O reparo de falhas ósseas tem sido motivo de preocupação e estudos em ortopedia. O enxerto esponjoso autógeno é consagrado e definido como padrão ouro, porém, o leito doador é limitado e a colheita pode causar grande morbidade. Tem sido proposto, ao longo dos anos, o uso de materiais naturais, sintéticos e fatores de crescimento com resultados promissores. O desenvolvimento de membranas e matrizes tridimensionais, baseado em biomateriais reabsorvíveis e biocompatíveis, tem demandado estudos voltados à síntese e avaliação. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o processo de reparação óssea por meio do uso de três polímeros bioativos em falhas ósseas em tíbias de coelhos. Foram estudados 48 coelhos machos, adultos jovens, distribuídos em quatro tempos experimentais (três, sete, 14 e 30 dias). Cada tíbia constituiu uma unidade experimental, de modo que foram confeccionados dois defeitos ósseos monocorticais em região proximal medial de cada tíbia. Cada tempo experimental contemplou quatro grupos: controle - sem adição de biomaterial; M1 - orifícios protegidos com Poli L Lactide co Policaprolactone / Poli Glicol Etilênico; M2 - Poli L Lactide co Policaprolactone / Poli Glicol Etilênico / Fosfato Tricálcico e M3 - Poli L Lactide co Policaprolactone / Poli Glicol Etilênico / nano Hidroxiapatita. Ao final de cada período os indivíduos foram submetidos à eutanásia e obtidos cortes histológicos das tíbias, corados com técnica de HE, TRAP e Masson. Foram feitas análises histomorfológicas descritivas e histomorfométricas, com mensuração do tecido ósseo neoformado, porcentagem da área de trabéculas ósseas, número de osteoclastos e porcentagem de trabéculas ósseas com osteoclastos. Os dados foram submetidos aos testes de Kruskal-Wallis e Mann-Whitney. Os resultados mostraram absorção incompleta da membrana e ausência de toxicidade. Para os períodos de 14 e 30 dias, o grupo controle exibiu matriz óssea no interior do defeito e nos grupos M1, M2 e M3, o calo ósseo formou-se no interior e em grande quantidade na superfície do defeito e no periósteo. Aos 30 dias, o grupo controle exibiu calo ósseo com maturação mais avançada que nos grupos com membranas. Aos 14 e 30 dias, a área de calo ósseo do grupo controle foi significativamente menor em relação aos grupos com membranas (p=0,001 e p=0,003 respectivamente). As lâminas dos grupos com membranas exibiram sinais de remodelação ativa tanto aos 14 como aos 30 dias, denotando o potencial osteoindutor e osteocondutor destes biomateriais. Aos 14 dias a neoformação óssea no grupo M3 (com nano-HA) foi superior ao M2 (com -TCP), o que pode indicar que o potencial osteoindutor e osteocondutor do material M3 foi superior ao M2 nesta fase da reparação. Os resultados permitiram concluir que apesar dos biomateriais testados no experimento estimularem a neoformação óssea, a remodelação foi mais tardia. / Bone gap repairs are a major concern in orthopedics. Autologous cancelous bone graft is considered the golden standard technique, but donation site is limited and its grafting is related to greater morbidity. The use of natural and synthetic materials, as well as growth factors, has been proposed with promising outcomes. The development of membranes and tridimensional matrixes based in reabsorbable and biocompatible materials require more studies targeting their synthesis and evaluation. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the bone repair process using three osteoinductive polymers in circular bone gaps in rabbit\'s tibias. Fourty eight young adult male rabbits were divided into four experimental moments (three, seven, fourteen and thirty days). Each tibia was considered one experimental unit, in which two monocortical bone defects were made in the proximal medial region of the bone. Each experimental time was used in the following four groups: control - without biomaterial; M1 - defects protected with Poli L Lactide co Policaprolactone / Poly Ethylene Glycol; M2 - Poli L Lactide co Policaprolactone / Poly Ethylene Glycol / Tricalcium Phosphate and M3 - Poli L Lactide co Policaprolactone / Poly Ethylene Glycol / Hydroxyapatite. At the end of each period the animals were euthanized and histological sections were stained with HE, TRAP and Masson techniques. Histomorphologic and histomorphometric analysis were made and consisted in the measuring of new bone tissue formation, percentage of trabecular area, number of osteoclast and percentage of trabeculae with osteoclasts. Data were analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney test. Results showed an incomplete absortion and no toxicity of membranes. At 14 and 30 days, control group showed bone callus in the defect, and