Fusarium head blight (FHB) or head scab, caused by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe [telomorph: Gibberella zeae Schwein.(Petch)], is one of the most destructive diseases of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) worldwide. Numerous strategies for scab resistance breeding are in use, including phenotypic selection for low severity and marker-assisted selection for resistance QTL. The most destructive consequences of scab are evidenced through a reduction in grain quality, and the presence of mycotoxins, the most common of which is deoxynivalenol (DON). Thus, there is great interest among breeders in selecting for resistance to both of these traits. To this end, a study was devised as follows. In 2010, 20 bulk F3 SRW wheat populations with scab resistant parents in their pedigrees were harvested by population from unreplicated plots near Lexington, KY. The plots were affected by a naturally occurring mild-moderate scab epidemic. The grain was sorted on a USDA/ARS and National Manufacturing Seed Sorter System with color camera according to a calibration that reflected visual differences between asymptomatic grain and grain showing FHB symptoms. This process was repeated in 2011 using grain from plots that had conidial suspension applied at anthesis. In 2012, an unreplicated plot study of the C0, C1 and C2 cycles of selection, inoculated with grain spawn and conidial suspension, was evaluated for Fusarium damaged kernels (FDK) and DON concentration. An additional cycle of selection was conducted by running the bulk grain through the sorter. In October 2012, 4 selection cycles of the 20 populations were planted in a RCB experiment at Lexington and Princeton, KY. Bulk populations were planted in both scab nursery and plots, and C3 accepted and rejected of all populations and derived lines of 2 populations were planted in the scab nursery in Lexington, KY. Some populations had FDK and DON reduction with selection, and some derived lines had either numerical or significant reduction with selection. Although the accepted fraction had non-significant reduction compared with the rejected fraction over the populations, FDK and DON means were obviously lower in accepted than in rejected fractions.

Fusarium graminearum causes Fusarium Head Blight, (one of) the most destructive cereal diseases in Canada. Yield loss, quality degradation and mycotoxin production make Fusarium a multifaceted threat. Regulated production of reactive oxygen species by Nox enzymes is indispensable for fungal pathogenesis. F. graminearum Nox mutant ∆noxAB produced equivalent mycotoxin but caused reduced virulence than wild-type. We hypothesized that Nox mediated redox signaling may participate in F. graminearum pathogenicity. Two-DE and gel-free biotin affinity chromatography, followed by LC-MS/MS analysis were employed for a comparative redox-proteomics analysis between wild-type and ∆noxAB to identify proteins oxidized by Nox activity. Total 35 proteins, 10 by 2-DE and 29 by gel-free system, were identified. 34% proteins participated in fungal metabolism, 20% in electron transfer reactions and 9% were anti-oxidant proteins. The findings suggested that Nox mediated thiol-disulfide exchange in proteins provide a switch for redox-dependent regulation of metabolic and developmental processes during induction of FHB.

