L’insuffisance cardiaque (IC) reste la cause majeure de morbimortalité dans les pays industrialisés justifiant ainsi la recherche de traitements plus ciblés. Caractérisée par des désordres métaboliques importants qui impliquent notamment une dysfonction mitochondriale, le métabolisme énergétique apparait comme une composante majeure du développement de l’IC. Ces dernières années, le co-activateur transcriptionnel PGC-1α a été proposé comme un acteur central du contrôle de la fonction mitochondriale et constitue ainsi une cible thérapeutique d’intérêt. Ainsi, l’objectif principal de ce travail est de développer un test cellulaire robotisé permettant la recherche d’activateurs de PGC-1α dans un contexte cardiaque.La mise en place de ce test cellulaire de criblage dans des cellules H9c2 différenciées en cellules pseudo-cardiaques a permis l’identification de trois familles majeures : les hormones stéroïdiennes, les vitamines B et les acides gras, capables d’activer l’expression de PGC-1α et par ce biais d’induire une biogenèse mitochondriale ainsi qu’une augmentation de la respiration mitochondriale. La validation de ces effets dans des cardiomyocytes de rat adulte a permis d’une part de valider la pertinence du test et du choix du modèle cellulaire et d’autre part de vérifier qu’une induction de l’expression de PGC-1α se répercute bien sur la cascade transcriptionnelle de la biogenèse mitochondriale. Ce test constitue donc un atout majeur dans le recherche de nouveaux activateurs de PGC-1α pour mieux comprendre ses mécanismes de régulation dans le cœur, mais offre aussi des perspectives intéressantes pour la recherche de composés pharmacologiques à visée thérapeutique.Par ailleurs, peu de connaissances sont disponibles dans la littérature concernant le contrôle de la biogenèse mitochondriale dans le muscle lisse vasculaire et plus particulièrement dans l’hypertension artérielle. Ainsi, la deuxième partie de ce travail a été de caractériser la biogenèse mitochondriale dans un contexte d’hypertension. A travers l’utilisation d’un modèle expérimental d’hypertension et après confirmation dans des cellules musculaires lisses en culture, nous avons montré une induction importante de la biogenèse mitochondriale dans l’hypertension par un mécanisme stress oxydant-dépendant. De plus, cette induction est corrélée à une forte activation de la CaMKII, totalement bloquée par la présence d’un anti-oxydant : le resvératrol. Ces résultats suggèrent donc un contrôle de la biogenèse mitochondriale dépendante de la balance pro/anti-oxydante via l’activation de la CaMKII dans le muscle lisse vasculaire. / Heart failure (HF) is still the major cause of morbimortality in industrialized countries that justify the research of new treatments. Characterized in part by metabolic disorders including mitochondrial dysfunction, energetic metabolism appears as an essential component in HF development. These last years, PGC-1α has been proposed as a central actor of mitochondrial function control and thus as a therapeutic target of interest.The development of a cellular robotized assay in cardiac-like differentiated H9c2 cells allowed identification of three families: steroid hormones, B vitamins and fatty acids, able to induce the expression of PGC-1α and thus up-regulate mitochondrial biogenesis and mitochondrial respiration. The validation of these effects in adult rat cardiomyocytes lets in the one hand to validate the suitability of the assay and in the other hand to confirm that PGC-1α induction leads to mitochondrial biogenesis activation. Consequently, this assay constitutes a major asset to find new activators of PGC-1α to better understand its regulation in heart and provides interesting perspectives for the research of therapeutic pharmacologic compounds.Mechanisms controlling mitochondrial biogenesis in response to hypertension in vascular smooth muscle remain unclear. In this context, the second part of this work was to identify how mitochondrial biogenesis is modulated in arterial hypertension. Using an experimental model of hypertension and after validation in cultivated smooth muscle cells, we show a mitochondrial biogenesis induction in response to hypertension in relation with an increase in oxidative stress. Moreover, this induction is associated with a significant increase in CaMKII activity which was totally blocked by an antioxidant: resveratrol. These results suggest a regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis by oxidative stress via a CaMKII mechanism in vascular smooth muscle.

No description available.

A protein, B0238.11, was identified in a yeast one-hybrid screen to bind to the ribosomal intergenic spacer region (IGS) of Caenorhabditis elegans. Proteins interacting with this region of the DNA have been implicated in ribosome biogenesis in other model organisms, so it is also possible that B0238.11 plays a role in RNA transcription by interacting with RNA polymerase I or other transcription machinery. Thus, the goal of this study was to further characterize the structure and function of B0238.11. I used yeast two-hybrid experiments to identify proteins that interact with B0238.11 within the nucleus. RPS-0, K04G2.2, DPY-4, EFT-3, PAL-1, and B0238.11, itself, were found to bind to B0238.11. Additionally, I analysed the amino acid sequence of B0238.11 using in silico bioinformatics methods to determine its structure and putative function and also to identify and characterize the other interacting proteins. I found that B0238.11 contains a high-mobility group box domain, which is also found in HMO1P in yeast and UBF in vertebrates. These other proteins also bind to the IGS, are known to form homodimers and have been implicated in the initiation of ribosomal RNA transcription. Here I scrutinize the validity of the interaction between each protein and B0238.11. I conclude that B0238.11 is likely to be a C. elegans homolog of UBF and present an updated interactome map for B0238.11. / Synopsis: I carried out yeast two-hybrid assay to find proteins interacting with B0238.11 (O16487_CAEEL). I found that this protein's DNA-binding profile and protein interaction profile mimic other HMG-box containing proteins UBF and HMO1P which are involved in ribosomal RNA transcription initiation. Acknowledgements: I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr. Teresa J. Crease, for not only giving me the opportunity to investigate an interesting topic in Molecular Biology, but also for her patient guidance, encouragement and sound advice. I feel extremely lucky to have a supervisor who cared so much about my work, who responded to my questions and queries so promptly, and was always available to discuss project and career related matters. I would also like to thank Dr. Todd Gillis and Dr. Terry Van Raay for their careful consideration of this project and timely constructive criticisms that helped shape my project. I would like to thank all the members of my committee for helping me see things from different perspectives and helping me develop and critical and mature understanding of the scientific process. I must also express my gratitude to Dr. Robin Floyd for allowing me to build upon his work and Dr. Marian Walhout, at the University of Massachusetts, for providing the Caenorhabditis elegans complimentary DNA library. A large part of this project would not have been possible without the people at the genomics facility in the Department of Integrative Biology, I commend their professionalism and punctuality in delivering results. Completing this work would have been all the more difficult were it not for the support and friendship provided by my peers Shannon Eagle, Tyler Elliott, Nick Jeffery, Joao Lima, Sabina Stanescu, Fatima Mitterboeck and Paola Pierossi. And finally, I would like to thank my parents and siblings Sara Omar and Ali Omar for their continued support through good times and bad, and letting me use their laptops when mine broke down.