groups M1, M2 and M3 showed bone callus in the defect and around the surface of the defect. At 30 days, the control group showed bone callus in a more mature phase in comparison to the groups with membranes. At 14 and 30 days, the bone callus area in the control group (p=0.001) was significantly smaller than the membrane groups (p=0.003). The groups with membranes exhibited signs of active remodeling at 14 and 30 days, demonstrating that the biomaterials have greater osteoinduction and osteoconduction potential. At 14 days, we found more bone formation in group M3 (nano-HA) relative to group M2 (-TCP), which may indicate that the osteoinductive / osteoconductive potentials of M3 in this bone repair phase was superior in relation to M2. The biomaterials tested in the study stimulate bone formation, but caused delayed in bone remodeling.

As espécies da família Zingiberaceae são caracterizadas por suas raízes. Constituintes fenóis como curcuminóides e gingeróis destacam-se por suas atividades biológicas. A irradiação de alimentos é um meio de preservação eficiente, porém, é importante garantir que suas propriedades funcionais sejam preservadas. Este trabalho vem avaliar o efeito do processamento por radiação gama de 60Co em doses de 0, 5, 10, 15 e 20kGy sobre espécies de Zingiberaceae: açafrão (Curcuma longa L.), gengibre (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) e zedoária (Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe). A determinação qualitativa do perfil de compostos bioativos foi realizada por cromatografia de camada delgada. A quantificação de compostos fenólicos foi realizada pelo método Folin-Ciocalteu e a avaliação do potencial da atividade antioxidante pelo teste de captação do radical livre [2,2 difenil-1-pricril-hidrazil (DPPH)] e método Rancimat®. A quantificação de curcumina e 6-gingerol foram realizadas por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência. Não houve mudança no perfil fitoquímico das espécies após o tratamento por irradiação. Em relação às amostras controle, houve perdas significativas no teor de compostos fenólicos nas amostras de açafrão nas doses de 15kGy e 20kGy. Ocorreu decréscimo significativo da capacidade de captação do DPPH nos extratos de gengibre irradiados e no extrato de zedoária irradiado com 20kGy. O Índice de Atividade Antioxidante foi significativamente menor nos extratos de açafrão irradiados com 5kGy e 15kGy e nos extratos irradiados de zedoária. A quantificação de curcumina foi significativamente menor nos extratos de açafrão irradiados com 15 kGy e não houve diferença significativa na quantificação de 6-gingerol entre os extratos de gengibre. Conclui-se que a tecnologia de processamento de Zingiberaceae por radiação gama pode ser viável para as indústrias. Para segurança da manutenção da atividade antioxidante as doses devem ser de até 10kGy. / The species of Zingiberaceae family are characterized for rhizome. Phenolic constituents like curcuminoids and gingerols have had reports of biological activities. Food irradiation is an effective means of preservation, however it is important to ensure that their functional properties are not compromised. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of gamma radiation from 60Co in doses of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 kGy on species of Zingiberaceae: turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) and zedoaria (Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe). The qualitative determination of bioactive compounds profile was performed by thin layer chromatography. The quantification of phenolic compounds was performed by Folin-Ciocalteu method and assessing the potential of antioxidant activity by the free radical [2,2 difenil-1-pricril-hidrazil (DPPH)] scavenging and by Rancimat® method. The curcumin and 6-gingerol quantification was performed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Compared to control, there were significant losses of total phenolic compounds in turmeric samples irradiated with 15kGy and 20kGy. There were significant decreases in the ability to scavenge DPPH in irradiated ginger extracts and zedoaria extract irradiated with 20kGy. The Antioxidant Activity Index was significantly lower in 5kGy and 15kGy irradiated turmeric extracts and in irradiated zedoaria extracts. The curcumin quantification was significantly lower in 15kGy irradiated turmeric extracts and there was no significant difference in the 6-gingerol quantification between ginger extracts. It is concluded that gamma radiation processing technology in Zingiberaceae can be viable for industry. To maintain safety of antioxidant activity it should be applied doses up 10kGy.

