O Sítio Linha Várzea, localizado a cerca de 4 km a nordeste da cidade de Paraíso do Sul – RS é composto por três afloramentos principais, situados às margens de três açudes artificiais de captação de água, o LV1/Base, o LV1/Topo, ambos subdivididos em Margem Leste e Oeste, e o LV2. Estes afloramentos são formados por siltitos avermelhados, característicos do Membro Alemoa da Formação Santa Maria. O conteúdo fossilífero desse conjunto de afloramentos é constituído por dicinodontes e cinodontes de tamanhos distintos, arcossauros e material icnológico representado por coprólitos atribuídos a formas herbívoras e carnívoras, constituindo-se assim, de uma assembléia fossilífera típica da Cenozona de Therapsida. O material referente aos Synapsidas é mais representativo e estágios ontogenéticos distintos podem ser evidenciados nos dicinodontes. Os espécimes apresentam variados graus de desarticulação e seguem duas formas preferenciais de preservação: bem preservados e mal preservados (“inchados”). Fósseis desarticulados são predominantes nos três afloramentos, mas estes apresentam diferenças nos aspectos de preservação. O LV1/Base possui fósseis preferencialmente “inchados” na Margem E e bem preservados na Margem W, no LV1/Topo são encontrados fósseis geralmente em bom estado de preservação, e no LV2 destaca-se a presença de um Dinodontosaurus semi-articulado, relativamente completo e “inchado”, possivelmente alvo necrofagia. A tafocenose, é interpretada como autóctone, e a análise sedimentológica e de paleoalterações indica uma variação na relação tempo de exposição/taxa de deposição para cada afloramento, com um distanciamento relativo do canal principal, num ambiente de planície de inundação. / The Linha Várzea fossiliferous site is composed of three main outcrops, at the margins of artificial lacustrine environments, located 4 km northeast of the town of Paraíso do Sul – RS. The outcrops are named LV1/Base, LV1/Top (both subdivided into Eastern and Western margins) and LV2. The outcrops are composed by reddish siltstones, characteristic of the Alemoa Member, Santa Maria Formation. The fossiliferous content is constituted by dicynodonts and cynodonts of different sizes, archosaurs and ichnologic material (coprolites), attributed to herbivores and carnivores. These fossils constitute the typical fossiliferous assemblage of the Therapsida Cenozone. Synapsids are far the most represented, with distinct ontogenetic stages recorded on dicynodonts. The specimens show all degrees of disarticulation, but main forms of preservation: well and badly preserved (“inflated”). Disarticulated fossils are the most common in all three outcrops, with slight differences on preservational processes. LV1/Base records prefferentially “inflated” fossils at the Eastern Margin, and well preserved at the Western Margin. Fossils at the LV1/Top are generally well preserved. At LV2, a semi-articulated, almost complete and “inflated” Dinodontosaurus is studied in detail, suggesting the record of necrophagy. The taphocenosis is interpreted to be autochtonous. The sedimentological and paleoalteration analysis indicate a shift on the relation exposure time/sedimentation rate for each outcrop, with a relative facies change outwards the main fluvial channel, in a floodplain environment.