Fusarium head blight (FHB), a fungal disease caused principally by Fusarium graminearum, and barley yellow dwarf (BYD) caused by BYD luteoviruses are two serious fungal and viral diseases of wheat resulting in high economic losses annually. Wuhan, a Chinese wheat cultivar resistant to FHB, and Maringa, a Brazilian cultivar tolerant to BYDV were inter-crossed and crossed with Roblin, a Canada western red spring wheat susceptible to both FHB and BYDV, to determine the genetic basis of resistance/tolerance and to combine the two traits. Four hundred ninety nine F1-derived doubled haploid (DH) lines were generated from reciprocal crosses using corn pollen-mediated DH technology. The DH lines and the parents were evaluated for disease symptoms, reduction in height and spike mass for BYD and for disease incidence, disease severity and Fusarium-damaged kernels for FHB in field and controlled environments. A subset (20/150) of the best performing DH lines from Wuhan/Maringa populations for both BYD and FHB were further evaluated. Plants were point inoculated with F. graminearum in greenhouse experiments, and macroconidial spray inoculations and spread of corn inoculum were used in field environments to evaluate FHB. BYDV inoculations were performed by placing ten to fifteen viruliferous aphids (Rhopalosiphum padi infected with BYDV-PAV isolate 9301PAV), at the one to two leaf stage for both greenhouse and field trials. The studies showed that both FHB and BYDV are quantitatively inherited. Transgressive segregants were observed and the broad sense heritability was high (0.90 to 0.97) for all traits evaluated. Results from independent testing of diseases on Wuhan/ Maringa populations showed fourteen DH lines were as, or more resistant than Wuhan for FHB and Maringa for BYDV tolerance and have combined both BYDV tolerance and FHB resistance. Identifying such lines facilitates the pyramiding of independent genes to obtain adequate levels of enduring resistance. A further experiment was conducted on the 14 lines by inoculating them with BYDV and F. graminearum successively on the same plant. Six out of 14 selected DH lines demonstrated high resistance to FHB and tolerance to BYDV. These six lines can be used in FHB/BYDV resistance/tolerance breeding programs.

Several Fusarium species can cause Fusarium head blight (FHB) and Fusarium crown rot (FCR) diseases in wheat and these are of economic importance in wheat production systems globally. Fusarium graminearum represents a model pathogen species to study these diseases because it has a sequenced genome, commercially available gene expression arrays and an growing collection of mutants impaired in pathogenicity and virulence, at least for FHB. FCR occurs at the stem base of the wheat plant, causing major reductions in grain yield. FCR has been much less intensively researched than FHB and the infection process of F. graminearum during crown rot disease in wheat has not been studied previously at the molecular level. Fungal biomass estimations by real-time quantitative PCR analysis of DNA from inoculated plants identified three distinct phases of infection during FCR, an initial increase in fungal mass in phase 1 up to 2 days post inoculation (dpi), then a reduction during phase 2 until 14 dpi followed by a large increase thereon in phase 3 that corresponded to symptom development. Histological characterisation of F. graminearum colonisation during these three phases of infection showed that initially the spores germinated on the stem surface at the point of inoculation forming a superficial hyphal mat. This occurred within the first two days of infection. The second phase was characterised by a period of low amounts of fungal tissue present in the infected plants and 14 days following infection hyphae were only observed below the point of inoculation at the stem base of the wheat seedling and had penetrated and colonised the adaxial epidermis of the outer leaf sheath. Following this, the third phase was characterised by a major colonisation of the internal tissues of the crown which corresponded to visible symptom development around 35 days after inoculation. Fungal gene expression during all three phases of infection were examined using the Affymetrix GeneChip system comprised of 22,000 F. graminearum gene probe sets. This analysis showed 1,839 genes were significantly up regulated in planta compared to axenic vegetative mycelia, including some known FHB virulence genes (e.g. those involved in the biosynthesis of trichothecene toxins). Fungal genes differentially regulated between the phases were identified indicating that FCR disease development requires a coordinated process involving distinct fungal gene expression programs. A bioinformatic comparison of global F. graminearum gene