Lors de l’été 1968, des images d’enfants décharnés, souffrant de maladies dues à la malnutrition affluent dans les médias occidentaux. Elles proviennent de la région sud orientale de la Fédération du Nigeria, qui a déclaré son indépendance une année auparavant sous le nom de République du Biafra, où se déroule une guerre civile qui oppose les troupes fédérales aux indépendantistes biafrais. L’émotion suscitée en Occident par les représentations du conflit et de la famine qui l’accompagne engendre la mobilisation de diverses organisations humanitaires, qui mettent sur pied des opérations de secours internationales destinées aux populations civiles. Encore peu étudiées par l’historiographie, la crise du Biafra et les réponses qui y sont apportées par les acteurs occidentaux sont l’objet de cette thèse. La recherche examine tout d’abord comment une guerre civile africaine prend la dimension d’une crise humanitaire internationale. Pour ce faire, elle analyse tant la situation sur place que les acteurs de son internationalisation et ses représentations. Ensuite, afin d’appréhender les opérations de secours dans leur complexité la thèse étudie le processus d’élaboration et le déploiement des réponses occidentales à la crise, ainsi que leur réception au Nigeria dans un contexte post-colonial. Enfin, la thèse questionne les principaux éléments qui ont fait du Biafra un moment charnière de l’histoire de l’humanitaire et met en lumière les reconfigurations des discours et des pratiques de l’aide humanitaire qui s’opèrent à la fin des années 1960. / In the summer of 1968, pictures of emaciated children, suffering from diseases due to malnutrition, poured in western medias. They came from the eastern region of the Federation of Nigeria, which had proclaimed its independence one year before and taken the name of the Republic of Biafra. War and famine that were taking place in the region generated widespread concern in the West, where humanitarian organizations decided to set up international relief operations to help alleviate the suffering of the civilian population. Still understudied by the historiography, the crisis in Biafra and the mobilization of western organizations are the subjects of this PhD. Firstly, the dissertation examines how an African civil war became an international humanitarian crisis. To this purpose, it analyses the situation in the ground, the actors of its internationalization and how it was represented. Secondly, in order to grasp the complexity of humanitarian aid, the dissertation studies the elaboration and the deployment of the relied operations, as well as their reception in Nigeria in a post-colonial context. Finally, the thesis questions why Biafra is usually considered as a turning point in the history of humanitarianism. By so doing, it sheds light on the reconfigurations of the discourses and practices of humanitarian aid that took place in the late 1960’s.

This study examines the Biafran secession of 1967-1970 and how the secessionist government constructed a Biafran identity in its campaign to gain international support for Biafra’s permanent separation from Nigeria. The introductory chapter outlines the role of identity in Nigeria’s twentieth-century political history and discusses the scholarly literature addressing questions of national and ethnic identity and on the Biafran secession. The thesis then provides a historical framework for discussing the evolution of Nigerian political identities and the failures of Nigerian leaders to build a Nigerian nationalism among the region’s numerous identifiable groups in the colonial and early independence eras. Subsequent chapters analyse the Biafran government’s attempts to elide the inherent instability of identity and overcome the dynamic process of identity formation in Nigeria by constructing and promoting a fixed Biafran identity based on cultural characteristics and historical experiences that allegedly distinguished and united the diverse peoples of the secessionist region.

This study examines the Biafran secession of 1967-1970 and how the secessionist government constructed a Biafran identity in its campaign to gain international support for Biafra’s permanent separation from Nigeria. The introductory chapter outlines the role of identity in Nigeria’s twentieth-century political history and discusses the scholarly literature addressing questions of national and ethnic identity and on the Biafran secession. The thesis then provides a historical framework for discussing the evolution of Nigerian political identities and the failures of Nigerian leaders to build a Nigerian nationalism among the region’s numerous identifiable groups in the colonial and early independence eras. Subsequent chapters analyse the Biafran government’s attempts to elide the inherent instability of identity and overcome the dynamic process of identity formation in Nigeria by constructing and promoting a fixed Biafran identity based on cultural characteristics and historical experiences that allegedly distinguished and united the diverse peoples of the secessionist region.

