Šeimos planavimas apima sprendimus, kuriuos poros ir individai priima dėl savo reprodukcinio gyvenimo, vaikų skaičiaus ir jų atėjimo laiko. Šeimos planavimas taip pat apima sprendimus ar naudoti gimimų kontrolės metodus, ar nutraukti nėštumą. Gimimų kontrolė – tai metodų visuma, kuriais siekiama apsisaugoti nuo nepageidaujamo nėštumo, o taip pat nutraukti nėštumą. Nenumatyti nėštumai ir neplanuoti gimimai gali sukelti rimtų socialinių, ekonominių ir sveikatos pasekmių poroms ir individams. Reprodukcinį sprendimą gali įtakoti tiek individualūs veiksniai, tokie kaip amžius, išsilavinimas, įsitikinimai, žinios apie gimimų kontrolės metodus, poros santykiai, tiek visuomeniniai – aborto įstatymai, šeimos planavimo paslaugos, religija, moters statusas, gimimų kontrolės metodų prieinamumas, socialinės normos. Šiame darbe pristatoma Vilniaus universiteto studentų apklausos (N=140) atsakymai į klausimus apie jų žinias, pažiūras ir elgesį susijusį su gimimų kontrole ir šeimos planavimu. Respondentų buvo klausiama apie jų požiūrį į šeimos planavimą ir abortus, gimimų kontrolės metodų priimtinumą, žinias apie gimimų kontrolės metodus ir šeimos planavimą, religingumą, kontraceptinių priemonių naudojimą, kontraceptinių priemonių savybių svarbumą jas renkantis, partnerio (-ės), tėvų, draugų ir gydytojų nuomonių svarbumą renkantis kontraceptines priemones, santykių trukmę, lytinių santykių dažnumą. / Family planning involves decision made by couples and individuals concerning their reproductive lives and the number and spacing of their children. Family planning also include the decisions whether to use birth control methods and whether to interrupt pregnancy. Birth control is any methods used to prevent fertilization or to terminate a pregnancy. Unplanned births and unintended pregnancies can cause severe social, economic and health consequences for couples and individuals. The choice of birth control methods is conditioned by individual factors such as age, education, personal attitudes, knowledge of birth control methods, couple relationship and social factors such as abortion laws, family planning services, religion, status of women, accessibility of birth control methods, social norms. This study includes the statistical analysis of the survey (N=140) responses by Vilnius university students to questions measuring the knowledge, use and attitudes regarding birth control and family planning. Respondents were asked about their: attitudes toward family planning and abortion, the acceptability of different birth control methods, knowledge about birth control methods and family planning, religiosity, contraceptive use, the importance of attributes of contraceptive methods, the importance of partners, friends, parents and doctors opinion when choosing contraceptive methods, duration of relationship, frequency of intercourse.

by Ho Sau Lan. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1991. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 82-85). / ABSTRACT / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT / CONTENTS / LIST OF TABLES / CHAPTERS / Chapter 1. --- DEMOGRAPHIC PATTERN AND POPULATION POLICIES / Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction / Chapter 1.2 --- Current literature on China's demography / Chapter 1.3 --- Recent demographic trend in China / Chapter 1.4 --- Policies for controlling birth / Chapter 2. --- EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF THE DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION / Chapter 2.1 --- Explanations of the demographic transition / Chapter 2.2 --- Granger-causality / Chapter 2.3 --- Test specification / Chapter 2.4 --- Data specification / Chapter 2.5 --- Test procedure / Chapter 2.6 --- Empirical results / Chapter 2.7 --- Summary / Chapter 2.8 --- Problem of the tests / Chapter 3. --- FERTILITY CHANGE IN THE REFORM PERIOD1979-1987 / Chapter 3.1 --- The economic reform / Chapter 3.2 --- Effects of the economic reform and other economic factors on fertility / Chapter 3.3 --- Data specification / Chapter 3.4 --- Statistical specification / Chapter 3.5 --- Empirical Results / Chapter 3.6 --- Summary / Chapter 4. --- CONCLUDTNG REMARKS / Chapter 5. --- APPENDIX A： GLOSSARY OF SOME DEMOGRAPHIC TERMS / Chapter 6. --- APPENDIX B： SOURCES OF DATA / Chapter 7. --- BIBLIOGRAPHY

Cho, Man Kit. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts also in Chinese.

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In light of its past eugenic use, and its often irreversible nature, non-therapeutic sterilization, the result of which is to deprive an individual of his/her capacity to procreate, has always enjoyed a particular status and its use and legal status engendered debate, discussion and controversy. / The purpose of this dissertation is to determine under which conditions non-therapeutic sterilization can lawfully be performed under Canadian law. / Whereas the legality of non-therapeutic sterilization when voluntarily consented to by a competent individual is today established in all Canadian provinces, it appears that Quebec is the only province to allow non-therapeutic sterilization to be performed on an individual lacking through age and/or disability the necessary capacity to consent, common law provinces denying any beneficial aspects to the procedure. The law on involuntary non-therapeutic sterilization however lacks clarity, certainty and consistency, a legislative reform is therefore advocated.