expression during FCR of wheat with published data for FHB of barley indicated similarities at very early stages of infection but divergence thereafter. It was decided to functionally test whether F. graminearum utilises the same virulence genes in FCR and FHB diseases. Because no virulence genes have been previously identified from FCR studies a small group of genes were initially selected from the FCR gene expression studies for further functional analysis using gene knock-out technology. Only two of these genes showed a changed phenotype during Fusarium infection of wheat plants and they encoded a probable ABC transporter (FgABC1) and a probable superoxide dismutase (FgSOD1). It was interesting to note that even though both FgABC1 and FgSOD1 exhibited similar transcription profiles during both FCR of wheat and FHB of barley it was found that FgABC1 was specifically required for full FCR disease development on the wheat cultivar Kennedy whereas FgSOD1 was specifically required for FHB disease on the same cultivar. This indicated that F. graminearum virulence genes can show specificity to the infection of different plant tissues and that these types of genes cannot be predicted based only on their transcription profiles. It is suggested that F. graminearum induces a global set of virulence factors but only some of these may be effective in particular tissues. To test further whether there was tissue specialisation for specific tissues and FCR & FHB diseases, a group of F. graminearum genes that were known virulence factors during FHB were tested to see if they were also virulence factors for FCR. This analysis showed that two genes displayed specificity only for FHB and five were virulence factors for both FHB and FCR. One of the genes that was a virulence factor for both diseases was the Tri5 gene that is necessary for the biosynthesis of trichothecene mycotoxins. This gene and these toxins did not appear to be necessary for symptom development and the induction of host defence responses but were necessary for fungal colonisation of the crown and stem in later stages of infection. Interestingly there were parallels in the role played by the Tri5 gene in FCR and that reported for FHB where it is necessary for colonisation for the spike. This study is the first molecular analysis of any Fusarium species during crown rot of wheat. Importantly, it shows that there may be specialisation towards host tissues for some virulence genes but also suggests that some factors may be non-specifically required for infection and it is these factors that will represent attractive targets for future control measures of both diseases.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2007. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

The world’s population is increasing and along with it, the demand for food. A novel parametric model (Volterra Non-linear Regressive with eXogenous inputs (VNRX)) is introduced for quantifying influences of individual and multiple soil properties on crop yield and normalised difference vegetation Index. The performance was compared to a random forest method over two consecutive years, with the best results of 55.6% and 52%, respectively. The VNRX was then implemented using high sampling resolution soil data collected with an on-line visible and near infrared (vis-NIR) spectroscopy sensor predicting yield variation of 23.21%. A hyperspectral imager coupled with partial least squares regression was successfully applied in the detection of fusarium head blight and yellow rust infection in winter wheat and barley canopies, under laboratory and on-line measurement conditions. Maps of the two diseases were developed for four fields. Spectral indices of the standard deviation between 500 to 650 nm, and the squared difference between 650 and 700 nm, were found to be useful in differentiating between the two diseases, in the two crops, under variable water stress. The optimisation of the hyperspectral imager for field measurement was based on signal-to-noise ratio, and considered; camera angle and distance, integration time, and light source angle and distance from the crop canopy. The study summarises in the proposal of a new method of disease management through suggested selective harvest and fungicide applications, for winter wheat and barley which theoretically reduced fungicide rate by an average of 24% and offers a combined saving of the two methods of £83 per hectare.

