Cette étude vise à mieux comprendre le traumatisme et la hantise qui est concomittante, comme le montrent spécifiquement The Pregnant Widow (2011), Wish You Were Here (2012) et The sense of an Ending (2011), les récits qui en découlent et qui font allusion au sentiment contemporain des crises existentielles mondiales. Nous avons analysé les implications du traumatisme et de la spectralité dans l'économie narrative comme étant le reflet d’implications sociales et culturelles plus vastes. Nous avons cherché à démontrer comment la spectralité et la « possession » par le traumatisme représentent non seulement une lutte psychique interne pour « perlaborer » le traumatisme, mais aussi la façon dont cette lutte affecte et altère les notions profondes de subjectivité des protagonistes. Nous avons étudié comment les différentes manifestations du traumatisme sont (re)présentées dans le texte et comment les manifestations textuelles du traumatisme prouvent ou contredisent certains points de vue établis sur le traumatisme dans le milieu universitaire au cours des trois dernières décennies. En outre, nous avons étudié la dynamique découlant de l'interaction textuelle entre la narrativité et le traumatisme, car la narrativité est un élément visiblement mis en avant-plan dans les romans du corpus. Notre préoccupation était de savoir si l'interaction entre fiction et trauma permet à la littérature de richement élaborer le traumatisme au-delà de sa conception comme un vide cognitif et si la mise en avant métafictionnelle de la narrativité permet d’aller au-delà de la révélation postmoderne de la réalité comme une construction fictive. Le traumatisme, personnel ou collectif, est représenté comme la force affective qui déclenche une réflexion subjective universelle. Le résultat de cette enquête psychique est un réexamen de la subjectivité et une prise de conscience de l’existence composée d’êtres interconnectés et donc responsables. Ces romans problématisent une période contemporaine en crise profonde et souscrivent à une vision du monde immanente. L'univers représenté dans ces romans évoque un seul corps vulnérable, appelant à la sensibilité et à l’éthique. De plus, ils réaffirment la nature de la subjectivité relayée par des constructions sociales fictives, mais ils avancent également que les récits provisoires et revisités du traumatisme sont la seule voie vers l'avant pour « perlaborer » le trauma. / This study sets out to gain a better understanding of trauma and its concomitant haunting as reflected specifically in The Pregnant Widow (2011), Wish You Were Here (2012) and The Sense of an Ending (2011), narratives that arise from, and allude to the contemporary sense of global existential crises. We investigated the implications of trauma and spectrality for the narrative economy as reflecting the wider social and cultural implications. We aimed to demonstrate how spectrality and “possession” by trauma represent not only an internal psychical struggle to ‘work through’ trauma, but how this struggle also impacts and alters the protagonists’ deep-seated notions of subjectivity. We studied how the various manifestations of trauma were (re)presented in the text and how the textual manifestation of trauma proved or contradicted certain established views of trauma as theorized in the academia over the past three decades. Additionally, we researched the dynamics arising out of the textual interaction between narrativity and trauma, as narrativity is a visibly foregrounded element of the corpus novels. Our concern was to know whether the fiction-trauma interaction is one in which literature allows for a richer elaboration of trauma beyond its conception as cognitive void, and whether metafictional foregrounding of narrativity points to any tendency beyond postmodern revelation of reality as a fictive construct. Trauma, whether personal or collective, is depicted as the affective force that triggers a universal subjective questioning. The outcome of this psychical investigation is a revised subjectivity and an awareness of existence as composed of interconnected – and thus responsible – beings. The novels problematize a contemporary period in deep crisis and subscribe to an immanent worldview. The universe portrayed in the novels evokes a single vulnerable body, calling for ethical sensibility and care. Further, they reaffirm the nature of subjectivity as mediated through fictive social constructs, yet they also posit the revisited provisional narratives of trauma as the only way forward toward working through trauma.

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Text in Afrikaans / In hierdie studie word gevra of vryheid nog 'n haalbare en nastrewenswaardige ideaal is aan die hand van Michel Foucault se werk Die vraag word ondersoek in die lig van die verskillende sienings van die subjek wat Foucault ontwikkel het, sowel as sy sienings oor mag en vryheid. Ter gevolgtrekking word bogenoemde vraag gekwalifiseerd bevestigend beantwoord, ook met verwysing na die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks, tydens en na Apartheid, en word kortliks gepoog om vryheid binne 'n Suid-Afrikaanse konteks te bedink. / In this study it is asked whether freedom is still an ideal that is attainable and worthy of pursuit with reference to the work of Michel Foucault. This question is investigated in the light of the different views of the subject which Foucault developed, as well as his views on power and freedom. In conclusion the abovementioned question is answered with qualified affirmation, also with regard to the South African context, during and after Apartheid, and a brief attempt is made to think freedom in a South African context. / Philosophy, Practical & Systematic Theology / M.A. (Wysbegeerte)