A esquizofrenia é um transtorno psiquiátrico grave, caracterizado por distúrbios do pensamento, prejuízo da lógica, alterações cognitivas e emocionais, e/ou isolamento social. Apesar da introdução de novos antipsicóticos, um grupo considerável de pacientes ainda é refratário aos tratamentos disponíveis. Além disso, a alta incidência de efeitos adversos leva à baixa adesão ao tratamento em esquizofrênicos. O desenvolvimento de tratamentos mais eficazes e com menor incidência de efeitos adversos, que aumentem a adesão ao tratamento e melhorem a qualidade de vida destes pacientes, é assim altamente desejável. Em uma expedição etnofarmacológica entre os Igbo na Nigéria identificou-se uma preparação a base de plantas usada no tratamento de pacientes com distúrbios mentais. O alcalóide indólico alstonina é o componente majoritário desta preparação, e possui um claro perfil comportamental de antipsicótico atípico em modelos animais de sintomas positivos, com aparentes vantagens em relação à clozapina. Este trabalho teve o objetivo principal de dar continuidade à caracterização de alstonina como fármaco antipsicótico. Demonstramos que este alcalóide aumenta a interação social e previne o déficit de interação social induzido por MK801 em camundongos, sugerindo utilidade da alstonina no manejo de sintomas negativos da esquizofrenia. Quanto ao mecanismo de ação, a avaliação do efeito de alstonina sobre as aminas biogênicas em córtex frontal e estriado de camundongos sugere que este alcalóide potencia a transmissão serotonérgica e aumenta o catabolismo intraneuronal de dopamina. Quanto aos possíveis efeitos adversos, dados preliminares mostram que alstonina não altera os níveis de prolactina, não induz ganho de peso corporal, mas impede a diminuição da glicemia induzida por jejum. Este trabalho confirma o perfil antipsicótico de alstonina bem como a possibilidade de um mecanismo de ação inovador. Os resultados justificam investimento em novos estudos, quer seja para o desenvolvimento de alstonina como fármaco, quer no sentido de trazer inovação farmacodinâmica tão necessária para avançar no tratamento da esquizofrenia. / Schizophrenia is a serious psychiatric illness, characterized by alterations in thought, deficits in logical thinking, changes in cognition and emotion, and/or social isolation. Despite the introduction of newer antipsychotic drugs, a sizable number of patients are still refractory to the available medication. Moreover, the high incidence of side effects determines the low adhesion of patients to treatments. The development of more efficacious treatments with lower incidence of side effects, ameliorating adhesion to treatment and improving patient’s quality of life is, therefore, sorely wanted. During an ethnopharmacological expedition among the Igbo in Nigeria, a plant based treatment to mentally ill patients was identified. The indole alkaloid alstonine is the major component of this remedy and shown to have a clear behavioral profile of an atypical antipsychotic in rodent models, apparently with advantages in comparison to clozapine. This study had the main purpose of continuing the characterization of alstonine as an antipsychotic drug. We show that this alkaloid increases social interaction and prevents MK801-induced social withdrawal in mice, pointing to its utility in managing negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Regarding its mechanism of action, the effects of alstonine on biogenic amines in mice frontal cortex and striatum suggest that it enhances serotonergic neurotransmission and increases the intra neuronal catabolism of dopamine. In relation to possible side effects, preliminary data suggest that alstonine does not affect prolactin levels, does not induce gains in body weight, but prevents the expected fasting-induced decrease in glucose levels. This study corroborates the antipsychotic profile of alstonine, as well as the possibility of an innovative mechanism of action. These results justify further studies either to develop alstonine as a medication, or to bring pharmacodynamic innovation so sorely needed to move forward in the treatment of schizophrenia.

The aim of this thesis was to determine the content of biogenic amines and polyamines, specifically putrescine (PUT), spermidine (SPD) and spermine (SPM) in mutton meat during storage and heat treatment. The meat of slaughter animals is rich in these amines but, unfortunately, data on the content of mutton meat whether in slaughter bodies as well as during storage or heat treatments in the literature are still missing. The samples were provided by small farmers and the animals were hybrids of several breeds. The samples were taken from the thigh and back. The samples of lamb meat were frozen and the ones were watched from 0-6 months. The samples of leg were cooled and packed into three different types of packaging. It was the type of packaging in a polyethylene bag (PE), vacuum packed (VP) and controlled atmosphere packaging (MAP). All the samples were analyzed in the days and also on the initial concentration at day 0. For frozen and cooled (chilled) samples which were stored in PE and VP was observed the decrease in all monitored amines. Only the packaging in MAP occurred in the SPD to a slight increase over the initial content. From heat treatments were performed usual preparations of the meals which are made in central Europe and the meals were cooked on particular days. The highest decrease was measured in roasted meat, then stewed and cooked meat in this order. Reported data are comparable to published data for pork and beef meat stored under the same or similar conditions. I think that these data can help to extend the data in the literature.