Foi estudada a ação de preenchimento e de osteocondução em perfurações em tíbias de coelhos, que receberam a aplicação de um biovidro em pó cuja composição é (teor % m/m): 45,9 SiO2, 23,9 Na2O, 21,6 CaO e 7,54 P2O5. Foram realizadas perfurações nas tuberosidades das tíbias direitas de 24 coelhos, machos, adultos da raça Nova Zelândia, com peso entre 2,6 e 4,0 quilogramas. Foi utilizado sangue do próprio coelho misturado ao vidro para facilitar a colocação do material nas perfurações. Foram realizadas radiografias, microscopia de luz comum, microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e espectroscopia dispersiva de raios-X buscando revelar a interação do vidro com o osso. A caracterização do material foi realizada por meio das técnicas de análise térmica diferencial, difração de raios-X, MEV e avaliação do potencial de citotoxicidade in vitro do material. Os resultados indicam que o material não sofreu rejeição pelo organismo dos coelhos e que houve formação de osso na região em que foi implantado o material. Foi observada a presença de células ósseas e de tecido osteóide bem irrigados. / In this research were studied both filling and osteoconduction action in rabbit tibiae, which received a powder bioactive glass of de following composition (45,9% SiO2, 23,9% Na2O, 21,6% CaO, 7,54% P2O5, all in wt%). It was carried out in right tibiae tuberosity perfurations of 24 New Zealand white, male, mature rabbits weighing between 2.6 e 4.0 Kg. There was used animal’s autologous blood mixed with bioactive glass to facilitate its placed in tibia. It were observed in tibia tuberosity perfurations findings by means of radiography, light microscopy, SEM and EDS to show bone tissue and bioactive glass interaction. Material characterization was made by chemical composition analysis, SEM, DTA, XRD analysis and evaluation of cytotoxicity potential in vitro. Results indicated that material was biocompatible and acted as a osteoconductive material. Both bone cells and osteid tissue were found with satisfactory blood irrigation.

Enamel damage and demineralisation are common complications associated with fixed orthodontic appliances. In particular, the clean-up of adhesive remnants after debonding is a recognised cause of enamel damage. Furthermore, fixed attachments offer retentive areas for accumulation of cariogenic bacteria leading to enamel demineralisation and formation of white spot lesions (WSLs). Bioactive glasses may be used to remove adhesives, preserving the integrity of the enamel surface, while also having the potential to induce enamel remineralisation, although their efficacy in both respects has received little attention. A systematic review evaluating the remineralisation potential of bioactive glasses was first undertaken. No prospective clinical studies were identified; however, a range of in vitro studies with heterogeneous designs were identified, largely providing encouraging results. A series of glasses was prepared with molar compositions similar to 45S5 (SylcTM; proprietary bioactive glass) but with constant fluoride, reduced silica and increased sodium and phosphate contents. These glasses were characterised in several tests and the most promising selected. This was designed with hardness lower than that of enamel and higher than orthodontic adhesives. Its effectiveness in terms of removal of composite- and glass ionomer- based orthodontic adhesives was evaluated against SylcTM and a tungsten carbide (TC) bur. This novel glass was subsequently used for remineralisation of artificially-induced orthodontic WSLs on extracted human teeth. The novel glass propelled via the air-abrasion system selectively removed adhesives without inducing tangible physical enamel damage compared to SylcTM and the conventional TC bur. It also remineralised WSLs with surface roughness and intensity of light backscattering similar to sound enamel. In addition, mineral deposits were detected on remineralised enamel surfaces; these acted as a protective layer on the enamel surface and improved its hardness. This layer was rich in calcium, phosphate, and fluoride; 19F MAS-NMR, confirmed the formation of fluorapatite. This is particularly beneficial since fluorapatite is more chemically stable than hydroxyapatite and has more resistance to acid attack. Hence, a promising bioactive glass has been developed.