The PhD thesis is on the studsy of the influence of the ftsZ antisense RNA and FtsH protease on the synthesis and function of the Escherichia coli cytokinetic protein, FtsZ, which mediates septation during cell division. Thus, it involves three molecules, FtsZ, ftsZ antisense RNA, and FtsH protease. While the E. coli ftsZ antisense RNA is being identified and structurally and functionally characterised for the first time, there has been some earlier studies in the laboratory in which the FtsH protease was found to have influence on the presence of the FtsZ rings at the mid-cell site. The Chapter 1 is the Introduction to the thesis presented in 3 parts –Part 1A, 1B, and 1C, introducing FtsZ and bacterial cell division, bacterial antisense RNAs, and FtsH protease, respectively. The Chapter 2 gives the description of the Materials and Methods used in the study. The Chapter 3 presents the identification, structural and functional characterisation of the ftsZ cis-antisense RNA, and its role in the regulation of FtsZ protein levels. Initially, the expression of cis-encoded antisense RNA from E. coli ftsZ loci was demonstrated during the different growth phases of the bacterium (RT-PCR/qPCR data). Antisense RNA is expressed from three promoters (primer extension and promoter probe data) on the complementary strand of the ftsZ coding region and terminates at the singletrand te complementary toftsAthegenethat 3’islocatedregionupstreamof theofftsZ the gene. Induced overexpression of a portion (423 bp) of the antisense RNA, spanning the ftsZ AUG codon and the ribosome binding site of ftsZ mRNA, from pBS(KS) could downregulate the synthesis of FtsZ protein to approximately 30%, leading to cell division arrest and filamentation of the cells at 42°C. This effect was less dramatic at 30ºC, probably due to less melting of the antisense RNA. Immunostaining performed on the induced culture did not show FtsZ ring formation after overnight induction whereas reduction in the proportion of the cells carrying FtsZ rings could be clearly observed after 2 hrs of induction. Real time PCR analysis performed for relative quantitation of ftsZ mRNA and ftsZas RNA from different growth phases (0.2 to 2.5 OD600 nm) showed growth phase dependent expression of the antisense RNA. While the levels of ftsZas RNA were found to be high at lower OD cultures or early growth phase cultures, the levels were found to be low at the late log phase and stationary phase cultures. Thus, when the cells are actively dividing and therefore need more FtsZ, the levels of the ftsZas RNA are high, while the cells are not actively dividing and therefore the FtsZ levels are low, the levels of the ftsZas RNA are low. At any phase of the growth, the ratio of the ftsZ mRNA to the ftsZas RNA was always found to be 6:1. Thus, the physiological role the ftsZas RNA is to maintain the availability of the ftsZ mRNA at a level that is commensurate with the requirement for the FtsZ protein during the different stages of the cell growth and division. The Chapter 4 is on the study of the possible mechanism behind the influence of FtsH protease on the presence of FtsZ rings at the mid-cell site during septation in cell division. Immunostaining for FtsZ in the mid-log phase E. coli cells showed that 82% of the AR3289 (ftsH wild type) cells possessed FtsZ rings, while only 18% of the AR3291 (ftsH-null maintained viable by a suppressor mutation) cells showed Z-rings. While the AR3289 cells showed a cell doubling time of 20 min, the AR3291 cells had a cell doubling time of 45 min. The mass doubling time of AR3289 and AR3291 were 24 min and 54 min, respectively. These distinct differences were found in spite of the suppressor mutation suppressing all the deleterious effects of the lack of the essential protease, FtsH. Complementation of the ftsH-null cells (AR3291) with the wild type FtsH but not with the ATP-binding or ATPase, or protease-defective mutants of FtsH, restored the FtsZ ring status to about 80% of the cells. The growth rate of AR3291 was also partly restored to comparable to that of the wild type cells upon complementation. Western blotting for FtsZ, and the FtsZ-stabilising proteins, FtsA and ZipA, showed that the ftsH-null cells have low levels of FtsA, as compared to those in the isogenic wild type cells (AR3289). The levels of FtsZ and ZipA were comparable in both the cells. Quantitative PCR performed for different cell division genes within the dcw cluster showed no sign of change in the ftsA transcript levels in the ftsH-null cells, suggesting that the low levels of FtsA in the ftsH-null cells were not due to transcriptional downregulation. Further experiments showed that the half-life of FtsA protein in the AR3289 cells was 45 min, while that in the AR3291 cells was 24 min. This experiment showed that the low levels of FtsA in the ftsH-null cells was due to the low half-life of FtsA in the cells. Growth synchronisation of the AR3289 and AR3291 cells showed that the levels of FtsA prior to cell division stage do not increase in the ftsH-null cells as much as in the isogenic wild type cells. Thus, the ftsH-null cells must be somehow managing the division through the partial stabilisation of FtsZ rings by ZipA. Interestingly, immunostaining for FtsH in AR3289 cells showed the presence of FtsH at the mid-cell site, as co-localised with FtsZ, for a brief period prior to cell constriction. These observations suggest the involvement of FtsH in cell division process. The faster degradation of FtsA in the absence of FtsH protease implies that another protein, which may be a protease that directly degrades FtsA or a chaperone that helps the unfolding of FtsA for degradation, might be the substrate of FtsH protease. The absence of FtsH protease brings up the levels of this unknown protein, which in turn facilitates (if it is a chaperone) degradation of or directly degrades (if it is a protease) FtsA. This model for the link among FtsH, FtsA levels, and the presence of FtsZ has been proposed based on the observations. Thus, the present study reveals for the first time an FtsA-linked role for FtsH protease in the presence of FtsZ ring at the mid-cell site and hence in bacterial septal biogenesis. The thesis is concluded with the list of salient findings, publications, and references.

