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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
461

Biodiesel quality sensing using spectroscopy and artificial intelligence /

Zawadzki, Artur Konrad. January 1900 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D., Biological and Agricultural Engineering)--University of Idaho, May 2008. / Major professor: Dev S. Shrestha. Includes bibliographical references. Also available online (PDF file) by subscription or by purchasing the individual file.
462

Biodiesel synthesis and impact of cold flow additives /

Chiu, Chuang-Wei, January 2004 (has links)
Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2004. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.
463

An impact analysis on how biodiesel demand affects the fats and oils market

Green, Travis. January 2008 (has links)
Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008. / The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on August 12, 2009) Includes bibliographical references.
464

Supported phosphate and carbonate salts for heterogeneous catalysts of triglycerides to fatty acid methyl esters

Britton, Stephanie Lynne. January 2007 (has links)
Thesis (Ph.D.)-- University of Wisconsin--Madison, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references.
465

Biodiesel synthesis and impact of cold flow additives

Chiu, Chuang-Wei, January 2004 (has links)
Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2004. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.
466

The invasion potential and competitive ability of Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz (camelina) in rangeland ecosystems

Davis, Philip Browning. January 2010 (has links) (PDF)
Thesis (MS)--Montana State University--Bozeman, 2010. / Typescript. Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Fabian D. Menalled. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 82-96).
467

Bioconversion of biodiesel-derived crude glycerol waste to 1,3 propanediol and gellan using adapted bacterial isolates

Raghunandan, Kerisha 19 September 2013 (has links)
Submitted in complete fulfilment for the Degree of Master of Technology: Biotechnology, Durban University of Technology, 2013. / The continual growth of the global biodiesel industry has resulted in a proportional increase in crude glycerol production. The by-production of glycerol waste during the manufacture of biodiesel has, with recent research, proven to hold use as a feedstock for the production of several commodity chemicals. The conversion of glycerol may be carried out by both chemical as well as biological means. The biological conversion of glycerol surpasses chemical conversion with respect to higher yield and selectivity, normal reaction conditions and the use of cheaper biological catalysts. Many microorganisms are known to convert glycerol to different value added products. This study involved the isolation of bacteria from soil and crude glycerol from a local biodiesel plant. Isolates were then used to convert crude glycerol supplemented with salts and a nitrogen source into commercially viable products. Isolates which successfully degraded glycerol were then identified via 16S PCR. A strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae, which is a known producer of 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PDO), was isolated from soil and two strains of Sphingomonas sp., which is a known gellan producer, was isolated from biodiesel waste. Gellan is an exopolysaccharide used in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries sold commercially as a product known as Gelrite or Gelzan while 1,3-PDO is an important component of fuels and polyesters (used widely in the petroleum industry) and is currently chemically produced. Using crude glycerol for producing 1,3-PDO is a good solution from an economic as well as ecological point of view. K. pneumoniae, Sphingomonas psueudosanguinis and Sphingomonas yabuuchiae were subjected to a series of shake flask fermentations in order to determine optimal growth conditions. This microoganism was able to successfully produce significant amounts of 1,3-PDO and lactic acid using crude glycerol (80 g/l), without pre-treatment (37 and 6.8 g/l respectively). S psueudosanguinis and S. yabuuchiae were both able to produce two of the highest amounts of gellan gum than that reported by other studies using crude glycerol (80 g/l) as a sole carbon source in a minimal medium (50.9 and 52.6 g/l respectively). / National Research Foundation
468

Purificação de glicerina gerada na produção de biodiesel utilizando argilas montmorilonitas - bentonitas