Objectives: 1) To develop and investigate the bioactivities of a novel bioactive glass (BAG) composite designed as an orthodontic adhesive. 2) To investigate the preventive effect, and to test the bond strength of the adhesive. Methods: A novel, calcium and phosphate rich, and fluoride containing, bioactive glass (BAG) was prepared via the melt quench route and incorporated into an experimental resin to produce a light cured paste. The ratio of the resin to the powder was 20:80% respectively. The BAG powder was gradually replaced by a high fluoride and silica content glass (HSG) from 80%, to 60%, 50%, 40%, 25% and 0%. 90 disks (1.26mm thickness and 10mm diameter) were produced from each composition to be immersed in 3 solutions (demineralising artificial saliva pH=4 (AS4), remineralising artificial saliva pH=7 (AS7) and Tris buffer (TB) pH=7.3, 10 ml each. Measurements were taken at 10 time points (from 6 hours to 6 months) in 3 replicas in each solution. Ion release study was determined by ISE and ICP, and pH monitoring was conducted on the resulting solutions. Immersed disks were studied by FTIR, XRD, MAS-NMR and SEM for apatite formation. XMT were used to study the effects of this material on demineralisation/remineralisation in human enamel. Shear bond strength of the adhesive on bovine enamel were studied in different conditions using an Instron machine. Results: The pH increased with time for all the samples with BAG in all solutions and was linearly correlated to BAG loading. Ion release results revealed that the composite disks release up to 15ppm F-, 450ppm Ca2+ and 10ppm PO43- ions, and the release pattern is directly related to the immersion time, with the highest release found in AS4. FTIR spectra, XRD patterns and SEM images showed formation of apatite on all the BAG-resin disks, especially in AS4 and this increase with time. The MAS-NMR spectra indicated fluorapatite was also formed. The XMT studies showed that the novel material reduces demineralisation around the brackets by 80%. The shear bond strength of this novel material was comparable to that of Transbond XT. Conclusion: The novel BAG composites have significant long term releases of F-, Ca2+ and PO43- ions, especially in acidic conditions and form apatite (including FAP) in acidic and neutral solutions. This implies that the material has the potential as an orthodontic adhesive that can prevent white spot lesions around brackets.

Ever since Hench et al. first discovered bioactive glass in 1969, extensive interest was created because of the materials ability to chemically bond with living tissue. In this project the bioactivity of three different compositions of the bioactive glass Na2O-CaO-SiO2 have been studied. The compositions of the different glasses were A (25% Na2O, 25% CaO and 50% SiO2), B (22.5% Na2O, 22.5% CaO and 55% SiO2) and C (20% Na2O, 20% CaO and 60% SiO2). Their bioactivity was tested through biomimetic evaluation, in this case by soaking samples of each glass in simulated body fluid (SBF) and phosphate buffered saline (PBS). After soaking, the samples were analyzed with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), Grazing Incidence X-ray Diffraction (GIXRD) and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) to analyze if hydroxyapatite formed on the glass surfaces. Both the A and B glass showed bioactivity in SBF and PBS, while the C glass did not. Further work is necessary to determine which of the A and B glass has the highest apatite formability and the reason why the C glass were not bioactive.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Atualmente à crescente a busca por uma alimentaÃÃo mais saudÃvel e com isso surge a possibilidade da inclusÃo de frutos e hortaliÃas nos hÃbitos alimentares. A manga à um fruto bastante consumido e produzido no Brasil e os minimamente processados (MP) representam praticidade porque sÃo produtos que jà vem prontos para consumo, sem perda de tempo com operaÃÃes de descasque, corte, etc. Durante as etapas de processamento hà um estresse dos tecidos, que leva à geraÃÃo de radicais livres que podem causar a degradaÃÃo do fruto, por isso, se faz necessÃrio a utilizaÃÃo de tratamentos capazes de minimizar as perdas de qualidade. Nesse contexto surge o ultrassom (US) que à uma tecnologia emergente com potencial de exploraÃÃo e utilizaÃÃo. As ondas ultrassÃnicas provocam principalmente a compressÃo e expansÃo dos tecidos, cujos resultados vÃo depender da matriz alimentar. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do US na qualidade de mangas âTommy Atkinsâ MP, analisando o sistema de defesa antioxidante, componentes do metabolismo oxidativo e a atividade de enzimas hidrolÃticas da parede celular. Para tanto, as amostras foram expostas à sonicaÃÃo na frequÃncia de 25 kHz por 30 minutos em banho de US. Observouâse que o tratamento causou uma reduÃÃo na acidez titulÃvel (AT) e nos sÃlidos solÃveis (SS), porÃm apÃs sete dias de armazenamento a 4 oC, manteve elevada a relaÃÃo SS/AT (46,54). Os teores de aÃÃcares tambÃm foram reduzidos (15%), bem como Ãgua foi incorporada (4,6%), o que mostra uma modificaÃÃo na estrutura celular, que pode ser comprovada pelo decrÃscimo na firmeza apÃs sete dias (de 241,73 para 139,38 N) e aumento na atividade da pectinametilesterase. A cor foi degradada apÃs sete dias (∆L = 3,24 e ∆C = 4,42), resultando em escurecimento, contudo as amostras controle tambÃm escureceram. Em relaÃÃo ao sistema antioxidante, nÃo houve grandes modificaÃÃes, tendo em vista ser um fator benÃfico se comparado a outros mÃtodos de conservaÃÃo, com destaque apenas para a perda de vitamina C (de 328,10 para 190,18 mg Ãcido ascÃrbico/kg matÃria fresca (MF)). Houve ainda reduÃÃo na peroxidaÃÃo de lipÃdios de membrana com o tratamento (de 23,58 para 18 ηmol MDA/g MF). Concluiâse com base neste estudo, que a aplicaÃÃo de US em mangas âTommy Atkinsâ MP tem seus pontos negativos na firmeza e na cor, contudo, nÃo afetou drasticamente os sistemas antioxidante enzimÃtico e nÃo enzimÃtico, alÃm de levar a uma reduÃÃo no teor de aÃÃcar. Todavia, fica claro a necessidade de explorar esta tecnologia na fisiologia pÃsâcolheita de frutos, assim como, otimizar e combinar a tÃcnica com outros processos que diminuam seus efeitos negativos e favoreÃam os positivos. / Currently is growing to search for healthier eating with that comes the possibility for inclusion of fruits and vegetables in the diet. Mango fruit is widely consumed and produced in Brazil and fresh â cut (FC) represents convenience because them are products that comes ready for consumption without loss of time with operations peeling, cutting, etc., and these steps there is a stress tissue leading to generation of free radicals that can lead to a degradation fruit, so it is necessary a type of processing that minimize the loss of quality and yet ensures the safety of the final product. In this context arises the ultrasound (US) that is an emerging technology that has potential for exploitation and utilization. The ultrasonic waves cause primarily tissue compression and expansion, whose the results will depend on the food matrix. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of US in quality of FC 'Tommy Atkins' mangoes, analyzing the antioxidant defense system, metabolism oxidative compounds and the activity of cell wall hydrolytic enzymes. The samples were exposed to 25 kHz frequency sonication for 30 minutes in US bath. It was observed tha t the treatment caused a reduction in titratable acidity (TA) and soluble solids (SS), but after seven days of storage at 4 o C, maintaining the high SS/TA ratio (46.54). The sugars was also reduced (15%) and water incorporated (4.6%), which indicates a change in cell structure, that can be evidenced by decreased in firmness after seven days (from 241.73 to 139.38 N) and increased activity of pectinmethylesterase. The color wa s degraded after seven days (ΔL = 3.24 and ΔC = 4.42), resulting in darkening, but the control samples also darkened. In relation to the antioxidant system, there were no significant changes in order to be a beneficial factor compared to other preservation methods, particularly only to the loss of vitamin C (328.10 to 190.18 mg ascorbic acid/kg weight fresh (WF), still there was a reduction in lipid peroxidation of membrane (from 23.58 to 18 η mol MDA/g WF). It concluded to base on this study, FC 'Tommy Atkins' mango has its drawbacks on firmness and color, however, did not affect severely the enzymatic and non â enzymatic antioxidant x systems, and lead to a reduction in sugar content. However, it is clear the necessitate to explore the application of this technology in post harvest fruits physiology as well as to optimize and to combine the technique with other processes that reduce their negative effects and promote the positives.