Maintenance of genomic integrity and stability is of prime importance for the survival of an organism. Upon exposure to different damaging agents, DNA acquires various lesions such as base modifications, single-strand breaks (SSBs), and double-strand breaks (DSBs). Organisms have evolved specific repair pathways in order to efficiently correct such DNA damages. Among various types of DNA damages, DSBs are the most serious when present inside cells. Unrepaired or misrepaired DSBs account for some of the genetic instabilities that lead to secondary chromosomal rearrangements, such as deletions, inversions, and translocations and consequently to cancer predisposition. Nonhomologous DNA end joining (NHEJ) is one of the major DSB repair pathways in higher organisms. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletions identified in humans are flanked by short directly-repeated sequences, however, the mechanism by which these deletions arise are unknown. mtDNA deletions are associated with various types of mitochondrial disorders related to cancer, aging, diabetes, deafness, neurodegenerative disorders, sporadic and inherited diseases. Compared to nuclear DNA (nDNA), mtDNA is highly exposed to oxidative stress due to its proximity to the respiratory chain and the lack of protective histones. DSBs generated by reactive oxygen species, replication stalling or radiation represents a highly dangerous form of damage to both nDNA and mtDNA. However, the repair of DSBs in mitochondria and the proteins involved in this repair are still elusive. Animals deficient for any one of the known Classical-NHEJ factors are immunodeficient. However, DSB repair (DSBR) is not eliminated entirely in these animals suggesting evidence of alternative mechanism, ‘alternative NHEJ’ (A-NHEJ/A-EJ). Several lines of evidence also suggest that alternative and less well-defined backup NHEJ (B-NHEJ) pathways play an important role in physiological and pathological DSBR. We studied NHEJ in different tissue mitochondrial protein extracts using oligomeric DNA substrates which mimics various endogenous DSBs. Results showed A-EJ, as the predominant pathway in mitochondria. Interestingly, immunoprecipitation (IP) studies and specific inhibitor assays suggested, mitochondrial end joining (EJ) was dependent on A-EJ proteins and independent of C-NHEJ proteins. Further, colocalization studies showed A-EJ proteins localize into mitochondria in HeLa cells. More importantly knockdown experiments showed the involvement of DNA LIGASE III in mitochondrial A-EJ. These observations highlight the central role of A-EJ in maintenance of the mammalian mitochondrial genome. By using oligomeric DNA substrates mimicking various endogenous DSBs, NHEJ in different cancer cell lines were studied. We found that the efficiency of NHEJ varies among cancer cells; however, there was no remarkable difference in the mechanism and expression of NHEJ proteins. Interestingly, cancer cells with lower levels of BCL2 possessed efficient NHEJ and vice versa. Removal of BCL2 by immunoprecipitation and protein fractionation using size exclusion column chromatography showed elevated levels of EJ. Most importantly, the overexpression of BCL2 in vivo or the addition of purified BCL2 in vitro led to the downregulation of NHEJ in cancer cells. Further, we found that BCL2 interacts with KU proteins both in vitro and in vivo using immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence, respectively. Hence, NHEJ in cancer cells is negatively regulated by the anti-apoptotic protein, BCL2, and this may contribute towards increased chromosomal abnormalities in cancer. In summary, our study showed that the efficiency of EJ in cancers could be regulated by the antiapoptotic protein BCL2. However, it may not affect the mechanistic aspect of EJ. BCL2 instead may interfere with EJ by sequestering KU and preventing it from binding to DNA ends. This may help in better understanding towards increased chromosomal abnormalities in cancer. Study of mitochondrial DSBR in mammalian system highlights the central role of microhomology-mediated A-EJ in the maintenance of the mammalian mitochondrial genome and this knowledge will helpful for the development of future therapeutic strategies against variety of mitochondria associated diseases.

La poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation est une modification post-traductionnelle des protéines catalysée par une famille d’enzymes : les poly(ADP-ribose) polymérases. Parmi les plus étudiées, PARP-1 et PARP-2 interviennent dans l’organisation, l’expression et le maintien de l’intégrité du génome. Nous avons initié l'étude d'un nouveau partenaire de PARP-1 préalablement identifié par double-hybride, et encore peu étudié à ce jour : HMG2L1 (High-Mobility Group protein 2 Like-1). La protéine humaine de 601 acides aminés contient un domaine HMG (High-Mobility Group) normalement impliqué dans l’interaction avec l’ADN. Quelques études ont montré que HMG2L1 régule la transcription en agissant comme co-régulateur négatif ou positif. Dans un premier temps, nous avons caractérisé le lien entre PARP-1 et HMG2L1. L’interaction avec PARP-1 a été confirmée in-vivo et in vitro. Nous avons montré que HMG2L1 pouvait également interagir avec PARP-2. HMG2L1 est poly(ADP-ribosyl)ée par PARP-1 et PARP-2, de même qu’elle est capable d’interagir avec le poly(ADP-ribose). La construction de formes tronquées de