京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第23222号 / 工博第4866号 / 新制||工||1759(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科高分子化学専攻 / (主査)教授 秋吉 一成, 教授 大内 誠, 准教授 松岡 秀樹 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

No description available.

The physiological responses to salt stress were measured in Chenopodium quinoa. In a greenhouse experiment, salt water was applied to the quinoa varieties, Chipaya and KU-2, and to the model halophyte Thellungiella halophila to assess their relative responses to salt stress. Height and weight data from a seven-week time course demonstrated that both cultivars exhibited greater tolerance to salt than T. halophila. In a growth chamber experiment, three quinoa cultivars, Chipaya, Ollague, and CICA 17 were hydroponically grown and physiological responses were measured with four salt treatments. Tissues collected from the growth chamber treatments were used to obtain leaf succulence data, tissue ion concentrations, compatible solute concentrations, and RNA for real-time PCR. Stomatal conductance and fresh weight were measured to determine the degree of stress and recovery. The expression profiles of SOS1, NHX1, and TIP2, genes involved in salt stress, showed constitutive expression in root tissue and up-regulation in leaf tissue in response to salt stress. These data suggest that quinoa tolerates salt through a combination of exclusion and accumulation mechanisms.

No description available.

No description available.

O tensoativo anfotérico cocoamidopropil betaína (CAPB) é largamente utilizado na indústria de cosméticos, e é considerado um insumo essencial para a formulação de sabonetes líquidos, shampoos e géis de limpeza facial. A síntese deste tensoativo se dá por meio da reação entre ácido graxo de coco e dimetilaminopropilamina (DMAPA) e, posterior reação com o ácido monocloroacético (AMCA). O excesso de DMAPA considerado impureza, precisa ser monitorado devido a sua irritabilidade no contato com a pele, olhos e mucosas podendo em alguns casos provocar dermatite. Atualmente, o método adotado pela empresa Clariant S/A utiliza para a determinação desta substância, cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC), entretanto, esta metodologia apresenta elevado tempo de análise e consumo de solventes, comprometendo a produtividade na indústria, por manter os reatores inoperantes na espera do resultado da análise. Existe uma demanda crescente na indústria de cosméticos para utilização de metodologias que abordem critérios de tempo e custo na determinação de impurezas, para assegurar a qualidade dos produtos finais. Assim, com o intuito de aumentar a eficiência no processo de produção, este trabalho tem como objetivo propor um método rápido e confiável por eletroforese capilar para determinar o teor de DMAPA durante a produção (controles de processo) e no produto final do tensoativo CAPB. Neste trabalho foram abordadas diversas técnicas de preparo de amostra e condições instrumentais, para se alcançar um limite de quantificação (LOQ) 10 mg kg-1 (especificação exigida pelo cliente no produto final). O DMAPA foi analisado como cátion, utilizando um eletrólito de corrida com imidazol e HIBA (ácido alpha hidroxibutírico), ambos com concentração de 0,01 mol L-1e pH acertado para 4,0 utilizando uma solução de HCl 1,0 mol L-1. Foi realizada inicialmente, uma tentativa de analisar o CAPB diluindo-o diretamente em água, porém, mesmo após tentativas de pré-concentração on-line como o Stacking (plug de água antes da injeção da amostra) e injeção de amostra no modo eletrocinético, os subprodutos presentes na amostra, interferiram, prejudicando a detectabilidade do método. Então, foi proposta uma alternativa de preparo de amostra por meio da destilação por arraste de vapor, que permitiu isolar o DMAPA de sua matriz, diminuindo o limite de detecção (LOD) e LOQ do método proposto. Posteriormente foi construída uma curva analítica processada (em CAPB) e o método proposto apresentou boa precisão (%CV < 5) e linearidade (R2=0,9955 faixa linear de 2,0 a 20 mg kg-1), com LOD e LOQ de 0,03 mg kg-1 e 0,1 mg kg-1, respectivamente. O método proposto nesta dissertação alcançou o objetivo desejado, uma vez que apresentou um LOQ para o DMAPA abaixo da especificação exigida pelos clientes no produto final, e significativamente mais rápido do que o método atualmente utilizado pela Clariant S/A. / The amphoteric surfactant cocoamidopropyl betaine (CAPB) is widely used in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics industries, and is considered an essential input for the formulation of liquid soaps, shampoos and facial cleansing gels. Its synthesis is based on the reaction between fatty acid and coconut dimethylaminopropylamine (DMAPA) and subsequent reaction with monocloroacetic acid (MCA). The excess of DMAPA, regarded as an impurity, needs to be monitored because of its skin, eyes and mucous membranes irritability and in some cases, it causes dermatitis. Currently, the method adopted by Clariant S/A Industry for the determination of this substance is based on high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). However, this method has a high analysis time and solvent consumption, compromising the productivity because of the inactive reactors which cannot be operated without the results of DMAPA analysis. There is a growing demand in the cosmetics industry to use methodologies which use time and cost criteria for determination of impurities to ensure the end products quality. Thus, in order to increase efficiency in the production process, this paper aims to propose a fast and reliable method for capillary electrophoresis to determine the DMAPA content during production (process control) and in the end product (CAPB surfactant). In this study, we addressed several sample preparation techniques and instrumental conditions to achieve an LOQ (limit of quantification) 10 mg kg-1 (specification required by the customer in the final product). The DMAPA was analyzed as cation, using a running buffer with imidazole and HIBA (a-hydroxybutyric acid), both with concentration of 0.01 mol L-1, and pH adjusted to 4.0 using a solution of HCl 1.0 mol L-1. First, CAPB was diluted directly in water. However, even after online preconcentration as Stacking (water plug before sample injection) and sample injection using the electrokinetic mode, the by-products present in the sample interfered in the method detectability. Thus, it was proposed an alternative sample preparation by steam distillation, allowing the isolation of the DMAPA from its matrix, lowering the limit of detection (LOD) and LOQ. Subsequently a processed calibration curve was constructed (in CAPB) and the proposed had good precision (CV% <5) and linearity (R2 = 0.9955, linear range from 2.0 to 20 mg kg-1), with LOD and LOQ of 0.03 mg kg-1 and 0.1 mg kg-1, respectively. The developed method in this thesis has achieved its purpose, since it presented an LOQ for the DMAPA below the required specification by customers in the final product, and significantly faster than the method currently used by Clariant S/A.