The diploma thesis is focused on the social aspects of women's oral hormonal contraception in the lives of two generations of women - daughters and their mothers. The theoretical part introduces the fundamental concepts of contraception research based on gender perspective. It also highlights the important historical milestones related to so-called birth control pill. Furthermore, the development of the contraceptive behavior of the Czech population since the 50s of the 20th century is analyzed. The empirical part of this thesis includes the description of methodology and the analysis of semi-structured interviews with ten women - mothers who were born in the 1960s and their daughters born around the turn of the 80s and 90s. The aim of the analysis is to discover how a generally accepted theory about contraception as the emancipation mechanism that helps women to control their own body and decide about their own reproduction is expressed in the lives of interviewed women. I ask the reason why, when and under what conditions these women decided to use birth control pills and the role of other circumstances in their decision-making. Moreover, I focus on the way how the birth control pills affect the relationship to own body and self-esteem of my respondents. And also, how birth control pills affect...

Thesis (M. A. (Family Medicine) -- University of Limpopo, 2021 / Background: This study sought to understand men's attitudes towards birth control measures practised by their partners in the Mamitwa area located in the Greater Tzaneen Municipality, which falls under the Mopani District in Limpopo Province of South Africa. Methods: A qualitative descriptive study using Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with purposively selected men aged 25-60 years in a relationship with women of childbearing age was conducted in 2019 in the Mamitwa area. Open-ended question guide was used to explore men perceptions regarding Family Planning and discussions were recorded, translated, and transcribed verbatim. Transcripts were coded and analysed thematically. Results: Three major themes were identified, namely: (i) Perceived advantages of Family Planning, including financial benefits, Prevention of STIs and unwanted pregnancy; (ii) Perceived disadvantages of Family Planning, including adverse effects of Family Planning on men and women and marital difficulties; and (iii) Communication with men about Family Planning, including healthcare workers, were being blamed for excluding men in Family Planning discussions. Conclusion: Men had favourable attitudes towards Family Planning use. However, there is a lack of adequate information about Family Planning, thus causing men to doubt allowing their respective female partners to use Family Planning. This underscores the need to educate and involve men in Family Planning programs. Key Concepts: Family Planning; Attitudes; Perception; Men Family Planning Use

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Local birth control advocates often found themselves attempting to open birth control clinics in restrictive climates that did not welcome open discussions of sexuality. To accomplish this, the organizers chose their tactics carefully and followed common strategies. After a few stumbles, organized birth control in many states began in earnest in the 1930s. By 1943, just ten years after its opening, the Indianapolis birth control clinic could boast that it had served 4,531 women and openly solicit funds from the community. The Maternal Health League’s plea on its fundraising brochure assured citizens of their patriotic duty to help. The league reminded Hoosiers, “In War and In Peace a Nation is as Strong as the Health of Its Mothers and Children.” Arguments such as these allowed the clinic to open and assured its existence for many years to come. Indiana birth control organizers relied on specific tactics that allowed them to accomplish their goals in a restrictive Midwestern state. Indiana’s birth control story offers modern-day readers a very different picture than that offered by studies of the national movement of birth control. Indiana offers an account that relies more on cooperation and less on confrontation.