HMG2L1 en fusion avec la GFP nous a permis de montrer que le domaine N-terminal – en amont du domaine HMG – est impliqué dans ces interactions. Ce domaine N-terminal est très électropositif et intrinsèquement désordonné ce qui lui confère de nombreuses potentialités d’interactions. L’expression des fusions GFP dans des cellules HeLa nous a permis de montrer la localisation nucléaire et nucléolaire de HMG2L1, comme c’est le cas pour PARP-1 et PARP- 2. En outre, HMG2L1 colocalise avec UBF (Upstream Binding Factor), le facteur de transcription de l’ARN polymérase I responsable de la transcription des ARN ribosomaux. La surexpression de GFP-hHMG2L1 entraîne un stress nucléolaire caractérisé par l’inhibition de la transcription des ADNr et la formation de coiffes nucléolaires. Nous avons également entrepris une recherche de partenaires de HMG2L1 par spectrométrie de masse. De nombreuses protéines nucléolaires, impliquées dans la biogenèse des ribosomes ou la maturation des ARNs ont été identifiées, suggérant un rôle de HMG2L1 dans ces processus. Nous avons montré que la protéine purifiée interagit avec l’ADN via son domaine HMG principalement, et qu’elle interagit avec l’ARN via son domaine N-terminal. Mais surtout, nous avons mis en évidence une activité ARN-chaperonne, qui peut être régulée par le poly(ADP-ribose). La localisation de HMG2L1, son réseau d’interaction ainsi que son activité chaperonne nous laissent à penser qu’elle pourrait être impliquée dans des processus de maturation des ARN, régulés par la poly(ADPribosyl)ation. / Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is a post-translational modification of proteins mediated by a family of enzymes called poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases. Among the best studied, PARP-1 and PARP-2 are both implicated into the transcription, organization and integrity of genome. We have initiated the characterization of a new PARP-1 partner previously identified in a yeast two-hybrid screen, and still poorly studied: HMG2L1 (High-Mobility Group protein 2 Like-1). The human protein of 601 amino acids contains one HMGbox domain normally implicated in the recognition of DNA. Some studies have reported the role of HMG2L1 in the regulation of transcription by acting as a negative or positive coregulator. First, we characterized the link between PARP-1 and HMG2L1. We confirmed the interaction between both proteins in vivo and in vitro. We also showed that HMG2L1 couldinteract with PARP-2. HMG2L1 is poly(ADP-ribosyl)ated by PARP-1 and PARP-2, and is able to interact with poly(ADP-ribose). The construction of GFP-fused truncated versions of HMG2L1 allowed us to show that the N-terminal part – upstream to the HMGbox – is responsible for all these interactions. This N-terminal domain is highly electropositive and intrinsically disordered conferring a lot of interactions potentialities. The expression of the GFP-fused proteins in HeLa cells allowed us to localizeHMG2L1 into the nucleus and the nucleolus, like PARP-1 and PARP-2. Moreover, HMG2L1 colocalizes with UBF (Upstream Binding Factor), the transcription factor responsible for the transcription of ribosomal ARNs by RNA polymerase I. The overexpression of GFPhHMG2L1 leads to a nucleolar stress illustrated by the inhibition of transcription and the formation of nucleolar caps. We also undertook a proteomic study to find new partners of HMG2L1. We found a huge amount of nucleolar proteins, involved in ribosome biogenesis or RNA maturation, suggesting that HMG2L1 could be involved in these processes. Finally, we demonstrated the ability of the purified protein to interact with DNA mostly through its HMGbox domain and RNA through its N-terminal domain. Moreover, we discovered that HMG2L1 is endowed with a RNA-chaperone activity, that can be regulated by poly(ADP-ribose). Taken together, the localization of HMG2L1, its interacting partners and its RNA chaperone activity allow us to make the assumption that HMG2L1 could be implicated in RNA maturation processes, regulated by poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation.

F1FO-ATPsynthase is a key enzyme in energy metabolism of the cell. Its deficit is caused usually by mutations in two structural genes MT-ATP6 and MT-ATP8 encoded by the mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes ATPAF2 and TMEM70 encoding the biogenesis factors and structural gene ATP5E. Deficiency of the F1FO-ATPsynthase leads to progressive and serious phenotype affecting organs with high energy demands. The first symptoms usually occurs in neonatal age and prognosis of the disease is fatal. Mutations in these genes result in both qualitative and quantitative defects of the F1FO-ATPsynthase. The study of molecular bases of mitochondrial disorders including F1FO-ATPsynthase deficiency uses large number of biochemical and molecular-genetic methods to determine a proper diagnosis which is essential for the symptomatic therapy and genetic counselling in affected families. The aim of the diploma thesis was to characterise the F1FO-ATPsynthase deficiency in isolated mitochondria from the lines of cultured cells by the determination oligomycin- sensitive ATP-hydrolytic activity of the F1FO-ATPsynthase, enzymatic activities of the respiratory chain complexes and to analyse changes in the steady-state levels of the representative subunits and whole complex of the F1FO-ATPsynthase in comparison with controls. 3...