O Sítio Linha Várzea, localizado a cerca de 4 km a nordeste da cidade de Paraíso do Sul – RS é composto por três afloramentos principais, situados às margens de três açudes artificiais de captação de água, o LV1/Base, o LV1/Topo, ambos subdivididos em Margem Leste e Oeste, e o LV2. Estes afloramentos são formados por siltitos avermelhados, característicos do Membro Alemoa da Formação Santa Maria. O conteúdo fossilífero desse conjunto de afloramentos é constituído por dicinodontes e cinodontes de tamanhos distintos, arcossauros e material icnológico representado por coprólitos atribuídos a formas herbívoras e carnívoras, constituindo-se assim, de uma assembléia fossilífera típica da Cenozona de Therapsida. O material referente aos Synapsidas é mais representativo e estágios ontogenéticos distintos podem ser evidenciados nos dicinodontes. Os espécimes apresentam variados graus de desarticulação e seguem duas formas preferenciais de preservação: bem preservados e mal preservados (“inchados”). Fósseis desarticulados são predominantes nos três afloramentos, mas estes apresentam diferenças nos aspectos de preservação. O LV1/Base possui fósseis preferencialmente “inchados” na Margem E e bem preservados na Margem W, no LV1/Topo são encontrados fósseis geralmente em bom estado de preservação, e no LV2 destaca-se a presença de um Dinodontosaurus semi-articulado, relativamente completo e “inchado”, possivelmente alvo necrofagia. A tafocenose, é interpretada como autóctone, e a análise sedimentológica e de paleoalterações indica uma variação na relação tempo de exposição/taxa de deposição para cada afloramento, com um distanciamento relativo do canal principal, num ambiente de planície de inundação. / The Linha Várzea fossiliferous site is composed of three main outcrops, at the margins of artificial lacustrine environments, located 4 km northeast of the town of Paraíso do Sul – RS. The outcrops are named LV1/Base, LV1/Top (both subdivided into Eastern and Western margins) and LV2. The outcrops are composed by reddish siltstones, characteristic of the Alemoa Member, Santa Maria Formation. The fossiliferous content is constituted by dicynodonts and cynodonts of different sizes, archosaurs and ichnologic material (coprolites), attributed to herbivores and carnivores. These fossils constitute the typical fossiliferous assemblage of the Therapsida Cenozone. Synapsids are far the most represented, with distinct ontogenetic stages recorded on dicynodonts. The specimens show all degrees of disarticulation, but main forms of preservation: well and badly preserved (“inflated”). Disarticulated fossils are the most common in all three outcrops, with slight differences on preservational processes. LV1/Base records prefferentially “inflated” fossils at the Eastern Margin, and well preserved at the Western Margin. Fossils at the LV1/Top are generally well preserved. At LV2, a semi-articulated, almost complete and “inflated” Dinodontosaurus is studied in detail, suggesting the record of necrophagy. The taphocenosis is interpreted to be autochtonous. The sedimentological and paleoalteration analysis indicate a shift on the relation exposure time/sedimentation rate for each outcrop, with a relative facies change outwards the main fluvial channel, in a floodplain environment.

A esquizofrenia é um transtorno psiquiátrico grave, caracterizado por distúrbios do pensamento, prejuízo da lógica, alterações cognitivas e emocionais, e/ou isolamento social. Apesar da introdução de novos antipsicóticos, um grupo considerável de pacientes ainda é refratário aos tratamentos disponíveis. Além disso, a alta incidência de efeitos adversos leva à baixa adesão ao tratamento em esquizofrênicos. O desenvolvimento de tratamentos mais eficazes e com menor incidência de efeitos adversos, que aumentem a adesão ao tratamento e melhorem a qualidade de vida destes pacientes, é assim altamente desejável. Em uma expedição etnofarmacológica entre os Igbo na Nigéria identificou-se uma preparação a base de plantas usada no tratamento de pacientes com distúrbios mentais. O alcalóide indólico alstonina é o componente majoritário desta preparação, e possui um claro perfil comportamental de antipsicótico atípico em modelos animais de sintomas positivos, com aparentes vantagens em relação à clozapina. Este trabalho teve o objetivo principal de dar continuidade à caracterização de alstonina como fármaco antipsicótico. Demonstramos que este alcalóide aumenta a interação social e previne o déficit de interação social induzido por MK801 em camundongos, sugerindo utilidade da alstonina no manejo de sintomas negativos da esquizofrenia. Quanto ao mecanismo de ação, a avaliação do efeito de alstonina sobre as aminas biogênicas em córtex frontal e estriado de camundongos sugere que este alcalóide potencia a transmissão serotonérgica e aumenta o catabolismo intraneuronal de dopamina. Quanto aos possíveis efeitos adversos, dados preliminares mostram que