The literature on alcohol is replete with studies attempting to determine whether or not the relief of tension (i.e.; certain hypothesized aversive states such as fear, anxiety, and frustration, which ~an influence behavior) plays a role in the etiology of moderate and excessive drinking by humans. The classic presentation of the tension reduction hypothesis (TRH) by Conger (1956) provided the impetus for the analysis of chronic alcohol consumption using animal subjects. By applying established behaviorist principles to the problem of chronic excessive drinking he developed a theory which accounts fer this behavioral phenomenon. ·According to his theory, the response of drinking alcohol is one of many possible tension reducing responses in the organism's repertoire. This theory suggests that the human user of alcohol exhibits the drinking response as a consequence of some tension state and that the sedative action of alcohol serves as a reinforcer of the response by reducing the tension state.

The purpose of this study is to examine integration in such a manner as to determine its true meaning, to analyze critically its ability to meet the challenge and produce the goals which society and the teacher have set up, and to conclude whether the utilization of integration, as conceived by the writer, will develop the child's capacity of self-expression, encourage critical thinking, develop individual aptitudes, and help him make wholesome adjustments to the group.

Thesis (M. Diac. (Spelterapie)) / Die navorser het met hierdie intervensiestudie hanteringsriglyne vanuit ʼn Gestaltperspektief vir ouers met ʼn eiesinnige kleuter ontwikkel. Om bogenoemde te bereik, is slegs die eerste drie fases, asook Stap 1 van Fase 4 van Rothman en Thomas se Design & Development-model voltooi. Fase 1, naamlik die probleemanalise en projekbeplanning, het gefokus op die identifisering en betrek van respondente, die verkryging van toegang tot en samewerking van respondente, ʼn behoeftebepaling van die populasie, die analisering van die geïdentifiseerde probleem en die bepaling van die doelstellings en doelwitte. Deur die bestudering van bestaande literatuur en natuurlike voorbeelde, sowel as die identifisering van funksionele elemente van suksesvolle modelle is Fase 2, naamlik die insameling en sintese van data, suksesvol voltooi. Tydens Fase 3, naamlik die ontwerpfase, is ʼn waarnemingsisteem ontwikkel en prosedures vir die intervensie gespesifiseer. Deur die ontwikkeling van ʼn prototipe is Stap 1 van Fase 4, naamlik vroeë ontwerp en ontwikkeling, voltooi. Gevolgtrekkings en aanbevelings is vanuit die bevindinge gemaak. / Social Work

Thesis (M. Diac. (Spelterapie)) / Die navorser het met hierdie intervensiestudie hanteringsriglyne vanuit ʼn Gestaltperspektief vir ouers met ʼn eiesinnige kleuter ontwikkel. Om bogenoemde te bereik, is slegs die eerste drie fases, asook Stap 1 van Fase 4 van Rothman en Thomas se Design & Development-model voltooi. Fase 1, naamlik die probleemanalise en projekbeplanning, het gefokus op die identifisering en betrek van respondente, die verkryging van toegang tot en samewerking van respondente, ʼn behoeftebepaling van die populasie, die analisering van die geïdentifiseerde probleem en die bepaling van die doelstellings en doelwitte. Deur die bestudering van bestaande literatuur en natuurlike voorbeelde, sowel as die identifisering van funksionele elemente van suksesvolle modelle is Fase 2, naamlik die insameling en sintese van data, suksesvol voltooi. Tydens Fase 3, naamlik die ontwerpfase, is ʼn waarnemingsisteem ontwikkel en prosedures vir die intervensie gespesifiseer. Deur die ontwikkeling van ʼn prototipe is Stap 1 van Fase 4, naamlik vroeë ontwerp en ontwikkeling, voltooi. Gevolgtrekkings en aanbevelings is vanuit die bevindinge gemaak. / Social Work

Thesis (MSc (Psychology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / HIV vaccines are currently being developed and tested worldwide. This thesis reports on a qualitative study that was conducted to determine the concerns and problems regarding participation in future HIV vaccine trials. The sample for the study was selected from a peri-urban township, Masiphumelele, in Cape Town, Western Cape province, South Africa. The HIV-prevalence rate in Masiphumelele is 25%. A total of 10 participants between the ages of 19 and 30 were recruited for the present study. All participants’ first language was Xhosa and seven of them had English as a second language. Owing to a language barrier, an interpreter assisted the interviewer in conducting the interviews in the preferred language of the participants. Participants were recruited by