[ES] La biogénesis ribosomal es uno de los procesos más complejos, esenciales y costosos energéticamente de la célula eucariota. La formación de las subunidades ribosomales en levaduras comienza en el nucléolo con la transcripción del ARNr. En este proceso se requiere la participación de más de doscientos factores de ensamblaje y ARNs pequeños nucleolares (snoARNs) que no formarán parte del ribosoma maduro aunque son necesarios para un apropiado procesamiento del ARNr y organización estructural de las subunidades ribosomales. Los estudios estructurales de los estadios de maduración de la subunidad 60S han permitido la identificación de algunas interacciones funcionales entre los distintos factores de ensamblaje. Entre ellos se encuentran las proteínas Nop7, Erb1 e Ytm1 que forman un heterotrímero discreto denominado subcomplejo Nop7 en levaduras, o complejo PeBoW en mamíferos, compuesto por los ortólogos Pes1, Bop1 y WDR12, respectivamente. Este complejo puede detectarse de forma aislada de las partículas prerribosomales. La formación de este heterotrímero es esencial para el ensamblaje de la subunidad 60S ya que garantizan la correcta maduración del extremo 5' del ARNr 5,8S facilitando así su asociación con el ARNr 25S, aunque se desconoce en detalle el papel exacto en la biogénesis ribosomal. En este trabajo se ha realizado un análisis de las interacciones entre los componentes del PeBoW así como una aproximación a la resolución estructural del complejo en solución. Usando una combinación de técnicas biofísicas, nuestros resultados indican que la conformación estructural que adopta el complejo PeBoW en el nucleoplasma es diferente a la descrita en el contexto prerribosomal. Además, se han identificado posibles funciones que podría estar ejerciendo el complejo PeBoW o bien las distintas proteínas del complejo de forma aislada fuera del prerribosoma. Asimismo se conoce que la biogénesis ribosomal es un mecanismo altamente regulado y estrechamente relacionado con crecimiento y proliferación celular. La imperiosa necesidad de síntesis de ribosomas y proteínas que tiene una célula tumoral convierte a este proceso en un punto débil de la misma. Por esta razón, hay un gran interés para estudiar la biogénesis ribosomal como diana terapéutica contra el cáncer. Se ha observado que la paralización de esta vía es capaz de promover la activación no genotóxica del supresor tumoral p53, a diferencia de los efectos indeseados que provocan las terapias convencionales contra el cáncer. Como primer paso hacia el desarrollo de herramientas inhibidoras de la biogénesis del ribosoma, hemos utilizado la información cristalográfica que poseíamos del complejo de Chaetomium thermophilum entre los factores de ensamblaje Erb1 e Ytm1 para realizar una selección guiada por la estructura de péptidos de interferencia. Los péptidos de interferencia han sido analizados in vitro para determinar su capacidad de interacción utilizando técnicas biofísicas. Además, se han generado péptidos de interferencia con la secuencia humana de Erb1/Ytm1 para evaluar sus efectos en cultivo de células de cáncer de colon HCT-116. Nuestros resultados indican que el estrés ribosómico se puede inducir en diferentes etapas del proceso de maduración al dirigirse a las interacciones proteína-proteína, elevándolas como una alternativa al uso de inhibidores de la ARN pol I. / [CA] La biogènesi ribosomal és un dels processos més complexos, essencials i costosos energèticament de la cèl·lula eucariota. La formació de les subunitats ribosomals en llevats comença en el nuclèol amb la transcripció de l'ARNr. En aquest procés es requereix la participació de més de dos-cents factors d'assemblatge i ARNs xicotets nucleolars (snoARNs) que no formaran part del ribosoma madur encara que són necessaris per a un apropiat processament de l'ARNr i organització estructural de les subunitats ribosomals. Els estudis estructurals dels estadis de maduració de la subunitat 60S han permès la identificació d'algunes interaccions funcionals entre els diferents factors d'assemblatge. Entre ells es troben les proteïnes Nop7, Erb1 i Ytm1 que formen un heterotrímer discret denominat subcomplex Nop7 en llevats, o complex PeBoW en mamífers, compost pels ortòlegs Pes1, Bop1 i WDR12, respectivament. Aquest complex pot detectar-se de forma aïllada de les partícules prerribosomals. La formació d'aquest heterotrímer és essencial per a l'assemblatge de la subunitat 60S ja que garanteix la correcta maduració de l'extrem 5' de l'ARNr 5,8S facilitant així la seua associació amb l'ARNr 25S, encara que es desconeix detalladament el paper exacte en la biogènesi ribosomal. En aquest treball s'ha realitzat una anàlisi de les interaccions entre els components del PeBoW així com una aproximació a la resolució estructural del complex en solució. Utilitzant una combinació de tècniques biofísiques, els nostres resultats indiquen que la conformació estructural que adopta el complex PeBoW en el nucleoplasma és diferent a la descrita en el context prerribosomal. A més, s'han identificat possibles funcions que podria estar exercint el complex PeBoW o bé les diferents proteïnes del complex de forma aïllada fora del prerribosoma. Així mateix es coneix que la biogènesi ribosomal és un mecanisme altament regulat i estretament relacionat amb creixement i proliferació cel·lular. La imperiosa necessitat de síntesi de ribosomes i proteïnes que té una cèl·lula tumoral converteix a aquest procés és un punt feble d'aquesta. Per aquesta raó, hi ha un gran interès per a estudiar la biogènesi ribosomal com a diana terapèutica contra el càncer. S'ha observat que la paralització d'aquesta via és capaç de promoure l'activació no genotòxica del supressor tumoral p53, a diferència dels efectes indesitjats que provoquen les teràpies convencionals contra el càncer. Com a primer pas cap al desenvolupament d'eines inhibidores de la biogènesi del ribosoma, hem utilitzat la informació cristal·logràfica que posseíem del complex de Chaetomium thermophilum entre els factors d'assemblatge Erb1 i Ytm1 per a realitzar una selecció guiada per l'estructura de pèptids d'interferència. Els pèptids d'interferència han sigut analitzats in vitro per a determinar la seua capacitat d'interacció utilitzant tècniques biofísiques. Així mateix, s'han generat pèptids d'interferència amb la seqüència humana de Erb1/Ytm1 per a avaluar els seus efectes en cultiu de cèl·lules de càncer de còlon HCT-116. Els nostres resultats indiquen que l'estrès ribosòmic es pot induir en diferents etapes del procés de maduració en dirigir-se a les interaccions proteïna-proteïna, elevant-les com una alternativa a l'ús d'inhibidors de l'ARN pol