O benefício do consumo de compostos bioativos, como os carotenóides, tem sido amplamente demonstrado pela literatura científica. No entanto, alguns destes bioativos (como os carotenos), devido à sua hidrofobicidade, apresentam dificuldades para serem incorporados em formulações alimentícias aquosas, além de serem, dependendo da matriz alimentícia na qual estão inseridos, dificilmente absorvidos no tratogastrointestinal - ou seja, possuem limitada biodisponibilidade. Tais problemas podem ser contornados através da micro e da nanoencapsulação. O presente trabalho de Mestrado teve como objetivo utilizar a triestearina e o ácido esteárico para a encapsulação do beta-caroteno em micro e nanopartículas lipídicas sólidas, a caracterização físico-química das estruturas formadas e a avaliação da estabilidade química e microestrutural das mesmas. Nos sistemas microparticulados de ácido esteárico (AE) foi utilizado como tensoativo o polisorbato 80 e foram produzidos com 4 e 6% de lipídio, na ausência e na presença de alfa-tocoferol, e todos se mostram extremamente estáveis em relação à distribuição do tamanho médio das partículas, mas somente as partículas que continham alfa-tocoferol conseguiram preservar o beta-caroteno ao longo do período de 7 meses de armazenagem. No caso das micropartículas de triestearina também foram produzidos sistema com 4 e 6% de lipídio total, e a presença do hidrocolóide goma xantana foi essencial para evitar a floculação e permitir a estabilidade do sistema, e foram testadas formulações contendo misturas de tensoativos fosfatidilcolina de soja e polisorbato 60 e fosfatidilcolina de soja e polisorbato 20. Dentre tais sistemas, somente as micropartículas sólidas estabilizadas com polisorbato 60 se mostraram estáveis em relação ao tamanho médio das partículas, e o sistema com menor quantidade de lipídio manteve-se resistente à floculação até o 4º mês de estocagem. Sistemas nanoparticulados foram produzidos com 6% de lipídio total, testando-se uma e duas passagens no homogeneizador à alta pressão. Os dados obtidos indicaram que as nanopartículas lipídicas de AE não diferiram em relação à distribuição de tamanho, mas apresentaram aumento do diâmetro de partícula ao longo do tempo de estocagem. Por sua vez, para as nanopartículas de triestearina os sistemas (tanto com uma quanto com duas passagens no homogeneizador a alta pressão) se mostraram estáveis até cerca de dois meses de armazenagem, em termos de diâmetro médio de partícula, sendo que a distribuição de tamanho se mostrou mais homogênea para o sistema com duas passagens. A microestrutura de todos os sistemas foi avaliada por difratometria de raio-X (DRX) e calorimetria diferencial de varredura (DSC), e a quantidade de beta-caroteno preservada ao longo do tempo foi monitorada espectofometricamente e por colorimetria instrumental. De maneira geral, os sistemas microparticulados se mostraram melhores do que os nanoparticulados, tanto do ponto de vista de estabilidade da estrutura quanto da preservação do beta-caroteno. / The benefits from the consumption of bioactive compounds, like carotenoids, have been widely demonstrated for scientific literature. However, some of this compounds (like carotenes), due totheir hydrophobicity, are difficult to be incorporated in aqueous food formulations, and, depending on the food matrices where they are introduced, are hardly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract - in order words, they present limited bioavailability. These problems can be overcome by micro and nanoencapsulation. In this context, the objective of this study was to investigate the temporal stability of beta-carotene encapsulated in solid lipid micro and nano particles produced with a mixture of stearic acid or tristearin and sunflower oil, monitoring the microstructure of the systems by X-ray diffractometry, differential scanning calorimetry, zeta potential and particle size measurements, and try to link the preservation of beta-carotene with microstructural considerations. The surfactant used for the stearic acid microparticulate systems was polysorbate 80 and formulations with 4 and 6% of total lipid were produced, in the absence and presence of alpha-tocopherol, and all systems showed high