alstonina não altera os níveis de prolactina, não induz ganho de peso corporal, mas impede a diminuição da glicemia induzida por jejum. Este trabalho confirma o perfil antipsicótico de alstonina bem como a possibilidade de um mecanismo de ação inovador. Os resultados justificam investimento em novos estudos, quer seja para o desenvolvimento de alstonina como fármaco, quer no sentido de trazer inovação farmacodinâmica tão necessária para avançar no tratamento da esquizofrenia. / Schizophrenia is a serious psychiatric illness, characterized by alterations in thought, deficits in logical thinking, changes in cognition and emotion, and/or social isolation. Despite the introduction of newer antipsychotic drugs, a sizable number of patients are still refractory to the available medication. Moreover, the high incidence of side effects determines the low adhesion of patients to treatments. The development of more efficacious treatments with lower incidence of side effects, ameliorating adhesion to treatment and improving patient’s quality of life is, therefore, sorely wanted. During an ethnopharmacological expedition among the Igbo in Nigeria, a plant based treatment to mentally ill patients was identified. The indole alkaloid alstonine is the major component of this remedy and shown to have a clear behavioral profile of an atypical antipsychotic in rodent models, apparently with advantages in comparison to clozapine. This study had the main purpose of continuing the characterization of alstonine as an antipsychotic drug. We show that this alkaloid increases social interaction and prevents MK801-induced social withdrawal in mice, pointing to its utility in managing negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Regarding its mechanism of action, the effects of alstonine on biogenic amines in mice frontal cortex and striatum suggest that it enhances serotonergic neurotransmission and increases the intra neuronal catabolism of dopamine. In relation to possible side effects, preliminary data suggest that alstonine does not affect prolactin levels, does not induce gains in body weight, but prevents the expected fasting-induced decrease in glucose levels. This study corroborates the antipsychotic profile of alstonine, as well as the possibility of an innovative mechanism of action. These results justify further studies either to develop alstonine as a medication, or to bring pharmacodynamic innovation so sorely needed to move forward in the treatment of schizophrenia.

abstract: One of the most economical and viable methods of soil improvement is dynamic compaction. It is a simple process that uses the potential energy of a weight (8 tonne to 36 tonne) dropped from a height of about 1 m to 30 m, depending on the project requirement, on to the soil to be compacted hence densifying it. However, dynamic compaction can only be applied on soil deposits where the degree of saturation is low and the permeability of the soil mass is high to allow for good drainage. Using dynamic compaction on saturated soil is unsuitable because upon application of the energy, a part of the energy is transferred to the pore water. The technique also does not work very well on soils having a large content of fines because of the absence of good drainage. The current research aims to develop a new technology using biogenic gas production to desaturate saturated soils and extend the use of dynamic compaction as a ground improvement technique to saturated soils with higher fines content. To evaluate the feasibility of this technology an experimental program has been performed. Soil columns with varying soil types have been saturated with substrate solution, resulting in the formation of nitrogen gas and the change in soils volume and saturation have been recorded. Cyclic triaxial tests have been performed to evaluate the change in volume and saturation under elevated pressure conditions and evaluate the response of the desaturated soil specimens to dynamic loading. The experimental results showed that soil specimens treated with MIDP under low confinement conditions undergo substantial volume expansion. The amount of expansion is seen to be a factor of their pore size, which is directly related to their grain size. The smaller the grain size, smaller is the pore size and hence greater the volume expansion. Under higher confining pressure conditions, the expansion during gas formation is suppressed. However, no conclusive result about the effect of the desaturation of the soil using biogenic gas on its compactibility could be obtained from the cyclic triaxial tests. / Dissertation/Thesis / Data sheets / Masters Thesis Civil, Environmental and Sustainable Engineering 2018