I. / [EN] Ribosomal biogenesis is a complex, essential and one of the most energy-costing process in eukaryotic cells. The assembling of the ribosomal subunits, in yeast, starts with the RNA transcription inside the nucleolus. This process requires the participation of more than two hundred assembly factors and small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) that will not be part of the mature ribosome, however, they are still necessary to perform the appropriate rRNA processing and structural management. The structural studies on the maturation stages of the 60S subunit have shown functional interactions between different assembling factors. In this group, we find Nop7, Erb1 and Ytm1, that both form a discrete heterotrimer called Nop7 subcomplex in yeast, or PeBoW in mammalian, composed by the respective orthologues Pes1, Bop1 and WDR12. This complex can be found isolated from the pre-ribosomal particles. The presence of this complex is crucial to the 60S subunit assembling, once it ensures the correct maturation of the 5' tip of the rRNA 5,8S, supporting the association with the 25S rRNA. Yet, the details of the PeBoW complex roll in ribosomal biogenesis remain unknown. Hereafter, there are some analysis of interaction assays between the PeBoW component proteins, as well as an approach to structural of the complex in solution. Using different biophysical techniques, the results suggest that PeBoW complex adopts a different conformation in the nucleoplasm than the described in the pre-ribosomal context. Furthermore, it hints some other functions of the PeBoW complex, or the isolated component proteins out of the pre-ribosome path. Besides that, the ribosomal biogenesis is a highly regulated process and strictly related with cellular growth and proliferation. The mandatory demand of ribosome and protein synthesis of tumoral cells make this process a weak point of it. This is the reason why ribosomal biogenesis as cancer treatment target is a point of great interest. According to some studies, it is expected that the interruption of this pathway can lead the non-genotoxic activation of the tumor suppressor p53, unlike other conventional cancer therapies. As a first step to development of ribosomal biogenesis inhibiting tools, the structural information of Erb1 and Ytm1 in Chaetomium thermophilum complex, was taken to design structure-guided interfering peptides. Using biophysical techniques, the interfering peptides were evaluated in vitro to determine their interaction ability. Then, human-sequenced Erb1/Ytm1 interfering peptides were designed to look over the effects on colon cancer cells HCT-116. The results indicate that the ribosomal stress can be induced in different stages of the maturation process, by approaching protein-protein interactions, planting it as an alternative to RNA pol I inhibitors. / Este trabajo ha sido realizado con el apoyo económico de los proyectos de investigación enumerados a continuación: SAF2015-67077-R, SAF2017-89901-R y PROMETEO/2018/0 Durante el periodo de realización de esta tesis, la autora, Lidia Orea Ordóñez, ha sido beneficiaria de una subvención para la contratación de personal investigador de carácter predoctoral denominada “Ayudas para la contratación de personal investigador de carácter predoctoral”, (ACIF) (ACIF/2016/103), otorgada por la Generalitat Valenciana, Conselleria de Innovación, Universidades, Ciencia y Sociedad Digital, concedida en la convocatoria 2016. / Orea Ordóñez, L. (2022). Estructura y función del complejo PeBoW como modelo en el desarrollo de posibles herramientas terapéuticas [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/182347 / TESIS

ICA512/PTPRN is a receptor tyrosine-like phosphatase implicated in the biogenesis and turnover of the insulin secretory granules (SGs) in pancreatic islet beta cells. Previously we found biophysical evidence that its luminal RESP18 homology domain (RESP18HD) forms a biomolecular condensate and interacts with insulin in vitro at close-to-neutral pH, that is, in conditions resembling those present in the early secretory pathway. Here we provide further evidence for the relevance of these findings by showing that at pH 6.8 RESP18HD interacts also with proinsulin—the physiological insulin precursor found in the early secretory pathway and the major luminal cargo of β-cell nascent SGs. Our light scattering analyses indicate that RESP18HD and proinsulin, but also insulin, populate nanocondensates ranging in size from 15 to 300 nm and 10e2 to 10e6 molecules. Co-condensation of RESP18HD with proinsulin/insulin transforms the initial nanocondensates into microcondensates (size >1 μm). The intrinsic tendency of proinsulin to self-condensate implies that, in the ER, a chaperoning mechanism must arrest its spontaneous intermolecular condensation to allow for proper intramolecular folding. These data further suggest that proinsulin is an early driver of insulin SG biogenesis, in a process in which its co-condensation with RESP18HD participates in their phase separation from other secretory proteins in transit through the same compartments but destined to other routes. Through the cytosolic tail of ICA512, proinsulin co-condensation with RESP18HD may further orchestrate the recruitment of cytosolic factors involved in membrane budding and fission of transport vesicles and nascent SGs.

La sénescence cellulaire est une barrière à la progression tumorale qui est contournée par les cellules cancéreuses. Elle se met en place suivant différents événements tels que l’activation constante d’oncogènes comme H-RAS et correspond à un arrêt stable du cycle cellulaire. Un autre aspect des cellules sénescentes est la dégradation spécifique des protéines impliquées dans la régulation du cycle cellulaire, la biogenèse des ribosomes, l’homéostasie mitochondriale et le métabolisme cellulaire. Dans cette étude, nous voulions identifier quelles sont les contributions de la dégradation des protéines spécifiques à l’homéostasie mitochondriale, au métabolisme cellulaire ainsi qu’à la biogenèse des ribosomes. De plus, nous voulons voir comment la dégradation des protéines impliquées dans ces voies affecte la sénescence cellulaire. Afin de répondre à ces questions, nous avons divisé nos travaux en 2 parties. La première s’est concentrée sur les ribosomes et les altérations de la biogenèse ribosomale dans la sénescence. La deuxième partie s’est focalisée sur la contribution de la dégradation des protéines importantes pour le métabolisme cellulaire et l’homéostasie mitochondriale. Premièrement, nous avons identifié que la mise en place de la sénescence s’accompagne d’une désynchronisation de la biogenèse des