This project looks at the ways the Biafran Government maintained their war machine in spite of the hopeless situation that emerged in the summer of 1968. Ojukwu’s government looked certain to topple at the beginning of the summer of 1968, yet Biafra held on and did not capitulate until nearly two years later, on 15 January 1970. The Ojukwu regime found itself in a serious predicament; how to maintain support for a war that was increasingly costly to the Igbo people, both in military terms and in the menacing face of the starvation of the civilian population. Further, the Biafran government had to not only mobilize a global public opinion campaign against the “genocidal” campaign waged against them, but also convince the world that the only option for Igbo survival was an independent Biafra. Thus it is not enough to look at the international aspects of the war, or to consider the war on a strictly domestic level. By looking at both the internal and external factors that shaped the Biafran propaganda machine and the Biafran war effort and how these efforts influenced international support and galvanized internal resolve to continue fighting, we can see how the Biafran war effort was able to last for twenty months after the fall of Port Harcourt. Recent scholarly and political work, uncovered documents, and the new plethora of memoirs on the Civil War provide us with a veritable treasure trove of data and analysis with which to study the issue of Igbo nationalism and a unique opportunity to create a new vision of secessionist conflict in Africa. This work will thus provide a step in moving away from the long accepted “Tribalism” paradigm that has so long pervaded not only the study of post-colonial Civil Wars in Africa, but more importantly, the discourse in looking at ethnicity, violence and national identity across the continent. Further, by analyzing the ways that the Biafran propaganda machine operated on a nationalist level, we can see the effects of Biafran secession on the broader Igbo national consciousness and the Igbo national movement, as well as on subsequent political movements in Nigeria. / text

La guerre civile du Nigéria est l'un des rares conflits en Afrique à avoir fécondé une littérature si abondante.Romanciers, poètes, dramaturges et essayistes décrivent cette guerre dans leurs écrits selon la sensibilité qui leur est propre. Parmi eux se trouvent Cyprian Ekwensi et Ken Saro-Wiwa dont le rapport à cette guerre est mise en évidence dans l'écriture de ce phénomène. Chacun d'eux utilise des procédés qui rendent bien compte du désordre et du chaos engendrés par ce drame

This study examines the Biafran secession of 1967-1970 and how the secessionist government constructed a Biafran identity in its campaign to gain international support for Biafra’s permanent separation from Nigeria. The introductory chapter outlines the role of identity in Nigeria’s twentieth-century political history and discusses the scholarly literature addressing questions of national and ethnic identity and on the Biafran secession. The thesis then provides a historical framework for discussing the evolution of Nigerian political identities and the failures of Nigerian leaders to build a Nigerian nationalism among the region’s numerous identifiable groups in the colonial and early independence eras. Subsequent chapters analyse the Biafran government’s attempts to elide the inherent instability of identity and overcome the dynamic process of identity formation in Nigeria by constructing and promoting a fixed Biafran identity based on cultural characteristics and historical experiences that allegedly distinguished and united the diverse peoples of the secessionist region.