佛斯特(E. M. Forster)在小說《窗外有藍天》(A Room with a View, 1908)裡，將義大利描繪為自由、激情、活力的國度，而英國相較而言卻是嚴謹、傳統且充滿囿限。在空間與文化的刺激與啟發下，主角露西(Lucy)的義大利旅行逐步地改變她的人生觀以及對生活的態度。藉由義大利旅行與城市的互動，以及遇見他者(the other)的經歷，露西慢慢地得以「變成他者」(becoming-other)，突破原有的傳統限制變成遊牧旅行者(nomadic traveler)。本論文擬以空間議題來探究露西在旅行經驗下的「空間變成」(spatial becoming)，以及她逐步成形的遊牧自我(nomadic self)。 本論文第一章為總論性質的介紹。第二章主要藉助德勒茲(Gilles Deleuze)與瓜達希(Félix Guattari)的「遊牧學」(nomadology)和「變成」(becoming)，結合伊斯蘭(Syed Manzurul Islam)從德勒茲理論延伸的旅行理論，來探討義大利與英國的空間如何影響身於其中的主體。本章將英國空間比喻為房間，義大利空間喻為風景，闡述露西如何面對她的文化衝突並發展自我重塑。然而，露西的遊牧轉變不應被視為身分認同議題下的自我追尋，亦非男性與女性之間的二元對立，而是邁向「變成旅行者」(becoming-traveler)的轉變。 第三章運用德瑟鐸(Michel de Certeau)城市行走(walking in the city)的概念，來檢視露西藉由街頭行走(street-walking)的經驗以及她和義大利生活文化的相遇，所逐步產生的自我改變。由於單獨的街頭行走，對維多利亞時代(the Victorian)的女性而言是一項禁忌，從掙扎到漫遊，露西在城市中的行走非但沒有被動地接受城市設計者所塑造出的都市形象，甚至能夠主動地從她的觀察來解讀詮釋城市，於是跨越了維多利亞時代的限制疆界，從依賴轉為獨立，進而遇見他者(encounter the other)。她的行走經驗開拓了自身的視野，而與城市的互動更是重燃她對於自由和自主權的渴望，因而開啟了她的「空間變成」(spatial becoming)。 第四章則著重於分析露西回到英國的生活，如何受到義大利旅行經驗影響而產生具體轉變。筆者援引伊斯蘭(Syed Manzurul Islam)的概念，剖析露西是一個不斷改變的遊牧旅行者(nomadic traveler)，而她的未婚夫賽希爾(Cecil)卻是一個單調不變的靜止旅行者(sedentary traveler)。當露西從旅行經驗中發展出遊牧自我，她與傳統保守的英國空間、賽西爾的衝突也勢將不可避免。義大利顯然觸動她不可逆(irreversible)的變成他者與變成旅行者，露西因此轉而前往義大利繼續其無止盡的旅程。 總括言之，在《窗外有藍天》中，露西與義大利空間的互動驅使她跨越疆界，進行自我轉變。然而，義大利只是帶領她離開嚴謹傳統束縛的旅程序曲。她的遊牧轉變並非一個確切定案的結果，而是不停歇的轉變過程。 / E. M. Forster’s A Room with a View (1908) delineates Italy as liberal, passionate and invigorating, whereas England is portrayed as rigid, conventional and restrictive. Due to spatial and cultural impact, the protagonist, Lucy, changes her view about life by degrees as soon as she travels in Italy. By means of her interactions with the urban space and her encounters with the other in Italy, Lucy gradually enters her becoming-other and breaks through the Victorian confinement into a nomadic traveler. This thesis employs a spatial perspective to investigate spatial becoming embodied on Lucy during her travel, and the formation of her nomadic self. Chapter One is an overall introduction to the whole thesis. As for chapter Two, I focus on Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari’s nomadology and becoming, and Syed Manzurul Islam’s extension in travel theory to explore how Italian and English spatiality influences the contained subjects. By characterizing England as a room and Italy as a view, this chapter explores how Lucy confronts with her conflicts and develops her reconfigured self. Lucy’s nomadic changes, however, should not be regarded as a self-searching pursuit in terms of identity politics. Instead, her transformation transcends binary opposition between men and women, heading toward her becoming-traveler. Chapter Three utilizes Michel de Certeau’s concept of walking in the city to examine how street-walking and encounters with Italian life and culture lead to the change in Lucy. Since street-walking alone is a forbidden behavior for Victorian women, Lucy’s street-walking goes through certain struggles. Rather than passively receives the built image from urban designers, Lucy is gradually able to read and interpret the city from her observation of the cityscape. From following others’ guidance to gradual independence, Lucy crosses the boundary of Victorian confinement and gets to encounter the other. Her walking experiences significantly open up her view and initiate her spatial becoming. Her interaction with a lived city rekindles her desire for freedom and autonomy. Chapter Four concentrates on the analysis of Lucy’s changes in England as a result of her Italian travel. I apply Syed Manzurul Islam’s idea to claim Lucy as a transformative nomadic traveler in contrast to her fiancé Cecil as a changeless sedentary traveler. I argue that with her formation of nomadic self, the return to English spatiality only leads to ineluctable conflicts between Lucy, her family and Cecil. Lucy accordingly seeks to leave for Italy and continues her endless travel. Italy triggers her irreversible becoming-other and becoming-traveler. Conclusively speaking, in A Room with a View, Lucy’s interaction with the Italian spatiality inspires her to cross the boundary and makes her transformation possible. Yet, Italy is only a prologue to her journey, bringing her out of the rigid convention. Her nomadic change is not a pinpointed result, but a shifting and ceaseless process.

Text in Afrikaans / In hierdie studie word gevra of vryheid nog 'n haalbare en nastrewenswaardige ideaal is aan die hand van Michel Foucault se werk Die vraag word ondersoek in die lig van die verskillende sienings van die subjek wat Foucault ontwikkel het, sowel as sy sienings oor mag en vryheid. Ter gevolgtrekking word bogenoemde vraag gekwalifiseerd bevestigend beantwoord, ook met verwysing na die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks, tydens en na Apartheid, en word kortliks gepoog om vryheid binne 'n Suid-Afrikaanse konteks te bedink. / In this study it is asked whether freedom is still an ideal that is attainable and worthy of pursuit with reference to the work of Michel Foucault. This question is investigated in the light of the different views of the subject which Foucault developed, as well as his views on power and freedom. In conclusion the abovementioned question is answered with qualified affirmation, also with regard to the South African context, during and after Apartheid, and a brief attempt is made to think freedom in a South African context. / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / M.A. (Wysbegeerte)