ribosomes. Plus précisément, certains ARNr sont moins transcrits alors que la transcription de certaines protéiques ribosomiques n’est pas altérée. Ceci entraîne un déséquilibre entre la quantité des protéines ribosomiques et celle des ARN ribosomiques. Il provoque l’accumulation de ribo protéines en dehors des ribosomes. Ces protéines acquièrent en conséquence de nouvelles fonctions. Nous avons identifié RPL29 comme une ribo protéine libre du ribosome. Elle est accumulée dans les cellules sénescentes et peut être utilisée comme nouveau biomarqueur afin d’identifier les cellules senescent in vitro et in vivo. L’identification d’un nouveau biomarqueur de cellules sénescentes est cruciale car aucun marqueur spécifique de la sénescence n’est encore disponible. Par ailleurs, nous avons identifié RPS14 comme une protéine qui peut interagir avec le complexe CDK4-cyclin D1 et ainsi, en inhibant son activité, elle limite la prolifération cellulaire. L’arrêt du cycle cellulaire initié par cette protéine ribosomqiue hors du ribosome est indépendant de la protéine suppressive p53. Ceci pourrait offrir une opportunité thérapeutqiue pour le traitement des tumeurs déficientes pour l’expression de p53. La deuxième partie de ce travail s’est concentrée sur les altérations du métabolisme cellulaire en particulier le métabolisme du NAD et l’homéostasie mitochondriale. Dans un premier temps, nous avons confirmé que la perte d’expression de protéines impliquées dans l’homéostasie mitochondriale favorise la mise en place de la sénescence via l’accumulation de NADH et la stabilisation de p53. De plus, nous avons observé que la diminution des régulateurs de l’homéostasie redox NAD+ et NADPH est suffisante pour induire l’entrée en sénescence. A l’inverse la normalisation de ce paramètre est à l’origine d’un contournement de la sénescence. Dans ce cadre, nous avons identifié un nouveau complexe protéique formé par l’enzyme malique, la malate déshydrogénase et la pyruvate carboxylase dont les actions concertées transfèrent l’ion hydrure du NADH vers le NADPH. Nous avons nommé ce complexe HTC pour complexe de transfert d’hydrure. Les réactions métaboliques des protéines de l’HTC permettent la normalisation des niveaux de NAD+ et de NADPH. L’augmentation des niveaux de NAD+ et de NADPH a déjà été associé à la tumorigénèse. A travers ces travaux, nous avons constaté que la surexpression des protéines qui forment le complexe HTC coopère avec l’oncogène Ras à la transformation de cellules primaires. Par ailleurs, les enzymes du complexe HTC sont fortement exprimées in vivo au niveau des cancers de la prostate d’origine murine ou humaine. De plus, inactivation d’une proteine du complexe HTC déclenche l’entrée en sénescence des cellules tumorales y compris en l’absence de p53. Nous avons ainsi caractérisé un nouveau complexe multi-enzymatique qui peut reprogrammer le métabolisme et empêcher la mise en place de la sénescence cellulaire. L’inhibition de la formation du complexe HTC pourrait permettre de cibler spécifiquement sa fonction de novo tout en limitant de bloquer l’activité physiologique normale des ces enzymes en dehors de ce complexe. Par l’ensemble de ces travaux, nous avons mis en évidence l’importance des défauts de biogénèse des ribosomes ainsi que des altérations métaboliques dans la mise en place et le maintien de la sénescence. D’une part, l’accumulation de RPS14 en dehors des ribosomes constitue un nouveau mécanisme de régulation du cycle cellulaire. De plus, l’accumulation de RPL29 dans le nucleole constitue un nouveau biomarker de la senescence. D’autre part, l’identification du complexe HTC a mise en évidence une nouvelle façon de contourner la sénescence et ainsi de contribuer à la transformation de cellules primaires. Ces observations renforcent l’importance de la sénescence cellulaire en tant que mécanisme de suppression tumorale. Ces découvertes créent de nouvelles opportunités thérapeutiques afin de réactiver la sénescence dans les cellules cancéreuses. / Cellular senescence is a barrier to tumor progression that is circumvented in cancer cells. Senescence is a stable cell cycle arrest and can be triggered by various oncogenic events, such as constant activation of the oncogene H-RAS. Other critical aspects of senescent cells include a specific degradation of proteins implicated in cell cycle regulation, ribosome biogenesis, mitochondrial homeostasis, and cellular metabolism. In this study, we wanted to identify the contributions of the specific protein degradation to mitochondrial homeostasis, cellular metabolism, and ribosome biogenesis and how the degradation of proteins implicated in those pathways affects the senescence response. In order to answer our question, we divided our research into two aspects. The first aspect was focused on ribosomes and the alterations in ribosome biogenesis in senescence. The second aspect was the contribution of degradation of proteins implicated in cellular metabolism and mitochondrial homeostasis. First, we identified that a desynchronization of ribosome biogenesis accompanies senescence, meaning that certain rRNA are less transcribed, whereas specific ribosomal proteins do not decrease their transcription leading to an imbalance in ribosomal protein and ribosomal RNA. This imbalance causes an accumulation of ribosomal free riboproteins. Those accumulated riboproteins acquire novel functions. We identified RPL29 as a ribosomal free riboprotein that accumulated in senescent cells and can be used as a novel biomarker to identify senescent cells in vitro and in vivo. Identification of novel senescent cell biomarkers is crucial as no specific marker of senescence is available. Furthermore, we identified RPS14 as a protein that can interact with the CDK4-cyclinD1 complex and decrease cell cycle progression. Of utmost importance is that cell cycle repression was even possible in cancer cells devoided of p53 highlighting novel strategies for p53 null cancer treatments. In the second part, we focused on alterations in cellular metabolism, particularly in light of NAD metabolism and mitochondria homeostasis. We could confirm that the degradation of proteins implicated in mitochondrial homeostasis can induce senescence via the accumulation of NADH and p53 stabilization. Furthermore, we confirmed that the decrease in redox homeostasis regulators, namely NAD+ and NADPH, can trigger senescence. In the same idea, we showed that the normalization of those redox potentials could bypass the senescence response. Most importantly, we identified a novel protein complex formed by malic enzyme, malate dehydrogenase,and pyruvate carboxylase. The concerted actions of those three