Submitted by Valquíria Barbieri (kikibarbi@hotmail.com) on 2017-06-01T21:23:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_João Felipe Assis de Freitas.pdf: 1260880 bytes, checksum: 9981df3635cce75a4c3b1642d4c36ebe (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jordan (jordanbiblio@gmail.com) on 2017-06-05T16:33:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_João Felipe Assis de Freitas.pdf: 1260880 bytes, checksum: 9981df3635cce75a4c3b1642d4c36ebe (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-05T16:33:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_João Felipe Assis de Freitas.pdf: 1260880 bytes, checksum: 9981df3635cce75a4c3b1642d4c36ebe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-29 / CAPES / O romance Half of a Yellow Sun, de Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, apresenta uma narrativa em que a experiência dos cronotopos auxilia na compreensão do contexto da Guerra de Biafra (1967-1970). O enredo, estruturado em quatro partes interdependentes, possibilita, pelo menos, dois eixos de observação crítica: a) a percepção da formação das identidades dos sujeitos pós-modernos/pós-coloniais nesse cenário africano e b) a fragmentação da noção de espaço-tempo desses indivíduos. As figuras ficcionais do romance são sujeitos posicionados numa época e local de mudanças, confrontando o deslocamento das antigas tradições culturais africanas e a presença cada vez maior de valores estrangeiros, ocidentais. Portanto, o objetivo do nosso trabalho é o de analisar a construção dos cronotopos a partir de uma perspectiva com base nas personagens Ugwu, Olanna e Richard, bem como em seus respectivos núcleos de participação. Em um ambiente pós-colonial de produção, a obra possibilita ao leitor a oportunidade de conhecer literariamente a estória de um dos maiores traumas do continente africano presenciado por nigerianos e biafrenses e de sentir o sopro do vento da globalização pelas páginas do texto. / Half of a Yellow Sun, a novel authored by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, features a narrative in which the experience of chronotopoi assists in understanding the context of the Biafran War (1967-1970). The plot, divided into four interdependent parts, enables at least two axes of critical observation: a) the perception of the formation of postmodern/post-colonial subjects in an African scenery and b) the fragmentation of the concept of space-time in those individual’s experience. Fictional figures in the novel are positioned in an epoch and place of change and transition, confronting the displacement of ancient African cultural traditions and the increasing presence of foreign, Western values. Therefore, the aim of our work is to analyze the construction of chronotopoi from a perspective based on characters such as Ugwu, Olanna, and Richard, as well as their respective nuclei of participation. In a post-colonial context of production, this novel allows the reader the opportunity to know the literary story of one of the major traumas in the African context witnessed by Nigerians and Biafrans and to feel the breath of the wind of globalization through the pages of the text.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Letras, Letras Estrangeiras e Tradução, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Estudos da Tradução, 2014. / Submitted by Albânia Cézar de Melo (albania@bce.unb.br) on 2014-06-03T15:52:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_AmarilisMacedoLimaLopesAnchieta.pdf: 3016731 bytes, checksum: 9d655c7a5166ef9eebb95c890951f14d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Guimaraes Jacqueline(jacqueline.guimaraes@bce.unb.br) on 2014-06-04T12:09:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_AmarilisMacedoLimaLopesAnchieta.pdf: 3016731 bytes, checksum: 9d655c7a5166ef9eebb95c890951f14d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-04T12:09:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_AmarilisMacedoLimaLopesAnchieta.pdf: 3016731 bytes, checksum: 9d655c7a5166ef9eebb95c890951f14d (MD5) / A obra do escritor nigeriano Chinua Achebe é aclamada e traduzida no mundo inteiro. Assim como outros de sua geração, Achebe tornou-se referência incontornável no que concerne a construção e consolidação da literatura nigeriana. Apesar de ser mais conhecido por seus romances, os contos escritos por Achebe também são objeto de análise para a compreensão do contexto cultural pós-colonial. Este trabalho se propõe a realizar a tradução para o português do Brasil de três dos doze contos da antologia Girls at War and Other Stories, para analisar, então, qual a posição dessas narrativas especificamente no conjunto da obra do autor. Civil Peace (1971), Sugar Baby (1972) e Girls at War (1973) demonstram o trabalho literário de Achebe e marcam também a produção ficcional de Achebe nesse período, após a deflagração da guerra separatista do Biafra (1967 – 1970), em que sua ficção se tornou mais rara. Como estes são os únicos contos que tratam explicitamente do conflito bélico, são marcadamente diferentes dos outros em sua construção linguística, expõem evidências da guerra em seu cerne. O desafio da tradução é destacar essas peculiaridades do texto pós-conflito e demonstrar a dor da guerra também em português. ______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / The work of the Nigerian writer Chinua Achebe is acclaimed and translated worldwide. Like other writers of his generation, Achebe became an essential reference regarding the construction and consolidation of Nigerian literature. Although best known for his novels, the short stories are also analyzed to obtain an understanding of the post-colonial cultural context. This research is based on translating into a Brazilian Portuguese three of the twelve short stories from the anthology, Girls at War and Other Stories (1973), with a view to analyzing the position these narratives in Achebe’s ouvre. Civil Peace (1971), Sugar Baby (1972) and Girls at War (1973) are examples of Achebe’s fictional production, which became rarer after the outbreak of the separatist war in Biafra (1967 - 1970). Since these are the only stories that explicitly deal with the armed conflict, they are markedly different from the others in terms of linguistic construction; the war is evident at the core of the narratives. The challenge of the translation work is to highlight these peculiarities of the post-conflict text and to convay the pain of the war in Portuguese.