O tensoativo anfotérico cocoamidopropil betaína (CAPB) é largamente utilizado na indústria de cosméticos, e é considerado um insumo essencial para a formulação de sabonetes líquidos, shampoos e géis de limpeza facial. A síntese deste tensoativo se dá por meio da reação entre ácido graxo de coco e dimetilaminopropilamina (DMAPA) e, posterior reação com o ácido monocloroacético (AMCA). O excesso de DMAPA considerado impureza, precisa ser monitorado devido a sua irritabilidade no contato com a pele, olhos e mucosas podendo em alguns casos provocar dermatite. Atualmente, o método adotado pela empresa Clariant S/A utiliza para a determinação desta substância, cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC), entretanto, esta metodologia apresenta elevado tempo de análise e consumo de solventes, comprometendo a produtividade na indústria, por manter os reatores inoperantes na espera do resultado da análise. Existe uma demanda crescente na indústria de cosméticos para utilização de metodologias que abordem critérios de tempo e custo na determinação de impurezas, para assegurar a qualidade dos produtos finais. Assim, com o intuito de aumentar a eficiência no processo de produção, este trabalho tem como objetivo propor um método rápido e confiável por eletroforese capilar para determinar o teor de DMAPA durante a produção (controles de processo) e no produto final do tensoativo CAPB. Neste trabalho foram abordadas diversas técnicas de preparo de amostra e condições instrumentais, para se alcançar um limite de quantificação (LOQ) 10 mg kg-1 (especificação exigida pelo cliente no produto final). O DMAPA foi analisado como cátion, utilizando um eletrólito de corrida com imidazol e HIBA (ácido alpha hidroxibutírico), ambos com concentração de 0,01 mol L-1e pH acertado para 4,0 utilizando uma solução de HCl 1,0 mol L-1. Foi realizada inicialmente, uma tentativa de analisar o CAPB diluindo-o diretamente em água, porém, mesmo após tentativas de pré-concentração on-line como o Stacking (plug de água antes da injeção da amostra) e injeção de amostra no modo eletrocinético, os subprodutos presentes na amostra, interferiram, prejudicando a detectabilidade do método. Então, foi proposta uma alternativa de preparo de amostra por meio da destilação por arraste de vapor, que permitiu isolar o DMAPA de sua matriz, diminuindo o limite de detecção (LOD) e LOQ do método proposto. Posteriormente foi construída uma curva analítica processada (em CAPB) e o método proposto apresentou boa precisão (%CV < 5) e linearidade (R2=0,9955 faixa linear de 2,0 a 20 mg kg-1), com LOD e LOQ de 0,03 mg kg-1 e 0,1 mg kg-1, respectivamente. O método proposto nesta dissertação alcançou o objetivo desejado, uma vez que apresentou um LOQ para o DMAPA abaixo da especificação exigida pelos clientes no produto final, e significativamente mais rápido do que o método atualmente utilizado pela Clariant S/A. / The amphoteric surfactant cocoamidopropyl betaine (CAPB) is widely used in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics industries, and is considered an essential input for the formulation of liquid soaps, shampoos and facial cleansing gels. Its synthesis is based on the reaction between fatty acid and coconut dimethylaminopropylamine (DMAPA) and subsequent reaction with monocloroacetic acid (MCA). The excess of DMAPA, regarded as an impurity, needs to be monitored because of its skin, eyes and mucous membranes irritability and in some cases, it causes dermatitis. Currently, the method adopted by Clariant S/A Industry for the determination of this substance is based on high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). However, this method has a high analysis time and solvent consumption, compromising the productivity because of the inactive reactors which cannot be operated without the results of DMAPA analysis. There is a growing demand in the cosmetics industry to use methodologies which use time and cost criteria for determination of impurities to ensure the end products quality. Thus, in order to increase efficiency in the production process, this paper aims to propose a fast and reliable method for capillary electrophoresis to determine the DMAPA content during production (process control) and in the end product (CAPB surfactant). In this study, we addressed several sample preparation techniques and instrumental conditions to achieve an LOQ (limit of quantification) 10 mg kg-1 (specification required by the customer in the final product). The DMAPA was analyzed as cation, using a running buffer with imidazole and HIBA (a-hydroxybutyric acid), both with concentration of 0.01 mol L-1, and pH adjusted to 4.0 using a solution of HCl 1.0 mol L-1. First, CAPB was diluted directly in water. However, even after online preconcentration as Stacking (water plug before sample injection) and sample injection using the electrokinetic mode, the by-products present in the sample interfered in the method detectability. Thus, it was proposed an alternative sample preparation by steam distillation, allowing the isolation of the DMAPA from its matrix, lowering the limit of detection (LOD) and LOQ. Subsequently a processed calibration curve was constructed (in CAPB) and the proposed had good precision (CV% <5) and linearity (R2 = 0.9955, linear range from 2.0 to 20 mg kg-1), with LOD and LOQ of 0.03 mg kg-1 and 0.1 mg kg-1, respectively. The developed method in this thesis has achieved its purpose, since it presented an LOQ for the DMAPA below the required specification by customers in the final product, and significantly faster than the method currently used by Clariant S/A.