metabolic enzymes can transfer the hydride ion from NADH towards NADPH. Thus, we coined this complex HTC for hydride transfer complex. These metabolic reactions in HTC allow for two things, the normalization of NAD+ levels and the normalization of NADPH levels. Intruguenlty, both NAD+ and NADPH level increase were previously linked to transformation, and indeed, we were able to show that expression of HTC in combination with oncogenic Ras is sufficient to transform primary cells. Moreover, HTC enzymes are highly expressed in vivo in mouse and human prostate cancer models, and their inactivation triggers senescence even in the absence of p53. We provide evidence for a new multi-enzymatic complex, with de novo functions that reprogram metabolism and prevent cellular senescence. Inhibition of formation of the HTC complex might allow targeting specifically the de novo function of this complex with fewer effects on normal enzyme function. All in all, we highlighted the contributions of ribosome biogenesis and metabolic alterations in inducing and maintaining the senescence response. Furthermore, RPS14 accumulation allows for a novel cell cycle regulation mechanism, and the accumulation of RPL29 in the nucleolus can be used as a novel biomarker for cellular senescence. Moreover, the expression of HTC demonstrated a novel way of avoiding senescence, thus promoting cellular transformation. Both pathways highlight the importance of cellular senescence as a tumor suppressors mechanism, and these discoveries allow for novel strategies for cancer drug development. / Krebs ist eine der häufigsten Todesursachen in der westlichen Welt. Aus diesem Grund ist es von hoher Bedeutung die molekularen Prozesse die eine Zelle entarten, also zum Krebs werden lassen besonders genau zu untersuchen. Im Allgemeinen haben Zellen Mechanismen, die das Entarten verhindern sollen, jedoch sind diese Mechanismen nicht immer fehlerfrei. Ein solcher Mechanismus ist die Zellseneszenz. Dieser Schutzmechanismus kann auf verschiedene Weise, wie zum Beispiel durch das Mutieren eines Onkogenes, aktiviert werden. Die Zellseneszenz ist dadurch charakterisiert, dass sie potentielle Krebszellen an ihrer Zellteilung hindert und es deswegen zu keiner Entstehung eines Karzinoms kommt. Wie bereits angedeutet sind die Mechanismen, welche die Entartung von Zellen stoppen sollen nicht fehlerfrei und die Inaktivität dieser Schutzmechanismen kann zur Entartung - auch maligne Transformation genannt - einer Zelle führen. In dieser Doktorarbeit haben wir aufgezeigt, welche molekularen Prozesse in der Zelle aktiviert bzw. verändert werden und dann dazu führen, dass der Schutzmechanismus der Zellseneszenz umgangen wird. Im Allgemeinen haben wir zwei Prozesse, die während der malignen Transformation verändert werden, untersucht. Dies ist auf der einen Seite die Veränderung von ribosomer Entwicklung und auf der anderen Seite sind es die Veränderungsprozesse im Zellstoffwechsel. Ribosome sind makromolekulare Komplexe in Zellen, die aus speziellen Proteinen und RNA aufgebaut sind und besonders wichtig für die Zelle sind, da sie die Produktion von Proteinen ermöglichen. Wir haben aufgezeigt, dass während der Aktivierung von Zellseneszenz die Produktion von Ribosomen ungleichmäßig in der Zelle heruntergefahren wird. Dies führt dazu, dass bestimmte Proteine, die wichtig für die Ribosomen sind sich im Zellkern bzw. im Kernkörperchen ansammeln. Hier seien besonders zwei Protein zu nenen, RPS14 and RPL29. Wir haben festgestellt, dass diese Ansammlung von RPL29 im Kernkörperchen als Biomarker für die Ermittlung von Zellseneszenz in vivo dienen kann. Außerdem haben wir dargestellt, dass die Ansammlung von dem Protein RPS14 dazu führt, dass der Zellzyklus gestoppt wird. Die Entdeckung von RPS14 als Regulator für den Zellzyklus ist insofern wichtig, da dieser Prozess unabhängig von p53, einem Protein welches in über 50 Prozent aller Krebsarten inaktiv ist, stattfinden kann. Bisher waren zwei Mechanismen zur Zellzyklus Regulierung bekannt. Die Beschreibung von RPS14 im Zellzyklus erlaubt uns einen weiteren Mechanismus hinzuzufügen. Die ist ein wichtiger Schritt zur Erforschung von neuen Inhibitoren der Zellteilung. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit haben wir untersucht inwiefern der Zellstoffwechsel sich während der Zellseneszenz verändert. Wir haben herausgefunden, dass sich das Niveau von wichtigen Co- Faktoren, die den Redoxstatus der Zelle regulieren währender Zellseneszenz verändert. Insbesondere das Molekül NAD+ zeigte eine starke Verringerung im Niveau. Weiterhin wussten wir, dass das Niveau von NAD+ und auch das Niveau von NADPH, ein Molekül ähnlich dem NAD, in Krebszellen besonders hoch ist. Wir haben festgestellt, dass in der Zelle ein Proteinkomplex aus Stoffwechsel Proteinen entstehen kann, welcher die Level von NAD+ und NADPH durch die Stoffwechselaktion dieser Proteine wieder normalisiert. Dieser Komplex besteht aus drei Proteinen Malic Enzyme 1, Malate Dehydrogenase 1 und Pyruvate Carboxylase. Besonders hervorzuheben hierbei ist unsere Entdeckung, dass Pyruvate Carboxylase in Krebszellen nicht nur in den Mitochondrien vorhanden ist, sondern auch im Zellplasma. Die Aktivierung dieses Proteinkomplexes ermöglicht Zellen die normalerweise in die Zellseneszenz gehen würden, diesen Schutzmechanismus zu umgehen und dabei bösartig zu entarten. Diese Entdeckung ist besonders interessant, da der Zellstoffwechsel von Krebszellen seit langem untersucht wird, es jedoch bisher noch nicht bekannt war das dieser Proteinkomplex in der Lage ist die Zelle bösartig zu transformieren. Wir konnten nachweisen, dass die Proteinlevel von unserem Komplex in Prostatakrebs im Vergleich zu normalem Prostatagewebe erhöht sind. Darüber hinaus waren wir in der Lage zu zeigen, dass die Inaktivierung von einem der Proteine aus dem Komplex dazu führt, dass die Zelle ihren Zellzyklus verlangsamt und weniger aggressiv in einem Kanzerogenitätstest ist. Dies ist selbst dann möglich, wenn die Krebszelle über kein aktives p53 Protein mehr verfügt. Besonders hervorzuheben diese Entdeckung, weil das p53 Protein eines der wichtigsten Proteine ist, welches die Zelle vor einer bösartigen Transformation schützt. Zusammenfassend ist zu sagen, dass wir zwei neue Mechanismen aufgezeigt haben die Veränderung der Ribosomenproduktion und die Stoffwechselprozesse, die sich während der malignen Transformation von Zellen verändern. In der Zukunft wird unsere Forschung versuchen zu verstehen inwiefern diese neuen Erkenntnisse dazu genutzt werden können neue Moleküle zu entwickeln die speziell die beschriebenen Prozesse nutzen, um den Zellzyklus von Krebszellen zu verlangsamen.