Submitted by Lucas Matias Gomes (lucasmatyasgomes@gmail.com) on 2018-08-06T16:08:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação UNESP GMP Lucas_06 agosto 2018 11h00min_versão final_Com correções.pdf: 1600177 bytes, checksum: 0987e3fb741701ed17fd4b3bb1d748c9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Neli Silvia Pereira null (nelisps@fcav.unesp.br) on 2018-08-06T18:25:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 gomes_lm_me_jabo.pdf: 1600177 bytes, checksum: 0987e3fb741701ed17fd4b3bb1d748c9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T18:25:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 gomes_lm_me_jabo.pdf: 1600177 bytes, checksum: 0987e3fb741701ed17fd4b3bb1d748c9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-30 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / O crestamento gomoso do caule, causado pelo fungo Didymella bryoniae, é uma das mais relevantes doenças que acometem a cultura do meloeiro no mundo. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar a reação de genótipos de meloeiro de diferentes bancos de germoplasma à D. bryoniae e propor ajustes na escala de notas e nas classes de reação de resistência. Dois experimentos foram conduzidos em blocos casualizados, com três repetições e oito plantas por parcela. Os sintomas causados pelo fungo foram avaliados por meio de escala de notas, adotando-se a nota média da última avaliação para determinar as classes de reação de resistência. Foram avaliados 28 genótipos no Experimento I, dos quais três foram selecionados como altamente resistentes (CNPH 05.1020, CNPH 11.1075 e CNPH 11.1063), sendo novamente avaliados no Experimento II, juntamente com testemunhas de resistência e suscetibilidade. Em ambos os experimentos, foram detectadas diferenças entre os genótipos (p < 0,05), revelando a existência de variabilidade genética para a reação ao crestamento gomoso do caule. O genótipo CNPH 11.1075 mostrou-se resistente à D. bryoniae em ambos os experimentos e pode ser incorporado em programas de melhoramento de meloeiro que visem à transferência da resistência para linhagens elites ou cultivares. Os ajustes nas metodologias para a avaliação de experimentos conduzidos em bandejas, com plantas na fase de mudas, permitem diferenciação adequada entre genótipos suscetíveis e resistentes. / The gummy stem blight, caused by fungus Didymella bryoniae, is one of the relevant diseases that occurs in melon worldwide. The goals this study were evaluated the reaction of melon genotype of different germplasm banks to D. bryoniae and propose adjustments in the grades scale and resistance reaction class. Two experiments were carried out in a completely randomized design with three replicates and eight plants per plot. The symptoms caused by fungus were evaluate through scale of grades, adopting the average grade of the last evaluation to determine the classes of resistance reaction. Were evaluated 28 genotypes in the Experiment I, of which three were selected as highly resistant (CNPH 05.1020, CNPH 11.1075 e CNPH 11.1063), being again evaluated in Experiment II together with resistance and susceptibility patterns. In both experiments, differences were detected between the genotypes (p < 0.05), indicating the existence of genetic variability for the reaction to gummy stem blight. The genotype CNPH 11.1075 was resistant to D. bryoniae in both experiments and can be incorporate in breeding programs that aim at the transference of resistance into elite lines or cultivars. The adjustments in the methodologies for the evaluation of the experiments conducted in trays, with plants in the seedling stage, allow the adequate differentiation among resistant and susceptible genotypes. / 137833/2016-4

Submitted by Nathália Faria da Silva (nathaliafsilva.ufv@gmail.com) on 2017-07-07T16:54:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 697730 bytes, checksum: 97e65860ffb26826b1b8a3b89981adc8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-07T16:54:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 697730 bytes, checksum: 97e65860ffb26826b1b8a3b89981adc8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001-03-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da temperatura e do tempo de molhamento foliar nos componentes epidemiológicos de isolados das linhagens clonais US-1 e BR-1 de isolados de Phytophthora infestans existentes no Brasil e a validação do simulador de epidemias de requeima Blight nas condições ambientais do País. Os componentes epidemiológicos avaliados neste estudo foram o período de incubação, o período latente, o crescimento das lesões, a esporulação e a germinação dos esporângios do patógeno. Estudou-se o efeito da temperatura na germinação dos esporângios, no período de incubação, no período latente, no crescimento das lesões e na esporulação do patógeno. As linhagens clonais US-1 e BR-1 foram afetadas de maneira diferenciada pelas variações de temperatura. Os isolados de US-1 e BR-1 apresentaram maior percentual de germinação indireta em temperaturas inferiores a 15°C. O maior percentual de germinação direta foi a 22°C, em ambas as linhagens. Os menores