Thesis (MCur (Interdisciplinary Health Sciences. Nursing Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South Africa’s Department of Health has stated that knowledge about contraception and reproduction is generally poor, mentioning the substantial uncertainty and misperceptions concerning contraception (Department of Health, 2003:10). Students in higher education institutions are presumed to have a generally higher level of awareness of accessible methods regarding contraception and emergency contraception, but the request rate for the termination of pregnancy among students in higher education remains high (Roberts et al., 2004:441). The researcher identified a need for a study to assess students’ knowledge of contraception and emergency contraception. The goal of this study was to explore the scope of undergraduate students’ knowledge on the matter and to determine to what extent students make use of contraception and emergency contraception. In this study a quantitative approach with an explorative-descriptive research design was applied. The target population of this study included all the full-time undergraduate students at a particular university in South Africa (N=15 872). A non probability, convenience sample was used to select a sample size of 200 undergraduate students at the particular university. Reliability and validity were assured by means of a pilot test conducted over a period of two weeks. The researcher personally collected the data which was gathered by means of self-administered questionnaires. Ethical clearance for this study was obtained from the University Health Research Ethics Committee. As university students were involved this study, consent was also obtained from the university’s Director of Institutional Research. The raw data was entered on a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. A statistician from the University Centre for Statistical Consultation was consulted regarding the analysis of the data by making use of Statistica version 9-software. Quantitative data was presented in histograms and tables, while qualitative data was analysed by means of Tesch’s approach. The overall conclusion was that students at a higher education institution generally had a sound knowledge of contraception, but that their knowledge of emergency contraception was poor. The overall recommendation was that students should be provided with accurate, specific information regarding contraception and emergency contraception, and that this information would need to be user friendly, easily accessible and widely available in order to decrease students’ misperceptions about contraception. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suid-Afrika se Departement van Gesondheid het die stelling gemaak dat kennis oor kontrasepsie en voortplanting oor die algemeen gebrekkig is en dat daar baie onsekerheid en wanopvattings oor kontrasepsie bestaan (Department of Health, 2003:10). Studente aan hoëronderwysinstellings is veronderstel om ‘n algemene hoër vlak van bewustheid te hê omtrent toeganklike metodes van kontrasepsie en noodkontrasepsie, maar die aantal versoeke vir die terminasie van swangerskappe is steeds hoog onder hoëronderwysstudente (Roberts et al., 2004:441). Die navorser het die behoefte geïdentifiseer aan `n studie om studente se kennis betreffende kontrasepsie en noodkontrasepsie te bepaal. Die doel van die studie was om die omvang van studente se kennis te ondersoek en vas te stel tot watter mate voorgraadse studente van kontrasepsie en noodkontrasepsie gebruik maak. In hierdie studie is ‘n kwantitatiewe benadering met ‘n ondersoekend-beskrywende navorsingsontwerp gevolg. Die teikenpopulasie van die studie het alle voltydse voorgraadse studente aan ‘n Universiteit in die Wes-Kaap (N=15 872) ingesluit. ‘n Niewaarskynlike, gerieflikheidsteekproef is gebruik om ‘n steekproefgrootte van 200 uit die voorgraadse studente van die betrokke universiteit te selekteer. Betroubaarheid en geldigheid is deur ‘n loodsstudie verseker. Die loodsstudie het oor ‘n periode van twee weke plaasgevind. Die navorser het die data wat deur middel van self-geadministreerde vraelyste ingewin is, persoonlik ingesamel. Etiese toestemming vir die studie is van die universiteit se Etiese Komitee vir Gesondheidsnavorsing verkry. Aangesien universiteitstudente by die studie betrokke was, is toestemming ook van die Direkteur van Institusionele Navorsing van die betrokke universiteit bekom. Die rou data is op ‘n Microsoft Excel werkblad ingevoer. ‘n Statistiese ontleder van Stellenbosch Universiteit se Sentrum vir Statistiese Konsultasie is geraadpleeg omtrent die analise van data met behulp van Statistica weergawe 9-sagteware. Kwantitatiewe data is voorgestel deur histogramme en tabelle, en die kwalitatiewe data is geanaliseer deur middel van Tesch se benadering. Die hoofbevindinge was dat studente aan ‘n hoëronderwysinstelling se kennis van kontrasepsie oor die algemeen goed was, maar dat hulle nie voldoende kennis oor noodkontrasepsie gehad het nie. Die hoofaanbeveling was dat studente voorsien moet word van akkurate, spesifieke inligting rakende kontrasepsie en noodkontrasepsie, en dat die inligting verbruikersvriendelik, maklik toeganklik en wyd beskikbaar moet wees om studente se wanopvattings ten opsigte van kontraseptiewe middels te verminder.

Purpose: Unintended pregnancies are often a burden to pregnant women and to the health care system. The rates of unintended pregnancies have decreased since the wide use of contraceptives has increased; however, young women, women with low income, and racial/ethnic minorities are more likely to use contraceptives inconsistently, which increases the risk of an unintended pregnancy. This risk could be reduced with the proper use of emergency contraceptives (ECs).Methods and Analysis: A cross-sectional study was conducted using the data from the female respondents of the 2002 Cycle 6 NSFG. Logistic regression was used to determine rates of use of ECs among different risk groups. A second analysis only including women who have had an abortion in the past 12 months was also conducted.Results: In the total study population, women over the age of 30 were more likely to never have used ECs, to not have used ECs in the past 12 months, and to not have received EC counseling in the past 12 months. Among those who have had an abortion, women aged 15-19 were less likely to have never received ECs. Those aged 15-19 and 30-34 were less likely to not receive EC counseling. Income level did not have a significant effect on use of EC services. For the whole study population, Hispanic women were significantly less like to not receive ECs in the past 12 months. Hispanic women were also less likely to not receive EC counseling in the past 12 months for the total study population and for those who have had an abortion.Discussion: Unintended pregnancies create burden for individuals as well as the public health infrastructure. ECs could help to prevent some of these unintended pregnancies. Age was the most significant and consistent predictor of use of EC services Further research should focus on evaluating the use of ECs specifically among those who have unprotected sex in order to more precisely evaluate the characteristics of women using and not using ECs. Further research into the barriers preventing women from accessing ECs is also necessary to increase use of ECs and prevent unintended pregnancies.