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:16:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2007-Marcel Teixeira.pdf: 1273236 bytes, checksum: aab3a6b9a04277f697a5e04ba6149d75 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-28 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / Purposing to evaluate the anatomy-clinics and biology in broilers chicks experimentally infected with Eimeria acervulina and supplemented with betaine, a study was carried out. Thus, 390 broiler chicks Cobb were housed in battery cages distributed in a randomized block design composed of five treatments, six replicates with 13 chicks each, including a positive control, a group treated with the salinomycin plus potassium penicillin G and three levels of betaine in the feed 0.05%, 0.10% and 0.15%. A soybean-maize based diet was prepared according the nutritional requirements of broiler chickens; food and water were given ad libitum. Chicks 14 days old were individually infected orally with 2 x 105 sporulated oocysts of E. acervulina. Weight gain, feed consumption, oocyst output and clinical signs were performed during 1-7 and 7-14 days after inoculation (DAI). After, from 0-7 and 7-14 DAI weight gain, feed consumption, oocyst output, plasma proteins and clinical signs were evaluated. At 0, 4, 7 and 14 DAI one bird from each replicate were euthanatized to perform lesion score and collection of blood and intestinal tissues for histopathology and villous measuring. Laboratorial analyses were made using saturated sugar centrifugation technique following oocyst counting and measurements with an ocular micrometric. Biology of the parasite was evaluated throughout the sporulation time, pre-patent and paten periods of infection, morphology of endogenous stages and oocyst and relationship with the mathematical cons tant Phi. It was not observed anatomy-clinics differences (p>0.05) between birds of different treatments due to all parameters used, however the response with betaine was similar to treatment with salinomycin and potassium penicillin G, indicating there are possibilities to use betaine to substitute these drugs. Nevertheless, betaine show ability to decrease oocyst output against control group but fewer than salinomycin. Regarding the biology of the parasite, although betaine affected the form and size of oocysts, little influence was observed in the endogenous stages according to measurements of trophozoites and macrogametes. Within the morphology it was observed a great relationship between the development of sporocysts of E. acervulina and the mathematical constant Phi. / Um estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de se avaliar a an?tomo-cl?nica e a biologia em frangos de corte experimentalmente infectados com Eimeria acervulina e suplementados com beta?na. Para tanto 390 pintos de corte Cobb foram alojados em baterias met?licas num delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso constitu?do de cinco tratamentos e seis repeti??es com treze aves, incluindo-se um controle positivo, um grupo tratado com salinomicina e penicilina G pot?ssica e mais tr?s n?veis de beta?na na ra??o sendo estes 0,05%, 0,10% e 0,15%. A dieta era composta de uma mistura de milho e soja elaborada conforme as exig?ncias de frangos de corte, sendo ?gua e comida fornecidos ad libitum. Aos 14 dias de vida as aves foram infectadas individualmente por via oral com 2 x 105 oocistos esporulados de E. acervulina. A seguir, nos per?odos de 0-7 e 7-14 dias ap?s a infec??o (DAI), foram determinados o ganho de peso, consumo de ra??o, produ??o de oocistos, n?vel de prote?nas plasm?ticas e observados sinais cl?nicos. Necropsias foram realizadas no 0, 4?, 7? e 14? DAI, sendo uma ave de cada repeti??o eutanasiada para realiza??o do escore de les?o, coleta de sangue e de tecido intestinal para histopatologia e mensura??o das vilosidades intestinais. A an?lise laboratorial e preparo dos oocistos foi realizada atrav?s da t?cnica de centrifuga??o em solu??o saturada de a??car seguida de contagem por grama de fezes e mensura??o com ocular microm?trica. A biologia do parasito foi avaliada atrav?s do tempo de esporula??o, per?odo pr?-patente, per?odo patente da infec??o, morfometria de fases end?genas e oocistos e a rela??o com a constante matem?tica Phi. N?o foi observada diferen?a (p>0,05) an?tomo-cl?nica nas aves dos diferentes tratamentos utilizados em rela??o a todos os par?metros utilizados, no entanto a resposta com a beta?na foi semelhante a do tratamento com salinomicina e penicilina G pot?ssica, indicando que h? possibilidade de ser utilizada em substitui??o a este medicamento. Ainda, a beta?na demonstrou capacidade de limitar a produ??o de oocistos frente ao grupo controle, por?m num n?vel inferior a salinomicina. Quanto ? biologia do parasito, embora a beta?na fosse capaz de exercer influ?ncia sob o formato e o tamanho dos oocistos e esporocistos, pouca influ?ncia foi exercida nos est?gios end?genos com base na mensura??o de trofozo?tos e macrogametas. Atrav?s da morfologia foi poss?vel se observar uma grande rela??o entre o desenvolvimento dos esporocistos de E. acervulina e a constante matem?tica Phi.