convenience sampling and were asked to participate in two semi-structured interviews, under confidential conditions. The first interview addressed knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS, HIV vaccines and HIV clinical trials. The second interview identified the concerns and problems participants had regarding participation in future HIV vaccine trials. The interviews were recorded, transcribed and entered into Atlas ti., a computer program that assists in the analysis of textual data. The analysis of the data focused on the content of participants’ concerns about barriers to participation and their perspectives on facilitators to participation. The data collected on concerns and problems which, may influence participants’ willingness to participate in future HIV vaccine trials, was divided into two overarching themes, namely, barriers to participation and facilitators to participation. The barriers to participation included physical symptoms, stigma and discrimination, trypanophobia, distrust, psychological distress, sexual disinhibition and family responsibilities. The facilitators to participation included altruism, own protection from HIV infection, hopefulness, medical incentives, determining of HIV status, acquisition of knowledge, and equal treatment of participants in the experimental group and the placebo control group resulting from a double-blinded randomised trial. The question of participants’, recruited in the present study, willingness to participate in a future HIV vaccine trial are discussed in terms of Bronfenbrenner’s (1979) theoretical work on ecological systems, the social learning theory and the Health Belief Model (HBM). These theoretical frameworks deal with individuals, their behaviour and their environment, and how these influence one another. The significance and future direction of this line of research helps to overcome the barriers to participation and enhance the facilitators to participation. Thus, the intended result of such efforts is to maximise individuals’ participation in future HIV vaccine trials.

Digitized using a Konica Minolta 211 PCL Scanner. 300dpi (OCR). / Thesis (MA (Psychology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The first objective of the present study was to determine whether the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) could predict Willingness to Participate (WTP) in a future Phase III HIV vaccine trial among high risk adolescents in the Western Cape. The second objective was to determine whether the additional predictor variables of Self perceived risk of HIV infection, Knowledge of HIV vaccines and HIV vaccine trials, Attitudes toward HIV I AIDS and Health-promoting behaviours could further explain WTP in a future Phase III HIV vaccine trial among adolescents. A convenience sample of 224 adolescents attending secondary schools located in an African township on the Cape Flats was recruited for the present study. Hierarchical logistic regression analyses indicated that the TPB significantly improved the prediction of WTP in an HIV vaccine trial. Prediction success was 79.9%. Of all the predictor variables, only Subjective norms significantly predicted WTP in an HIV vaccine trial (OR = 1.19,95% C.L = 1.06-1.34). A second stepwise logistic regression analysis showed that Subjective norms (OR = 1.19, 95% c.I. = l.07-1.34) and Attitude towards participation in an HIV vaccine trial (OR = 1.32,95% C.L = 1.00-1.74) were significant predictors of WTP in an HIV vaccine trial. Prediction success was 80.4%. These findings provide support for the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) and suggest that psychosocial factors may play a role in WTP in a future Phase III HIV vaccine trial among adolescents. HIV vaccine trial preparedness programs targeting adolescents should aim to influence group norms positively and promote positive attitudes toward participation in a future Phase III HIV vaccine trial. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die eerste oogmerk van die huidige studie was om te bepaal of die teorie van beplande gedrag (TBG) die bereidwilligheid tot deelname (BTD) aan 'n toekomstige fase III-MIV-entstofproefneming onder hoe risiko adolessente in die Wes-Kaap kan voorspel. Die tweede oogmerk was om te bepaal of die bykomende voorspellingveranderlikes, naamlik selfwaargenome risiko vir MIV -besmetting, kennis van MIV -entstowwe en MIV -entstofproefnemings, houdings jeens MIV /Vigs en gesondheidsbevorderende gedrag BTD in 'n toekomstige fase III-MIV entstofproefneming kan verduidelik. 