abstract: DehaloR^2 is a previously characterized, trichloroethene (TCE)-dechlorinating culture and contains bacteria from the known dechlorinating genus, Dehalococcoides. DehaloR^2 was exposed to three anthropogenic contaminants, Triclocarban (TCC), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), and 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA) and two biogenic-like halogenated compounds, 2,6-dibromophenol (2,6-DBP) and 2,6-dichlorophenol (2,6-DCP). The effects on TCE dechlorination ability due to 2,6-DBP and 2,6-DCP exposures were also investigated. DehaloR^2 did not dechlorinate TCC or TCEP. After initial exposure to TCA, half of the initial TCA was dechlorinated to 1,1-dichloroethane (DCA), however half of the TCA remained by day 100. Subsequent TCA and TCE re-exposure showed no reductive dechlorination activity for both TCA and TCE by 120 days after the re-exposure. It has been hypothesized that the microbial TCE-dechlorinating ability was developed before TCE became abundant in groundwater. This dechlorinating ability would have existed in the microbial metabolism due to previous exposure to biogenic halogenated compounds. After observing the inability of DehaloR^2 to dechlorinate other anthropogenic compounds, DehaloR^2 was then exposed to two naturally occurring halogenated phenols, 2,6-DBP and 2,6-DCP, in the presence and absence of TCE. DehaloR^2 debrominated 2,6-DBP through the intermediate 2-bromophenol (2-BP) to the end product phenol faster in the presence of TCE. DehaloR^2 dechlorinated 2,6-DCP to 2-CP in the absence of TCE; however, 2,6-DCP dechlorination was incomplete in the presence of TCE. Additionally, when 2,6-DBP was present, complete TCE dechlorination to ethene occurred more quickly than when TCE was present without 2,6-DBP. However, when 2,6-DCP was present, TCE dechlorination to ethene had not completed by day 55. The increased dehalogenation rate of 2,6-DBP and TCE when present together compared to conditions containing only 2,6-DBP or only TCE suggests a possible synergistic relationship between 2,6-DBP and TCE, while the decreased dechlorination rate of 2,6-DCP and TCE when present together compared to conditions containing only 2,6-DCP or only TCE suggests an inhibitory effect. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Civil and Environmental Engineering 2012

abstract: Spatiotemporal processing in the mammalian olfactory bulb (OB), and its analog, the invertebrate antennal lobe (AL), is subject to plasticity driven by biogenic amines. I study plasticity using honey bees, which have been extensively studied with respect to nonassociative and associative based olfactory learning and memory. Octopamine (OA) release in the AL is the functional analog to epinephrine in the OB. Blockade of OA receptors in the AL blocks plasticity induced changes in behavior. I have now begun to test specific hypotheses related to how this biogenic amine might be involved in plasticity in neural circuits within the AL. OA acts via different receptor subtypes, AmOA1, which gates calcium release from intracellular stores, and AmOA-beta, which results in an increase of cAMP. Calcium also enters AL interneurons via nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, which are driven by acetylcholine release from sensory neuron terminals, as well as through voltage-gated calcium channels. I employ 2-photon excitation (2PE) microscopy using fluorescent calcium indicators to investigate potential sources of plasticity as revealed by calcium fluctuations in AL projection neuron (PN) dendrites in vivo. PNs are analogous to mitral cells in the OB and have dendritic processes that show calcium increases in response to odor stimulation. These calcium signals frequently change after association of odor with appetitive reinforcement. However, it is unclear whether the reported plasticity in calcium signals are due to changes intrinsic to the PNs or to changes in other neural components of the network. My studies were aimed toward understanding the role of OA for establishing associative plasticity in the AL network. Accordingly, I developed a treatment that isolates intact, functioning PNs in vivo. A second study revealed that cAMP is a likely component of plasticity in the AL, thus implicating the AmOA-beta; receptors. Finally, I developed a method for loading calcium indicators into neural components of the AL that have yet to be studied in detail. These manipulations are now revealing the molecular mechanisms contributing to associative plasticity in the AL. These studies will allow for a greater understanding of plasticity in several neural components of the honey bee AL and mammalian OB. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Neuroscience 2014

