A ‘sense of belonging’ has been found to have positive effects for all children in school. However, it may be difficult to promote with INA pupils who face cultural, language and systemic barriers. To date, there has been little attempt at investigating the factors in school that can promote a sense of belonging for these pupils. This research attempts to fill some of the gaps in the research that have been identified. Unlike the other research that does exist in this field, the current study focuses on the experience of secondary school aged pupils specifically in UK schools.Two secondary schools were identified to take part in the research through purposive sampling. One a mixed school and the other an all-boys school, both schools have experience of supporting INA pupils. Young people in Year 8-10 were selected as the focus of this research to avoid exam and transition periods. In total 5 INA pupils, 11 peers and 13 staff members contributed to the research. A case study design was used that involved 5 semi-structured interviews, 2 peer focus groups and 2 staff focus groups. The data were partially transcribed and thematic analysis was used to highlight key themes.The findings revealed that ‘belonging’ is a complex, dynamic construct which may also have different cultural connotations. There are many shared themes in relation to conceptualizing belonging and the strategies that are used by the two schools. These findings have wide implications for schools’ practice in relation to supporting INA pupils to foster a sense of belonging and acculturate to their new home.

The majority of empirical literature on refugee identity and homeland attachment focuses on single exile trajectories: one migratory movement out of the homeland and possibly repatriation. It largely neglects more complex experiences of exile and their implications. Double-exile, a second fleeing of one’s homeland after repatriation, adds complexity to our conventional understanding of refugee perceptions of home and identity. This study explores double-exile experiences of the Rwandan Hutu refugee population of Dzaleka refugee camp to examine its impacts on notions of home and identity construction. This ethnographic study found that the Rwandan Hutu refugees have a unique relationship to home and identity. Double-exile ended their sense of belonging to Rwandan society. Thus causing a break in the conventional longing for home and deterritorializing their identity. These impacts are apparent through the juxtaposition of study participants’ notions of home and their experiences of return and double-exile, a lack of connection or desire to return to Rwanda, and an absence of pride in their Rwandan identity and cultural practices. These findings suggest that more importance must be placed on the role of pre-flight experience of refugees as an integral element to their construction of notions of home. It also indicates that, contrary to more conventional exile trajectories where refugee identity is derived from a historical consciousness, double-exile refugees construct identity through a present-focus.

Why is International Relations (IR) silent on the issue of belonging? Conventional IR appears to be prevented from engaging with the concept of belonging by the inside-outside ontology on which it draws and its assumption of a foundational difference between inside and outside, which are understood to be neatly separated and mutually exclusive. Since belonging describes the relationship between individuals and the community and community is restricted to the inside sphere, it is beyond conventional IR’s remit. In its silence and relegation of belonging to the inside, however, we see the traces of what amounts to an implicit discourse of belonging. The concept of autochthony appears to offer a mirror-image reflection of conventional IR’s assumptions about belonging. Autochthony discourse also sees belonging as strictly limited to the community located on the inside of the binary, and here too the demarcation of inside from outside is considered to be foundational. As such, autochthony seems to provide a credible approximation of what IR’s implicit discourse of belonging might look like, if made explicit. The migrant represents a dislocatory figure for both of these accounts of belonging and the inside-outside ontology on which they are grounded. Where does she belong in an inside-outside configuration of the social? Moreover, as a marker of the outside but located on the inside, she contradicts the idea that the two spheres are separate and exclusive. Using British housing discourse as an example of an active discourse of autochthony, this thesis explores the puzzle of how migrants and the questions which they raise about the location of belonging are dealt with in an inside-outside discourse. The thesis generates three key findings which have relevance for conventional IR theorising. Firstly, the account of belonging which autochthony discourse produces is partial, impoverished and highly exclusionary. In this account, migrants represent the ultimate outsider. Secondly, the analysis demonstrates the impossibility of finalising the separation of inside from outside. Attempts to differentiate between the two require ongoing political interventions, which refutes the notion of foundational difference. Finally, in the absence of a foundational difference between inside and outside, IR needs to engage with the concept of belonging, since its continued silence seems to endorse an autochthonous discourse and the exclusionary politics of belonging which that entails.

The literature on migration has typically described those who have migrated out of necessity as being in some form of exile, longing to return to their homeland. Traditionally, it has been applied to first-generation immigrants who strongly identify with their homeland and feel like an “outsider” in their country of settlement. However, there has been little attention paid to generation 1.5 immigrants, those who migrated during childhood or early adolescence. This thesis seeks to explore the settlement experiences of 10 generation 1.5 Afghans. I argue these individuals engage in homemaking strategies as a way to negotiate their identity and belonging in Canada, while also challenging the boundaries of belonging in order to gain full citizenship.