Krügel, Marlus January 2015 (has links)
Orientador : Profª Drª. Regina Maria Matos Jorge / Coorientadores: Prof. Dr. Juarez Souza de Oliveira e Profª Drª. Arislete Dantas de Aquino / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Tecnologia, Programa de Mestrado Profissional em Meio Ambiente Urbano e Industrial. Defesa: Curitiba: 25/02/2015 / Inclui referências : p. 90-98 / Resumo: A glicerina bruta é uma matéria-prima que tem grande aplicabilidade em uma variedade de produtos e processos industriais. Ainda que contenha uma grande quantidade de contaminantes, este composto é largamente comercializado. Entretanto, se purificada o seu valor agregado aumenta. A glicerina, dentre outros processos de obtenção é originada da transesterificação de óleos e gorduras residuais, geralmente para a produção de biodiesel. A Lei Federal do Brasil 11.097 de 13 de janeiro de 2005 obrigou a partir de 2008, o acréscimo de 2% de biodiesel no diesel comum com o aumento para 5% em 2010 chegando ao percentual de 7% em novembro de 2014. Devido a este aumento de produção de biodiesel tornou-se necessário novas rotas de purificação bem como a utilização dos seus subprodutos. O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o processo de purificação da glicerina originada da produção de biodiesel utilizando a adsorção em argila bentonita. A glicerina foi inicialmente pré-purificada para a remoção dos ácidos graxos, álcool e catalisador resultante da reação de transesterificação. As argilas bentonitas foram caracterizadas físico-quimicamente após serem ativadas termicamente a temperaturas de 400ºC e 500ºC. O método de adsorção utilizado foi o difuso que consiste no aquecimento e contato direto do adsorvato com o adsorvente sob agitação seguido de filtração a vácuo. Além das argilas bentonitas também utilizouse carvão ativado para a comparação variando a concentração destes materiais em 5%, 10% e 15%. As amostras de glicerina purificadas foram caracterizadas segundo os parâmetros de umidade, índice de acidez, ponto de fulgor, teor de cinzas sulfatadas, densidade, índice de refração à 20ºC, teor de glicerol pelo método titulométrico e também por espectrofotometria. As argilas bentonitas foram caracterizadas conforme os parâmetros de: constituição mineralógica por difração de raios-X, análise termogravimétrica, calorimetria exploratória diferencial, materiais voláteis à 900ºC, potencial hidrogeniônico e densidade absoluta. Com os resultados obtidos através das metodologias aplicadas para a avaliação da purificação da glicerina foi observado que a melhor concentração de argila para a purificação deve ser menor do que 5%. Com a ativação termica ocorreu uma melhoria significativa no processo de adsorção, exceto para o índice de acidez. Os resultados obtidos pela densidade e índice de refração à 20ºC, para a quantificação de teor de glicerol presente na glicerina monstraram-se práticas de baixo custo operacional frente aos outros métodos disponíveis como a cromatografia gasosa. Palavras chaves: biodiesel, adsorção, e glicerol. / Abstract: Crude glycerin is a raw material that has great use in a variety of industrial processes and products. Although containing a large amount of contaminants, it is widely commercialized. However, its value increases if it is purified. Glycerin can be obtained from the transesterification of oils and waste fats, generally for the production of biodiesel, as well as from other processes. The Brazilian Federal Law 11.097, from January 13 of 2005, made it mandatory that an amount of 2% of biodiesel should be added to regular diesel. This amount was raised to 5% on 2010, and then to 7% on November 2014. Due to this increase in biodiesel production, further purification routes became necessary, as well as the use of its by-products. This study aims to evaluate the purification process of glycerin originated from biodiesel production using adsorption on bentonite clay. The glycerin was first prepurified to remove the fatty acids, alcohol and catalyst resulted from the transesterification reaction. Bentonite clays were characterized physico-chemically after being thermally activated at temperatures of 400ºC and 500ºC. The adsorption method used was the diffuse one, which consists in heating the adsorbate and promoting its direct contact with the adsorbent through stirring followed by vacuum filtration. Besides bentonite clays, it was also used activated carbon for comparison purpose. The concentration used of these materials was of 5%, 10% and 15%. The purified glycerin samples were characterized for moisture parameters, acid value, flash point, sulfated ash content, density, refractive index at 20ºC, glycerol content by titration method and also by spectrophotometry. Bentonite clays were grouped according to the following parameters: mineral composition by X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, volatiles at 900ºC, hydrogen potential and absolute density. With the results obtained from the methods applied for evaluating the glycerin purification, it was observed that the best clay concentration for the purification should be below 5%. With the thermal activation, it was observed a significant improvement in the adsorption process, except for the acid number. The results obtained by the density and refractive index at 20ºC for the quantification of the glycerol content in the glycerin revealed that these practices have a low operational cost when compared with other available methods, such as gas chromatography. Keywords: biodiesel, adsorption, and glycerol.
469