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / O presente estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar a remoÃÃo de metais pesados em efluentes industriais pelo uso de sulfeto quÃmico e biogÃnico. Inicialmente, foi operado, sob condiÃÃes mesofÃlicas (27  2 ÂC), um reator anaerÃbio de manta de lodo e fluxo ascendente (VÃtil = 2,7 L; TDH = 24 h) suplementado com sulfato (em relaÃÃes DQO/SO42- de aproximadamente 10 e 5) para a produÃÃo de sulfeto biogÃnico. Posteriormente, o efluente das indÃstrias de folheaÃÃo de joias da cidade de Juazeiro do Norte, CearÃ, foi caracterizado para verificar os principais metais contidos e suas faixas de concentraÃÃes, alÃm de outros constituintes. Em seguida, analisou-se a aplicaÃÃo de planejamento experimental multivariado cujos fatores estudados foram concentraÃÃo de metal (20, 80 e 140 mg/L), concentraÃÃo de sulfeto (20, 40 e 60 mg/L) e tempo de reaÃÃo (1, 5 e 9 min), no processo de remoÃÃo dos metais cobre, zinco e nÃquel, tanto na presenÃa quanto na ausÃncia de macro e micronutrientes. Finalmente, foi verificada em experimentos univariacionais a influÃncia das condiÃÃes operacionais tempo de reaÃÃo (15 e 30 min), razÃo molar metal/sulfeto (0,5; 0,7; 1; 1,6; 1,75 e 2) e fonte de sulfeto (quÃmico e biogÃnico) na eficiÃncia de remoÃÃo dos metais pesados analisados. ApÃs a caracterizaÃÃo do efluente das indÃstrias de folheaÃÃo de joias constatou-se que os metais majoritÃrios foram cobre, nÃquel e zinco. O reator sulfetogÃnico apresentou operaÃÃo estÃvel para as relaÃÃes DQO/SO42- estudadas, com remoÃÃo de DQO superior a 70% e reduÃÃo de sulfato acima de 90%. A partir do planejamento experimental multivariado, observou-se que o fator mais significativo foi a concentraÃÃo de metal para todos os casos, sendo que, para o cobre, a concentraÃÃo de sulfeto nÃo teve efeito significativo na presenÃa de macro e micronutrientes. Por sua vez, para o nÃquel, constatou-se que todos os fatores exercem influÃncia sobre a eficiÃncia de remoÃÃo. Jà para o zinco, o tempo nÃo teve influÃncia significativa na ausÃncia de macro e micronutrientes, enquanto que na presenÃa dos mesmos tal variÃvel apresentou significÃncia. Em seguida, nos experimentos univariacionais verificou-se que o tempo de reaÃÃo nÃo influenciou a remoÃÃo de metais estudados. A fonte de sulfeto apresentou efeitos diversos assim como a relaÃÃo molar metal/sulfeto. Por exemplo, com o cobre, em razÃes molares metal/sulfeto menores que 1,6, foram obtidas as maiores diferenÃas na eficiÃncia de remoÃÃo chegando atà 70%. Jà para o zinco, sà foram observadas algumas diferenÃas para razÃes molares acima de 1,6. Finalmente, para o nÃquel, alguma diferenÃa sà foi verificada para razÃes de atà 1. / The present study aimed to assess heavy metals removal from industrial effluents by using chemical and biogenic sulfide. Initially, an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor (working volume = 2.7 L, HRT = 24 h), supplemented with sulfate (COD/SO42- ratio of approximately 10 and 5), was operated under mesophilic conditions (27  2 ÂC) for biogenic sulfide production. Subsequently, the effluent of jewelry plating industries from the city of Juazeiro do Norte, CearÃ, was characterized in order to verify the major metals and their concentration ranges, as well as other constituents. Then, the application of a multivariate experimental design, whose factors were metal concentration (20, 80 and 140 mg/L), sulfide concentration (20, 40 and 60 mg/L) and reaction time (1, 5 and 9 min), in the process of copper, zinc and nickel removal, both in the presence and absence of macro and micronutrients, was analyzed. Finally, in univariate experiments, the influence of the operating conditions, such as reaction time (15 and 30 min), metal/sulfide molar ratio (0.5, 0.7, 1, 1.6, 1.75 and 2) and sulfide source (chemical and biogenic), on the removal efficiency of the tested heavy metals was verified. After the characterization of the jewelry plating industries effluent, it was found that the majority metals were copper, nickel and zinc. The sulfidogenic reactor showed stable operation for the COD/SO42- ratios studied, with COD removal higher than 70% and sulfate reduction above 90%. From the multivariate experimental design, the most significant factor was metal concentration in all cases. For copper, sulfide concentration had no significant effect in the presence of macro and micronutrients. However, for nickel, all the factors have an influence on removal efficiency. And, for zinc, the time had no significant influence in the absence of macro and micronutrients, whereas, in their presence, that variable was significant. From the response surface contour plot, the optimum point, in terms of removal efficiency, obtained for nickel in the presence and absence of macro and micronutrients was [Ni2+] = 140 mg/L, [S2-] = 60 mg/L and t = 1 min. Subsequently, in the univariate experiments, it was found that the reaction time did not affect the removal of metals studied. The sulfide source had different effects as well as the metal/sulfide molar ratio. For example, for copper, at metal/sulfide molar ratios lower than 1.6, the greatest differences in removal efficiency were obtained, which reached up to 70%. However, for zinc, some differences were only observed at molar ratios above 1.6. Finally, for nickel, differences were observed for molar ratios below 1.