In recent years, the staffing industry has developed in the Swedish labor market. It has become more and more common to work in the staffing industry and the there are now consultants in the most areas of today's labor market. Number of consultants has since 2009 double in Sweden. According to statistics from Almega, 250,000 people were employed in staffing companies 2017 (Almega, 2018; Almega, 2019). Therefore the purposes of this study is to investigate consultants experience of organizational commitment, both against the employer and the client company and also what factors may have affect this. The approach was a qualitative method, based on eight interviews with consultants made by a researcher from Mid Sweden University. The consultants worked for the same employer at different customer companies within industrial and administration industries. Five themes were found, "difference in working conditions between regular staff and hired consultants", "consultantsexperience of the staffing industry", "insecure employment conditions", "belonging" and"loyalty". The results of the study demonstrate that the consultants values social relations with colleagues and stable employment conditions. Many of the consultants considered themself to be a part of client company based on the social relations they created there. The ones who considered themself to be a part of their employment company tended to be a result of experienced difference between regular staff and the hired ones. Many of the interviewed consultants saw no future in the staffing industry as they valued a stable employment. / <p>2020-06-15</p>

Three studies examined the impact that feelings of acceptance and belonging have on self-control abilities. Study 1 examined the relationship between self-reported selfcontrol in a broad range of day-to-day activities and perceived acceptance by family and friends; results showed a significant positive correlation between perceived acceptance and self-control. Studies 2 and 3 manipulated feelings of belonging and examined subsequent self-control on two separate tasks. Participants in the increased belonging group ate significantly fewer cookies (Study 2) and were more likely to delay gratification (Study 3) than participants in the decreased belonging group. There was no difference between the decreased belonging and control groups on delay of gratification in Study 3. The results from the present studies suggest that greater feelings of belonging and acceptance may bolster one's ability to exert selfcontrol.

Stereotypical definitions associating disability with incapacity or abnormality, marginalise persons with disabilities and subject them to discrimination, neglect and abuse. Although societal inclusion of persons with disabilities is progressively recognised as a human right, many obstacles still prevent them from participating in all aspects of community life, including church activities. The paucity of literature on disability within religious environments include few studies applicable to the diverse Southern African socio-cultural context. The purpose of this study was to determine and describe the perceptions of persons with disabilities, primary caregivers of persons with disabilities, and church leaders within a specific Christian congregation, to determine what they deem barriers and facilitators to participation within their unique context. The study was framed within a qualitative, descriptive case study design. Using focus groups with three different participant groups as the data collection method, a comprehensive and in-depth account of the participants’ (n=17) perceptions was documented. Data analysis occurred inductively and deductively. Emergent themes were linked to the relevant theoretical framework, the ICF. Themes included perceptions concerning the social status of persons with disabilities, and how this relates to addressing and accommodating their needs, based on the levels of awareness and understanding of disability. Additionally, perceptions surfaced around access to the physical environment and necessary resources. Numerous connections between the themes and the ICF environmental codes verified the participants’ perceptions that factors in their congregation’s environment hinder, rather than enable, the participation of persons with disabilities in church-related activities. The findings were presented by a social deconstruction of disability, describing disability from a systems thinking perspective. The results implied the need for practical measures to ensure the participation of persons with disabilities in church ministries, and for open communication among all the stakeholders. It is essential to recognise and change the mental conceptualisations that sustain exclusion. The findings also provide recommendations where future research can make additional contributions to the relatively small body of knowledge addressing participation in local churches. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2019. / Centre for Augmentative and Alternative Communication (CAAC) / MA / Unrestricted

This research examines the difference in civic participation between Korean and Canadian citizens in two categories – social engagement (participation in general social groups) and political activity by using the Korea Social Integration Survey (SIS) and the Canadian General Social Survey (GSS). According to the results of this study, Canadians show higher social engagement than Koreans, while Koreans exhibit higher political activity, showing higher combined civic participation between individual citizens. This heightened civic participation by Koreans also reflects a stronger sense of collectivism. The results of the analysis on the effect of civic participation for each country show that, in Korea, both trust and sense of belonging were positively associated while in Canada, trust was negatively associated, and sense of belonging more positively associated than in Korea. The difference between the two countries can be attributed to the negative association found in institutional confidence as well. In Canada, active participation in politics implies that civic participation is part of more forward-looking action that shows greater individual preference and intention in comparison to civic participation of Korean citizens influenced more by collectivism. As such, this research implies that Korea needs to enhance individual civic identity in order to overcome collectivism. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

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