'n Geriefsmonster van 224 adolessente wat sekondere skole gelee in 'n dorpsgebied in Kaapstad, bywoon, is vir die huidige studie gewerf. Hierargiese logistiese regressie-analises toon dat die TBG die voorspelling van BTD aan 'n MIV -entstofproefneming aanmerklik verbeter het. Voorspellingsukses was 79.9%. Van al die voorspellingveranderlikes het slegs subjektiewe norme BTD aan 'n MIV -entstofproefneming beduidend voorspel (RK = 1.19, 95% VI = 1.06-1.34). 'n Tweede stapsgewyse logistiese regressie-analise toon dat subjektiewe norme (RK = 1.19, 95% VI = 1.07-1.34) en houding jeens deelname aan 'n MIV-entstofproefneming (RK = 1.32,95% VI = 1.00-1.74) beduidende voorspellers van BTD aan 'n MIV -entstofproefneming was. Voorspellingsukses was 80.4%. Hierdie bevindinge verleen steun aan die teorie van beredeneerde aksie (TBA) en doen aan die hand dat psigososiale faktore moontlik in die toekoms 'n rol in BTD aan 'n fase Ill-MIV-entstofproefneming onder adolessente kan speel. Programme wat op adolessente se gereedheid vir entstofproefnemings afgestem is, behoort te poog om groepnormne positief te beinvloed en positiewe houdings jeens deelname aan 'n toekomstige fase III -MIV -entstofproefneming te bevorder.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Background South Africa is the country with the largest number of HIV infections in the world. As behaviour change initiatives have been suboptimal in curbing the spread of the pandemic, an HIV vaccine is likely to be an important development as a biological agent may circumvent some of the challenges of initiating widespread behaviour change. The development of an HIV vaccine will require several thousands of HIV negative participants who are at high risk of HIV infection to participate in HIV vaccine clinical trials. Before recruitment for such trials may begin, various scientific, ethical, and sociobehavioural issues need to be considered. One of the key sociobehavioural issues concerns the willingness of individuals at high risk of HIV infection to participate in HIV vaccine trials. However, a psychometric measure of willingness to participate (WTP) has not been constructed, and there is a paucity of theory to guide studies of WTP. Objectives The first objective of this study was to construct a psychometric measure of WTP in an HIV vaccine trial, and to derive the exploratory factor structure of the measure. The second objective was to examine the extent to which the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) could predict variance in WTP, and to determine whether the TPB was strengthened by the inclusion of mistrust of researchers, knowledge of HIV vaccines and HIV vaccine trials, altruism, and perceived risk of HIV infection as additional predictor variables. Methodology This study was a research survey with a cross-sectional design. A convenience sample of 399 participants was recruited from an urban-informal settlement near Cape Town. As 79 of the questionnaires were poorly completed, the final sample size was 320. To develop a measure of WTP in an HIV vaccine trial, an item pool was developed whereby items directly reflected inhibitors and facilitators of WTP. After an iterative process of refinement, the final scale consisted of 35 items and was named the Willingness to Participate Scale (WTPS). A principal component Kaiser normalised exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted on the items that constituted the WTPS. This procedure was performed to identify latent factors which were informed by the items of the scale. To test the predictive capacity of the TPB and the additional predictor variables, a two-step linear hierarchical multiple regression analysis was performed. At step 1, the TPB variables were entered simultaneously. At step 2, the TPB variables along with the additional predictor variables were entered simultaneously. Results The WTPS demonstrated excellent internal consistency (α = 0.90) and initial construct validity, as evidenced by the presence of seven latent factors. The factors accounted for 53.15% of the variance in WTP and were: (i) Social approval and trust; (ii) Stigmatisation; (iii) Personal costs; (iv) Personal gains; (v) Personal risks; (vi) Convenience; and (vii) Safety. The TPB significantly accounted for 6.4% (R² = 0.06) of the variance in WTP [F(3, 316) = 7.16, p < 0.001], yielding a small effect size (ƒ2 = 0.06). The TPB, together with mistrust, knowledge of HIV vaccines and HIV vaccine trials, altruism, and perceived risk of HIV infection as additional predictor variables significantly accounted for 10.2% (R² = 0.10) of the variance in WTP [F(7, 312) = 5.06, p < 0.001], yielding a small to medium effect size (ƒ2 = 0.11). Subjective norms, mistrust of researchers, altruism, and perceived risk of HIV infection were significant independent predictors of WTP. Conclusion Against the backdrop of the study limitations, the results of this study provide initial support for the reliability and construct validity of the WTPS among the most eligible trial participants in the Western Cape of South Africa. The findings also suggest that the TPB may not be an appropriate theoretical framework for predicting WTP in an HIV vaccine trial in this context. Nonetheless, normative pressure by others, mistrust of researchers, altruism, and perceived risk of HIV infection may influence WTP in this population. Implications for future research are discussed. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Agtergrond Suid afrika is die land met die hoogste getal HIV infeksies in die wêreld. Vir die ontwikkeling van 'n HIV entstof, sal daar vereis word dat duisende HIV negatiewe deelnemers, wat 'n hoë risko kans staan om HIV infeksie op te doen, moet deelneem aan 'n kliniese HIV vaksine proeftog. Verskeie, wetenskaplike, etiese en sosiale gedrags punte moet oorweeg word, voor die werwing van sulke proefnemings. Een van die hoof aspekte van sosiale gedrags punte is die bereidwillgheid van 'n individu om blootgestel te word aan die HIV infeksie tydens die proeftog. 'n Psigometriese skatting van bereidwiligheid om deel te neem (BODTN) is egter nog nie gekonstruktureer nie en daar is 'n skaarste/geringheid in studies om as gids te dien vir die BODTN. Doel Die eerste doel van hierdie studie was om 'n psigometriese skatting van BODTN in ’n HIV vaksiene proefneming te konstruktureer, en om die ondersoekings oorsaak/faktor struktuur daarvan te meet en af te lei. Die tweede doel was om ondersoek in te stel of die omvang van die Teorie van Beplande Gedrag (TBG) verskille kan voorspel in die BODTN, en om vas te stel of die TBG versterk word deur die insluiting van wantroue in navorsers, kennis van HIV vaksienes en HIV vaksiene proefnemings, altruïsme, en die begrypbare risko van HIV infeksie as adisionele voorspellers. Metode Hierdie studie is 'n navorsings ondersoek met 'n deursneeproef ontwerp. ’n Grieflike aantal van 399 deelnemers was gewerf van 'n informele nedersetting naby Kaapstad. Die finale getal was 320 omdat 79 nie die vraelys korrek on volledig ingevul het nie. Na 'n interaktiewe proses van suiwering/verfyning, het die finale skaal uit 35 items bestaan en word die skaal benoem na die Willingness to Participate Scale (WTPS). Die prinsipale komponent Kaiser normaliseer EFA wat gedoen was op die items wat die WTPS konstitueer. Hierdie prosedure was gedoen om die latente faktore te identifiseer wat beskikbaar gestel was deur die items van die skaal. Om die voorspelbare kapasiteit van die TBG en die adisionele voorspelbare verskille te toets, het ons 'n twee stap hiërargiese veelvoudige agteruitgaan analise gebruik. By stap 1 was die TBG veranderlikes gelyktydig ingedruk. By stap 2 is die TBG veranderlikes tesame met die adisionele voorspellers in gedruk. Resultate Die WTPS het uitstekende interne konsistensie en 'n aanvanklike geldigheid gedemonstreer, soos bewys deur die teenwoordigheid van die 7 latente faktore. Die faktore verantwoord 53.15% van die verskil in WTP en was: (i) Sosiale aanvaarding en vertroue; (ii) Stigma; (iii) Persoonlike koste; (iv) Persoonlike wins/profyt; (v) Persoonlike risiko's; (vi) Gerieflikheid; en (vii) Veiligheid. Die TBG verantwoord 6.4% (R²=0.06) van die verskil in BODTN [F(3.316) = 7.16, p<0.001] met 'n toegewende klein groote uitwerking/uitslag. Die TBG tesame met wantroue, kennis van HIV vaksienes en HIV vaksiene proefnemings, altruïsme, en begrypbare risko van HIV infeksie as adisionele voorspellers, verwantwoord 10.2% (R²=0.10) van die verskil in BODTN [F(7.312 = 5.06, p<0.001], met 'n toegewende klein tot medium groote uitwerking/uitslag (f²=0.11). Subjektiewe norme, wantroue in navorsers, altruïsme, en 'n beprypbare risko van HIV infeksie was betekenisvolle, onafhanklike voorspellers van die BODTN. Gevolgtrekking Teen die agtergrond van die studie beperkinge, het die resultate van hierdie studie ondersteuning voorsien aan die vertroubaarheid en konstruktiewe geldigheid van die WTPS onder die mees geskikste proef deelnemers in die Wes Kaap van Suid Afrika. Die bevinding stel ook voor dat die TBG nie altyd 'n geskikte teoretiese raamwerk is vir die voorspelling van die BODTN in 'n HIV vaksiene proefneming in hierdie konteks is nie. Des nie teen staande, normale druk van ander, wanrtroue in navorsers, altruïsme en die begrypbare infeksie van HIV kan die populasie deur die BODTN beinvloed word. Implikasies vir toekomstige navorsing is bespreek.