Submitted by Andressa Lima (andressa@uepb.edu.br) on 2017-08-22T17:24:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PDFC-DISSERTAÇÃO - FLÁVIA KELLYANE MEDEIROS DA SILVA SANTOS.pdf: 32254630 bytes, checksum: b8a26ff71b8fa2622e8fe0d7818b23d7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Medeiros (luciana@uepb.edu.br) on 2017-08-25T16:12:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 PDFC-DISSERTAÇÃO - FLÁVIA KELLYANE MEDEIROS DA SILVA SANTOS.pdf: 32254630 bytes, checksum: b8a26ff71b8fa2622e8fe0d7818b23d7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-25T16:12:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDFC-DISSERTAÇÃO - FLÁVIA KELLYANE MEDEIROS DA SILVA SANTOS.pdf: 32254630 bytes, checksum: b8a26ff71b8fa2622e8fe0d7818b23d7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-19 / CAPES / The purpose of this research is to investigate how a contemporary African novel develops a critique of the Eurocentric discourse on Africa. The work Half of a Yellow Sun (2008) by Chimamanda Adichie represents the corpus of this study, as it allows us to read a rebuke to the remnants of colonialism in the scenario of the Biafra war. The author's political engagement contributes to the deconstruction of the hegemonic discourse, aiming at destroying the mistaken image of the African world. The situation of African women is the theme and motive of Chimamanda's writing, which rejects the double process of subalternization imposed upon them. The narrative addresses the civil conflict unleashed in Nigeria in the late 1960s, the Biafra War, a clash between ethnic groups, which led the Igbo community to decimation by starvation and lack of weapons. The conflicts had the concurrence of the former settler, England, who crossed arms and ammunition, allowing the disaster occurred in an unequal struggle. The impacts caused by colonization on the African continent, justified by the imperialist discourse, are bluntly rejected in the novel. The analysis is based on postcolonial theory pointing to errors rooted in Western scientific and literary discourses on the history and culture of Africa. In Half Sun Yellow, Olanna and Kainene embark on the struggle for recognition and appreciation of their culture and for the independence of their people, facing the war and the biggest enemy: HUNGER. The African woman, protagonist of the novel, assumes the position of the generals of the war, adopting the command of the familiar and social causes in a context permeated by the human barbarity representing the ruptures with the tradition and the breakdown of Eurocentric paradigms. The theoretical postulates used in the research are proposed by Edward Said (1990, 2011), Homi Bhabha (1998), Ella Shohat and Robert Stam (2006), Gaiatry Spivak (1994,1999), Innocence Mata (2007), Ana Mafalda Leite 2007), Thomas Bonnici (2000, 2003, 2006), Chinua Achebe (2009, 2012) and Ngugi Thiongo (1997). / O objetivo desta pesquisa é investigar a forma como o romance de Chimamanda Adichie (2008) tece críticas severas ao parecer eurocêntrico e difamatório sobre a África e os seus costumes. A obra Meio Sol Amarelo (2008) representa o corpus deste estudo, pois permite ler uma repreensão aos resquícios do colonialismo, no cenário da guerra do Biafra. O engajamento político da autora contribui para a desconstrução do discurso hegemônico, visando a destruição da imagem equivocada do mundo africano. A situação das mulheres africanas é tema e motivo da escrita de Chimamanda, a qual rechaça o duplo processo de subalternização a elas imposto. A narrativa aborda o conflito civil desencadeado na Nigéria, no final dos anos 60, a Guerra de Biafra, embate entre etnias, que levou a comunidade igbo à dizimação pela fome e falta de armas. Os conflitos tiveram o concurso do antigo colonizador, a Inglaterra, que franqueou armas e munições, permitindo o desastre ocorrido em uma luta desigual. Os impactos causados pela colonização no continente africano, justificados pelo discurso imperialista, são rechaçados no romance, de forma contundente. A análise fundamenta-se na teoria pós-colonial apontando erros enraizados nos discursos científicos e literários ocidentais sobre a história e cultura da África. Em Meio Sol Amarelo, Olanna e Kainene lançam-se na luta pelo reconhecimento e valorização de sua cultura e pela independência do seu povo, enfrentando a guerra e o maior inimigo: a FOME. A mulher africana, protagonista do romance, assume a posição dos generais da guerra, adotando o comando das causas familiares e sociais num contexto permeado pela barbárie humana representando as rupturas com a tradição e a quebra de paradigmas eurocêntricos. Os postulados teóricos utilizados na pesquisa são propostos por Edward Said (1990, 2011), Homi Bhabha (1998), Ella Shohat e Robert Stam (2006), Gaiatry Spivak (1994,1999), Inocência Mata (2007), Ana Mafalda Leite (2007), Thomas Bonnici (2000, 2003, 2006), Chinua Achebe (2009, 2012) e Ngugi Thiongo (1997).

This study examines the Biafran secession of 1967-1970 and how the secessionist government constructed a Biafran identity in its campaign to gain international support for Biafra’s permanent separation from Nigeria. The introductory chapter outlines the role of identity in Nigeria’s twentieth-century political history and discusses the scholarly literature addressing questions of national and ethnic identity and on the Biafran secession. The thesis then provides a historical framework for discussing the evolution of Nigerian political identities and the failures of Nigerian leaders to build a Nigerian nationalism among the region’s numerous identifiable groups in the colonial and early independence eras. Subsequent chapters analyse the Biafran government’s attempts to elide the inherent instability of identity and overcome the dynamic process of identity formation in Nigeria by constructing and promoting a fixed Biafran identity based on cultural characteristics and historical experiences that allegedly distinguished and united the diverse peoples of the secessionist region.