valores de período de incubação e de período latente ocorreram a 22°C em ambas as linhagens. A essa temperatura, o período de incubação para US-1 foi de 66,7 h e, para BR-1, de 44,0 h, enquanto o período latente foi de 93,3 h para US -1 e de 68,0 h para BR-1. O crescimento das lesões também foi influenciado pela variação de temperatura entre 10 e 27°C, em ambas as linhagens clonais. Na avaliação da esporulação, em plantas de batata e tomate observou-se maior esporulação a 22°C. Na quantificação dos efeitos do binômio temperatura – tempo de molhamento foliar, a linhagem clonal BR-1 apresentou maior número de lesões no hospedeiro a 10°C com 24 horas de molhamento foliar, e a US-1, a 15°C, com o mesmo tempo de molhamento foliar. Na validação do simulador Blight, realizaram-se dois ensaios de campo, um no inverno e outro no período de primavera-verão, com a cultura da batata. Quantificou-se o progresso da doença nessas duas épocas, e com os dados climáticos coletados foram realizadas simulações. Houve boa correlação entre a epidemia observada no campo no período do inverno e a simulada. No segundo ensaio, o simulador subestimou a intensidade da doença. Para ser usado no Brasil, o simulador Blight necessitará de ajuste nas equações matemáticas que o compõem. / This study aimed at evaluating temperature and leaf-wetness period effect on the epidemiological components of clonal lines of Phytophthora infestans isolates US-1 and BR-1 present in Brazil and to validate the simulator of the late blight epidemic Blight under Brazilian environmental conditions. The isolates were affected differently by the temperature variation although maximum indirect and direct sporangial germination of both the isolates occurred at temperatures below 15°C and at 22°C, respectively. Both the isolates had the least incubation and latent period at 22°C, which was, respectively, 66.7 h and 93.3 h for US-1 and 44.0 h and 68.0 h for BR-1. In both the clonal lines, the lesion growth was also affected by the temperature variation between 10 to 27°C. The maximum sporulation on potato and tomato plants occurred at 22°C. Quantification of the combined effect of temperature and leaf-wetness period showed that the largest lesion, in 24 h, on the host was produced at 10°C by the BR-1 and at 15°C and by the US-1 lines with 24 h leaf-wetness period. The Blight simulator was validated on the winter and spring-summer season potato crop . Simulations were done by quantifying the disease progress and using the climatic data of the crop period. While there was a good correlation between the observed epidemic and the simulation in the winter planting, the simulator under- estimated the disease intensity in the spring-summer season. Therefore, the Blight simulator may require adjustments in the component mathematical equations for use in Brazil.

COSTA, Ana Karoline de Oliveira. Aspectos físico-químicos e nutricionais da amêndoa e óleo de coco de babaçu (Orbignya phalerata Mart.) e avaliação sensorial de pães e biscoitos preparados com amêndoas. 2014. 68 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos)-Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2014. / Submitted by Vitor Campos (vitband@gmail.com) on 2016-09-28T23:11:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_akocosta.pdf: 2147548 bytes, checksum: dd9a749311c9b23ac8451bd56d17171a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jairo Viana (jairo@ufc.br) on 2016-10-04T18:03:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_akocosta.pdf: 2147548 bytes, checksum: dd9a749311c9b23ac8451bd56d17171a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-04T18:03:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_akocosta.pdf: 2147548 bytes, checksum: dd9a749311c9b23ac8451bd56d17171a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Babassu is the generic name given to oil palm belonging to the Palmae family and members of the genera and Orbignya Attalea. It is native of the transition zone between the cerrado and the Amazon rainforest. The potential use of babassu in several activities are large, since food and clothing until alternative energy elements. View of these facts, this study aimed to determine the chemical composition of almond, evaluate chemical, physical and physico-chemical aspects of babassu coconut oil removed by different methods of extraction and prepare bread and biscuit with ground almonds. The kernels of babassu coconut used in this study were from the city of Ipaporanga in the central hinterland of Ceará. By milling the bran (OpAM) was obtained laboratory oils. Babassu nut oil was removed by extraction with hot solvent (Soxhlet) (OpES) by hydraulic pressing (OpPH) and the solvent cold (Blight and Dyer) (OpEF). Two artisanal samples from the states of Pará (OpP) and Maranhão (OPM) were acquired. The chemical composition of the OpAM and its water activity were analysed. Samples OpPH, OpEF, OpM and OpP were analyzed for fatty acid composition, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances test, acid value, Rancimat induction period and color measurement. Cookie and bread with almond babaçu in its composition have been developed. The acceptance was evaluated by means of a structured hedonic scale of nine categories. OpAM has 2% protein, 49.5% fat, 42.4% carbohydrates and water activity of 0.67. No statistical differences were found between the techniques of extraction of babassu coconut that presents as major oil fatty acids saturated fatty acids, especially lauric (41,55%), myristic (14.58%) and the unsaturated oleic (15, 73%). No samples tested positive in the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances test. Also showed low levels of acidity. The babassu coconut oil showed good oxidative stability, high induction period. The samples tended to green and yellow colors, according to the parameters of the CIELAB scale. Cookie and biscuits prepared with ground almonds showed excellent sensory acceptance, taking the bread a slightly higher score. / Babaçu é o nome genérico dado às palmeiras oleaginosas pertencentes à família Palmae e integrantes dos gêneros Orbignya e Attalea. É nativo da zona de transição entre o cerrado e a floresta amazônica. As possibilidades de aproveitamento do babaçu em diversas atividades são amplas, da alimentação e vestuário até elementos energéticos alternativos. Diante do exposto, este trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a composição centesimal de amêndoa, avaliar os aspectos químicos, físicos e físico-químicos do óleo de coco babaçu removido pelos diferentes métodos de extração e elaborar pão e biscoito com a amêndoa ralada. As amêndoas de coco babaçu utilizadas neste trabalho foram provenientes da cidade de Ipaporanga, no sertão central do estado do Ceará. Através de moagem foi obtido um farelo (OpAm) do qual foram extraídos os óleos laboratoriais. O óleo de coco babaçu foi removido por extração com solvente a quente (Soxhlet) (OpES), por prensagem hidráulica (OpPH) e com solvente a frio (Blight e Dyer) (OpEF). Foram adquiridas duas amostras artesanais dos estados de Pará (OpP) e Maranhão (OpM). Analisou-se a composição centesimal de OpI e sua atividade de água. As amostras OpES, OpPH, OpEF, OpP e OpM foram submetidas a análises de composição de ácidos graxos, teste de substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico, índice de acidez, período de indução por Rancimat e medição de cor. Foram desenvolvidos biscoito e pão com a amêndoa do coco babaçu em sua composição. A aceitação foi avaliada por meio de uma escala hedônica estruturada de nove categorias. OpAm apresenta 2% de proteínas, 49,5% de lipídios, 42,4% de carboidratos e atividade de água de 0,67. Não foram encontradas diferenças estatísticas entre as técnicas de extração do óleo de coco babaçu que apresenta como ácidos graxos majoritários os saturados, destacando-se o láurico (41,55%), o mirístico (14,58%) e o insaturado oleico (15,73%). Nenhuma amostra apresentou resultados positivos no teste de substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico. Apresentaram ainda baixos índices de acidez. O óleo de coco babaçu apresentou boa estabilidade oxidativa, com alto período de indução. As amostras apresentaram tendência às cores verde e amarela, segundo os parâmetros da escala CIELAB. Pão e biscoito elaborados com a amêndoa ralada apresentaram excelente aceitação sensorial, tendo o pão uma nota ligeiramente maior.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico. Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia de Produção / Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-20T21:06:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 225932.pdf: 1800466 bytes, checksum: 7546469656bbd6296a6ac29ff925f29e (MD5) / Este trabalho apresenta um estudo desenvolvido com dados longitudinais, usando a metodologia de modelos não lineares em curvas de crescimento, com diferentes estruturas para a matriz de covariância, fixando uma função para a parte determinística. Após a seleção da melhor matriz de covariância, foram experimentadas diferentes funções, a fim de se escolher o modelo não linear mais adequado. Este procedimento foi aplicado em dados da porcentagem de severidade da doença Late blight em quatro variedades de batata (Solanum tuberosum), causada por Phytophthora infestans. O modelo não linear selecionado foi o que usa uma das parametrizações da função de Gompertz e matriz de covariância de Simetria Composta. Os testes de hipóteses realizados sobre os parâmetros do modelo confirmaram a existência de diferença significativa entre as variedades.