O Sítio Linha Várzea, localizado a cerca de 4 km a nordeste da cidade de Paraíso do Sul – RS é composto por três afloramentos principais, situados às margens de três açudes artificiais de captação de água, o LV1/Base, o LV1/Topo, ambos subdivididos em Margem Leste e Oeste, e o LV2. Estes afloramentos são formados por siltitos avermelhados, característicos do Membro Alemoa da Formação Santa Maria. O conteúdo fossilífero desse conjunto de afloramentos é constituído por dicinodontes e cinodontes de tamanhos distintos, arcossauros e material icnológico representado por coprólitos atribuídos a formas herbívoras e carnívoras, constituindo-se assim, de uma assembléia fossilífera típica da Cenozona de Therapsida. O material referente aos Synapsidas é mais representativo e estágios ontogenéticos distintos podem ser evidenciados nos dicinodontes. Os espécimes apresentam variados graus de desarticulação e seguem duas formas preferenciais de preservação: bem preservados e mal preservados (“inchados”). Fósseis desarticulados são predominantes nos três afloramentos, mas estes apresentam diferenças nos aspectos de preservação. O LV1/Base possui fósseis preferencialmente “inchados” na Margem E e bem preservados na Margem W, no LV1/Topo são encontrados fósseis geralmente em bom estado de preservação, e no LV2 destaca-se a presença de um Dinodontosaurus semi-articulado, relativamente completo e “inchado”, possivelmente alvo necrofagia. A tafocenose, é interpretada como autóctone, e a análise sedimentológica e de paleoalterações indica uma variação na relação tempo de exposição/taxa de deposição para cada afloramento, com um distanciamento relativo do canal principal, num ambiente de planície de inundação. / The Linha Várzea fossiliferous site is composed of three main outcrops, at the margins of artificial lacustrine environments, located 4 km northeast of the town of Paraíso do Sul – RS. The outcrops are named LV1/Base, LV1/Top (both subdivided into Eastern and Western margins) and LV2. The outcrops are composed by reddish siltstones, characteristic of the Alemoa Member, Santa Maria Formation. The fossiliferous content is constituted by dicynodonts and cynodonts of different sizes, archosaurs and ichnologic material (coprolites), attributed to herbivores and carnivores. These fossils constitute the typical fossiliferous assemblage of the Therapsida Cenozone. Synapsids are far the most represented, with distinct ontogenetic stages recorded on dicynodonts. The specimens show all degrees of disarticulation, but main forms of preservation: well and badly preserved (“inflated”). Disarticulated fossils are the most common in all three outcrops, with slight differences on preservational processes. LV1/Base records prefferentially “inflated” fossils at the Eastern Margin, and well preserved at the Western Margin. Fossils at the LV1/Top are generally well preserved. At LV2, a semi-articulated, almost complete and “inflated” Dinodontosaurus is studied in detail, suggesting the record of necrophagy. The taphocenosis is interpreted to be autochtonous. The sedimentological and paleoalteration analysis indicate a shift on the relation exposure time/sedimentation rate for each outcrop, with a relative facies change outwards the main fluvial channel, in a floodplain environment.