stability in terms of average particle diameter and size distribution, but only the particles containing alpha-tocopherol preserved the content of beta-carotene during the storage period of 7 months In the case of the tristearin microparticles the presence of a hydrocolloid (xanthan gum) was essential for avoid flocculation and improves the system stability, and formulations containing mixtures of surfactants (soybean phosphatidylcholine and polysorbate 60 and phosphatidylcholine and polysorbate 20) were tested. Among such systems, only the solidmicroparticles stabilized with phosphatidylcholine and polysorbate 60 showed stability in terms of average particle diameter and size distribution, and the system with less concentration of solid lipid did not show significant destabilization until the 4th month of storage. As for the nanoparticulated systems, formulations with 6% of total lipid were produced, testing one and two passages in high pressure homogenizer. Our results indicated the stearic acid solid nanoparticles did not exhibitalterations of size distribution, but average particle diameter increased along the time. On the other hand, the triestearin nanoparticles (both with one and two passage in high pressure homogeneizer) showed stability until two months of storage, in terms of average particle diameter, and the size distribution demonstrated to be more homogeneous for the systems submitted to two passages. As an overall conclusion, the microparticulated systems seemed to be more stable than the nanoparticulated ones, from the point of view of structure stability as well as in terms of beta-carotene preservation of beta-carotene.

As espécies da família Zingiberaceae são caracterizadas por suas raízes. Constituintes fenóis como curcuminóides e gingeróis destacam-se por suas atividades biológicas. A irradiação de alimentos é um meio de preservação eficiente, porém, é importante garantir que suas propriedades funcionais sejam preservadas. Este trabalho vem avaliar o efeito do processamento por radiação gama de 60Co em doses de 0, 5, 10, 15 e 20kGy sobre espécies de Zingiberaceae: açafrão (Curcuma longa L.), gengibre (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) e zedoária (Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe). A determinação qualitativa do perfil de compostos bioativos foi realizada por cromatografia de camada delgada. A quantificação de compostos fenólicos foi realizada pelo método Folin-Ciocalteu e a avaliação do potencial da atividade antioxidante pelo teste de captação do radical livre [2,2 difenil-1-pricril-hidrazil (DPPH)] e método Rancimat®. A quantificação de curcumina e 6-gingerol foram realizadas por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência. Não houve mudança no perfil fitoquímico das espécies após o tratamento por irradiação. Em relação às amostras controle, houve perdas significativas no teor de compostos fenólicos nas amostras de açafrão nas doses de 15kGy e 20kGy. Ocorreu decréscimo significativo da capacidade de captação do DPPH nos extratos de gengibre irradiados e no extrato de zedoária irradiado com 20kGy. O Índice de Atividade Antioxidante foi significativamente menor nos extratos de açafrão irradiados com 5kGy e 15kGy e nos extratos irradiados de zedoária. A quantificação de curcumina foi significativamente menor nos extratos de açafrão irradiados com 15 kGy e não houve diferença significativa na quantificação de 6-gingerol entre os extratos de gengibre. Conclui-se que a tecnologia de processamento de Zingiberaceae por radiação gama pode ser viável para as indústrias. Para segurança da manutenção da atividade antioxidante as doses devem ser de até 10kGy. / The species of Zingiberaceae family are characterized for rhizome. Phenolic constituents like curcuminoids and gingerols have had reports of biological activities. Food irradiation is an effective means of preservation, however it is important to ensure that their functional properties are not compromised. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of gamma radiation from 60Co in doses of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 kGy on species of Zingiberaceae: turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) and zedoaria (Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe). The qualitative determination of bioactive compounds profile was performed by thin layer chromatography. The quantification of phenolic compounds was performed by Folin-Ciocalteu method and assessing the potential of antioxidant activity by the free radical [2,2 difenil-1-pricril-hidrazil (DPPH)] scavenging and by Rancimat® method. The curcumin and 6-gingerol quantification was performed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Compared to control, there were significant losses of total phenolic compounds in turmeric samples irradiated with 15kGy and 20kGy. There were significant decreases in the ability to scavenge DPPH in irradiated ginger extracts and zedoaria extract irradiated with 20kGy. The Antioxidant Activity Index was significantly lower in 5kGy and 15kGy irradiated turmeric extracts and in irradiated zedoaria extracts. The curcumin quantification was significantly lower in 15kGy irradiated turmeric extracts and there was no significant difference in the 6-gingerol quantification between ginger extracts. It is concluded that gamma radiation processing technology in Zingiberaceae can be viable for industry. To maintain safety of antioxidant activity it should be applied doses up 10kGy.

Thesis (Master of Engineering in Chemical Engineering)--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018. / Brewer’s spent grain (BSG), a solid residue obtained from brewing beer, is gaining attention in the food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industry due to its use as natural source of colorants, texturisers, functional ingredients and preservatives. It is therefore necessary to develop an economically viable method for the extraction, isolation or enrichment of these compounds. Although literature shows the technical feasibility of extraction of bioactive compounds from BSG at laboratory bench scale, none of the reviewed literature could provide adequate information necessary to determine the economic feasibility of the process at commercial scale. The aim of this study was to investigate the technical and economic viability of a commercial process for the recovery of antioxidant rich polyphenolic compounds from brewers spent grain using organic solvents and/or water. The objectives were to select the best solvent, perform the optimisation and kinetic study, as well as to model and simulate the extraction process with the aim of performing an economic analysis. In selecting the best solvent, maceration and soxhlet extraction were used for the recovery of polyphenolic compounds. Acetone and acetone: water mixtures, ethanol and ethanol: water mixtures as well as pure water were used as solvents. The evaluation of the best solvent was measured by the total phenolic content (TPC), flavonol content, the antioxidant activity using 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. The study performed optimisation for various operational parameters (time, temperature, solvent to feed ratio and shaking speed) using response surface method. The effect of temperature on the extraction kinetics was also investigated with experiments being carried out at 20°C, 40°C and 80°C. Antioxidant activity was detected in all BSG extracts, but water showed the highest global yield and rates of extraction. The optimum conditions were found at 15 min reaction time, temperature of 40 °C, shaking speed of 185 rpm and solvent to solid ratio of 27.5: 1. So-Macdonald model was a suitable fit for the experimental data with a R2-value range of (0.85 < r2 < 0.995). A processing scenario was proposed as a base case, upon which subsequent scenarios were generated to improve the operation or the economics. SuperPro Designer® (Intelligen, Inc) was used for modelling the proposed process, for simulation and for the economic evaluation. Four alternative schemes from the base case simulation were developed for optimisation of the process. The process was found to be economically feasible and attractive with a return of investment (ROI) of 48.45 % for alternative scheme 4. The results in this thesis highlight the likely economic feasibility of the extraction of polyphenolic compounds from BSG at commercial scale by the maceration method.