Caracterização e quantificação de antioxidantes em microemulsão a/o de biodiesel por eletroforese capilar e voltametria

Casagrande, Marcella January 2012 (has links)
Métodos voltamétricos e por cromatografia capilar eletrocinética em microemulsão (MEEKC) com detecção UV foram empregados neste estudo para desenvolver metodologia de análise direta dos antioxidantes BHA, TBHQ, BHT e PG em biodiesel, sem extração ou pré-concentração, empregando a técnica de adição de padrão. Água, SDS e n-pentanol constituem a microemulsão do tipo água em óleo (ME a/o) na qual foi dissolvida a amostra de biodiesel. Nesse meio, a partição dos analitos ocorre entre a fase contínua da ME e as gotículas de água. Tanto medidas por voltametria potenciodinâmica como de pulso diferencial indicaram uma relação linear entre o teor de TBHQ no meio e a corrente de oxidação, obtendo-se, a partir das curvas analíticas, concentrações em biodiesel de mesma ordem de grandeza, o que evidencia a viabilidade dessa determinação.Nos ensaios por MEEKC, não foi possível separar os antioxidantes BHA, TBHQ e BHT, provavelmente por terem mobilidades semelhantes às dos ésteres do biodiesel, nas condições dos experimentos.A adição de trietilamina (TEA) à ME a/o, visando obter o ânion correspondente ao PG, permitiu sua separação e identificação com um tempo de retenção de 17 minutos e tempo de migração relativo 0,23. A reação entre o PG e a TEA foi confirmada por espectrometria de absorção no UV-Vis. Ainda, as baixas condutividades das MEs a/o contendo biodiesel evitaram o efeito antistacking, favorecendo seu uso na análise direta de antioxidantes por voltametria e MEEKC. / Voltammetry and microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography (MEEKC) with UV detection were employed in this study aiming the direct analysis of the antioxidants BHA, TBHQ, BHT and PG in biodiesel, without pre-concentration or extraction, using the standard addition method. The biodiesel sample was dissolved in a water-in-oil microemulsion (w/o ME) containing water, n-pentanol and SDS. In this medium, the partitioning of the analytes takes place between the w/o ME continuous phase and the disperded water droplets. Determination of the TBHQ content in biodiesel, either through potentiodynamic voltammetry or differential pulse voltammetry indicated a linear relationship between the oxidation current and the concentration of the antioxidant. The results obtained from the analytical curves showed concentrations of the analyte in biodiesel of the same order of magnitude, evidencing the viability of the procedure. Separation of the antioxidants BHA, BHT and TBHQ were not feasible through MEEKC, probably because their mobilities are similar to those of the biodiesel esters under the experimental conditions employed. Addition of triethylamine (TEA) to the w/o ME, in order to obtain the PG corresponding anion, allowed its separation and identification with a retention time of 17 minutes and a relative migration time of 0.23. The reaction between PG and TEA in the w/o ME was confirmed by UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. Still, the low conductivities of the w/o MEs containing biodiesel avoided antistacking effect, thus favoring the direct analysis of antioxidants by voltammetry and MEEKC.
470

Plastificantes e polímeros obtidos do óleo de soja e seu biodiesel epoxidados, utilizando anidrido succínico / 2-metilimidazol e 4,4-difenildiaminometano

