controls key cellular processes by binding target mRNAs and regulating them at various post-transcriptional levels. HuR can function as an Internal Ribosome Entry Site (IRES) trans-acting factor that regulates the IRES-mediated translation of XIAP. Since XIAP and Bcl-xL expression was reported to be co-regulated, we investigated whether HuR is also a regulat or of Bcl-xL expression. We found that HuR binds the 3’end of the Bcl-xL 5’UTR in-vitro. In U2OS cells, we showed that loss of HuR by siRNA significantly increased Bcl-xL protein expression while Bcl-2 and Mcl-1 levels remained unchanged. We found that the HuR-dependent Bcl-xL increase was through translation, shown by polysome profiling. Possible transcriptional, stability and splicing changes were eliminated. At the physiological level HuR levels did not impact cell survival but altered mitochondrial morphology, partially through Bcl-xL. Thus, HuR may be involved in maintaining proper mitochondrial function by controlling Bcl-xL expression.