This study characterizes B vitamin supplement use prior to and during pregnancy, changes in dietary one-carbon nutrient intakes (folate, vitamin B12, vitamin B6, choline, betaine and methionine) and most significant dietary sources. In Canadian women (Toronto, Ontario) supplemental (n=364) and dietary intakes (using a food frequency questionnaire) (n=290) were assessed during early and late pregnancy. Majority reported using a B vitamin-containing supplement prior (60%) to and during early (93%) and late (89%) pregnancy. Median supplemental intakes of folic acid, B12 and B6 were 1000 µg/d, 2.6 µg/d and 1.9 mg/d, respectively. Dietary one-carbon nutrient intakes did not change appreciably between early and late pregnancy. Most significant sources of folate and B6 were fruits and vegetables, of folic acid were cereals and grains and of B12 were dairy and egg products. Overall, this study provides novel information about one-carbon nutrient intakes in pregnancy which are crucial in maternal and child health.

This study characterizes B vitamin supplement use prior to and during pregnancy, changes in dietary one-carbon nutrient intakes (folate, vitamin B12, vitamin B6, choline, betaine and methionine) and most significant dietary sources. In Canadian women (Toronto, Ontario) supplemental (n=364) and dietary intakes (using a food frequency questionnaire) (n=290) were assessed during early and late pregnancy. Majority reported using a B vitamin-containing supplement prior (60%) to and during early (93%) and late (89%) pregnancy. Median supplemental intakes of folic acid, B12 and B6 were 1000 µg/d, 2.6 µg/d and 1.9 mg/d, respectively. Dietary one-carbon nutrient intakes did not change appreciably between early and late pregnancy. Most significant sources of folate and B6 were fruits and vegetables, of folic acid were cereals and grains and of B12 were dairy and egg products. Overall, this study provides novel information about one-carbon nutrient intakes in pregnancy which are crucial in maternal and child health.