Angeloni, Luiz Mario January 2016 (has links)
Polímeros e plastificantes derivados do óleo de soja epoxidado (OSE) e do biodiesel epoxidado de soja (BDES), utilizando anidrido succínico (ASUC) e 4,4-diaminodifenilmetano (DDM) foram produzidos. Os óleos vegetais modificados quimicamente apresentam enorme versatilidade na obtenção de produtos alternativos na indústria química. Este trabalho tem como objetivo a produção de polímeros e plastificantes para a indústria química utilizando fontes renováveis como materiais de partida. Os produtos da polimerização do OSE e do BDES, foram obtidos utilizando ASUC (reticulante) e 2-metilimidazol (2MI-iniciador) alterando o grau de polimerização a fim de formar produtos com diferentes propriedades. Outros dois sistemas utilizando os mesmos materiais de partida e o DDM (iniciador/reticulante) foram desenvolvidos visando a produção de materiais balísticos. Os ésteres metílicos do óleo de soja foram preparados por transesterificação em duas etapas (TDSP)1. A epoxidação dos ésteres e óleo de soja foram feitas utilizando ácido perfórmico gerado em situ sem solvente2. A caracterização dos materiais de partida foi feita por ressonância magnética nuclear de hidrogênio (RMN ¹H), espectroscopia na região do infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR), análise termogravimétrica (TGA), e cromatografia de permeação em gel (GPC). O estudo cinético da polimerização foi realizado por calorimetria exploratória de varredura (DSC), utilizando o método de Barret, bem como a determinação dos parâmetros termodinâmicos. Os polímeros obtidos das composições próximas a condição estequiométricas dos OSE/ASUC/2MI e BDES/ASUC/2MI não apresentaram solubilidade em diferentes solventes, indicando reticulação dos sistemas. Os polímeros dos sistemas OSE/DDM e BDES/DDM apresentaram valores de massa molar superior a 28.000g/mol. Os plastificantes oriundos dos sistemas OSE/ASUC/2MI e BDES/ASUC/2MI foram incorporados ao poli (cloreto de vinila) (PVC) utilizando misturador intensivo e comparados com o plastificante di-octil ftalato (DOP). As amostras formuladas com os diferentes plastificantes foram caracterizadas por ensaios de dureza Shore A, análise dinâmico-mecânica (DMA), ensaio de tração e envelhecimento acelerado por calor. Os produtos apresentaram bons resultados como plastificantes e como possíveis materiais balísticos. / Polymers and plasticizers derived from epoxidized soybean oil (OSE) and biodiesel (BDES) using succinic anhydride (ASUC) and 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM) were produced. The modified vegetable oils chemically have great versatility in obtaining alternative products in the chemical industry. This work aims the production of polymers and plasticizers for the chemical industry using renewable sources as starting materials. The polymerization products of the OSE and BDES were obtained using ASUC (crosslinker) and 2-methylimidazole (2MI-initiator) by changing the degree of polymerization in order to make products with different properties. Two other systems using the same starting materials and DDM (initiator/crosslinker) were developed to produce ballistic materials. The methyl esters of soybean oil were prepared by transesterification in two steps (TDSP)1. The epoxidation of esters and soybean oil were performed using performic acid generated in situ without solvent2. The characterization was done by nuclear magnetic resonance of hydrogen (¹H NMR) spectroscopy in the infrared region with Fourier transform (FTIR), thermogravimetry (TGA), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The kinetic study of the polymerization process was conducted by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) using the method of Barrett, as well as the determination of the thermodynamic parameters. The polymers obtained from BDES/ASUS/ 2MI and OSE/ASUC/2MI systems showed no solubility in different solvents, indicating crosslinking systems. The polymers obtained from OSE/DDM and BDES/DDM systems showed molar mass values greater than 28.000g/mol. The plasticizers obtained from BDES/ASUC/2MI and OSE/ASUC/2MI systems were incorporated into poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) by using intensive mixer and compared with the plasticizer di-octyl phthalate (DOP). The Shore A hardness tests, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), tensile testing and accelerated aging by heat were carried out. The products showed good results as plasticizers and as possible ballistic materials.

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