The problem of this study is to determine the relative effectiveness of the three counseling procedures of modeling, assertive training, and modeling plus assertive training for increasing assertive behavior in low assertive junior college students.

An experiment was conducted to study the role of "positive expectancy" when utilizing anxiety-relief conditioning. Fourteen male and female undergraduate psychology students were selected as subjects (Ss), based on pre-test scores obtained on the "Snake Intimacy Test" (SIT). Ss were matched according to pre-SIT scores and randomly assigned to the "positive expectancy" or "no expectancy" groups. Anxiety relief conditioning was administered without variation. Only the rationale given each group describing what was transpiring was different. The statistical results revealed significant improvement by both groups. Also, the "positive expectancy" group improved significantly over the "no expectancy" group. Therefore, "positive expectancy" is apparently a sufficient, but not necessary, variable of anxiety-relief conditioning.

One of the newer techniques to be utilized in the treatment of a variety of behavioral disorders is anxiety-relief conditioning (Thorpe, Schmidt, Brown, and Castell, 1964; Solyom and Miller, 1967; Wolpe and Lazarus, 1966). In its theoretical formulation, reciprocal inhibition by anxiety-relief is similar to Wolpe's reciprocal inhibition by progressive relaxation (Solyom and Miller, 1967). Whereas Wolpe's method utilizes Jacobsonian relaxation principles to provide the medium through which anxiety is reciprocally inhibited, the procedure employed in anxiety-relief conditioning utilizes the relief following termination of an aversive stimulus to set an occasion which will permit reciprocal inhibition to take place. Many of the problems encountered in relaxation induction and control are thus avoided (Wolpe, 1958; Thorpe et al., 1964). Anxiety-relief conditioning appears to have been successful in patients that previously had been unsuccessfully treated by psychotherapy and chemotherapy for as long as 20 years (Myers, 1957; Thorpe et al., 1964; Solyom and Miller, 1967). Solyom and Miller reported successfully treating six of seven phobic patients who complained of severe depression, difficulty in interpersonal relationships and anxiety attacks when meeting people, as well as excessive fear of crowded places. These patients had an average length of illness of 11.1 years, ranging from 2 to 20 years. Patients were treated for a mean of 19.5 sessions with no evidence of symptom substitution or reappearance of the phobic fear upon follow-up (Solyom and Miller, 1967). Although the authors cited above have all reported case studies of successful therapeutic applications of anxiety-relief conditioning techniques, there have been few experimental studies of the efficacy of this technique. A recent experiment failed to refute the hypothesis that noxious stimulation and/or habituation, rather than aversion-relief, contribute to the beneficial therapeutic effects noted. This study left unanswered the question of which variables contribute to aversion-relief conditioning (Solyom, L., McClure, Heseltine, Ledwidge, and Solyom, C., 1972). The present study was undertaken to further explore the relevant variables in aversion-relief conditioning. It was hypothesized that reduction of fear to a phobic stimulus would be significantly greater among subjects who viewed the phobic stimulus while experiencing the pleasant sensation associated with aversion-relief than among subjects who viewed the phobic stimulus after the effects of aversion-relief had presumably dissipated.