Os acidentes de trabalho com exposição ao material biológico (ATMB) entre os profissionais da enfermagem são recorrentes e os seus potenciais agravos os tornam um caso de Saúde Pública mundial. O paradigma hegemônico de análise de acidente de trabalho, conhecido como modelo tradicional, considera apenas os elementos visíveis e pontuais presentes no momento do acidente. Já o modelo sistêmico, além destes elementos, elenca os de natureza distal ou latente ao evento como possíveis fatores causais do acidente. O Modelo de Análise e Prevenção de Acidentes do Trabalho (MAPA) é um instrumento desenvolvido a partir do paradigma sistêmico de causalidade de acidentes e de conceitos da Ergonomia da Atividade. O objetivo deste estudo epidemiológico transversal foi identificar a contribuição dos fatores no nível do trabalhador (individual), variáveis de dentro e de fora do trabalho, e no nível do setor de trabalho, relevantes pelo MAPA para a ocorrência dos acidentes de trabalho com exposição aos ATMB, nos profissionais da enfermagem do Instituto Central do Hospital das Clínicas (ICHC) da Faculdade de Medicina da USP. Os desfechos foram o ATMB por perfurocortante e por contato com fluído do paciente. Um censo que obteve cobertura de aproximadamente 92% (N=1648) foi realizado entre fevereiro e setembro de 2013. Houve a aplicação de seis análises de regressão logística multinível multivariada porque para cada desfecho foi feita uma análise que considerou todos os trabalhadores entrevistados e outras duas, uma para cada turno de trabalho. Em cada uma, primeiramente, foram introduzidas as variáveis no nível do trabalhador, primeiro as de dentro do trabalho, depois as de fora do trabalho. Por último, as variáveis do nível do setor foram introduzidas. Estas variáveis foram obtidas pela lapidação das escalas de trabalho. Os achados mostraram que existiu diferença no comportamento das variáveis tanto ao comparar os fatores associados para cada desfecho quanto ao comprar os fatores associados entre os turnos, no mesmo desfecho. A fim de explicar a diferença dos desfechos, elaborou-se uma hipótese que os elementos envolvidos no ATMB por perfurocortante, principalmente a administração de medicação intravenosa, são essenciais para o quadro de melhora do paciente. Assim, independentemente das condições de trabalho enfrentadas pelo profissional de enfermagem, a exposição aos elementos perfurocortantes devem acontecer. O mesmo não acontece com os elementos envolvidos no ATMB por contato. Outro raciocínio elaborado para explicar a diferença entre os desfechos foi que o nível de percepção de risco para os perfurocortantes é maior do que para o contato com os fluídos do paciente. Já a diferença entre os turnos de trabalho, basicamente foi explicada pela hipótese que o turno da noite é mais adaptado ao trabalho hospitalar do que o diurno, a evidência disso encontra-se na diferença do tempo de serviço entre os dois grupos. / Work accidents from exposure to biological material (ATMB) among nursing professionals are recurrent and their potential health problems make them a public health issue worldwide. The hegemonic paradigm accident analysis work, known as the traditional model, considers only the visible and specific elements present when the accident occurred. The systemic model, however, also lists the distal or latent nature to the event as possible causes of the accident. The Model of Analysis and Accident Prevention (MAPA) is an instrument developed from the systemic paradigm of causality of accidents and concepts of ergonomics of activity. The aim of this cross-sectional epidemiological study was to identify the contribution of factors at worker level (individual), variables from inside and outside work, and in the labor sector. These are stated in MAPA for the occurrence of occupational accidents involving exposure to ATMB in nursing professionals of the Instituto Central do Hospital das Clínicas (ICHC), USPs Faculdade de Medicina. The outcome was the ATMB for sharp injuries or by contact with patient fluid. A census was performed between February and September 2013 with a response rate of approximately 92 per cent (N = 1648). Six analyses were conducted using multivariate multilevel logistic regression because, for each outcome, an analysis was performed that considered all the interviewed workers. A further two analyses were realized for each shift. For each analysis, model-building was performed introducing the worker level variables in the model. The inside-work variables were introduced first followed by outside-work variables. Finally, the sector level variables were introduced. These were created from the nursing staffs schedules for each ICHC job sector. The findings showed that differences exist in the variable behavior when comparing associated factors for each outcome and comparing the associated factors between shifts in the same outcome. In order to explain the difference in outcomes, a hypothesis was formulated that the elements involved in ATMB by sharp injuries, especially during administration of intravenous medication, are essential for the improvement of patient status. In this way, regardless of the working conditions faced by nursing staff, they will be exposed to sharp elements. This is not the case with elements involved in ATMB through contact. One hypothesis to explain this difference between the outcomes is that the level of the risk perception for accidents from sharp objects is higher than those from contact with patient fluids. The difference between work shifts was basically explained by the rationale that the nurses on night shifts are more adapted to hospital work than day workers. This is supported by the difference in length of service between the two groups.

Os acidentes de trabalho com exposição ao material biológico (ATMB) entre os profissionais da enfermagem são recorrentes e os seus potenciais agravos os tornam um caso de Saúde Pública mundial. O paradigma hegemônico de análise de acidente de trabalho, conhecido como modelo tradicional, considera apenas os elementos visíveis e pontuais presentes no momento do acidente. Já o modelo sistêmico, além destes elementos, elenca os de natureza distal ou latente ao evento como possíveis fatores causais do acidente. O Modelo de Análise e Prevenção de Acidentes do Trabalho (MAPA) é um instrumento desenvolvido a partir do paradigma sistêmico de causalidade de acidentes e de conceitos da Ergonomia da Atividade. O objetivo deste estudo epidemiológico transversal foi identificar a contribuição dos fatores no nível do trabalhador (individual), variáveis de dentro e de fora do trabalho, e no nível do setor de trabalho, relevantes pelo MAPA para a ocorrência dos acidentes de trabalho com exposição aos ATMB, nos profissionais da enfermagem do Instituto Central do Hospital das Clínicas (ICHC) da Faculdade de Medicina da USP. Os desfechos foram o ATMB por perfurocortante e por contato com fluído do paciente. Um censo que obteve cobertura de aproximadamente 92% (N=1648) foi realizado entre fevereiro e setembro de 2013. Houve a aplicação de seis análises de regressão logística multinível multivariada porque para cada desfecho foi feita uma análise que considerou todos os trabalhadores entrevistados e outras duas, uma para cada turno de trabalho. Em cada uma, primeiramente, foram introduzidas as variáveis no nível do trabalhador, primeiro as de dentro do trabalho, depois as de fora do trabalho. Por último, as variáveis do nível do setor foram introduzidas. Estas variáveis foram obtidas pela lapidação das escalas de trabalho. Os achados mostraram que existiu diferença no comportamento das variáveis tanto ao comparar os fatores associados para cada desfecho quanto ao comprar os fatores associados entre os turnos, no mesmo desfecho. A fim de explicar a diferença dos desfechos, elaborou-se uma hipótese que os elementos envolvidos no ATMB por perfurocortante, principalmente a administração de medicação intravenosa, são essenciais para o quadro de melhora do paciente. Assim, independentemente das condições de trabalho enfrentadas pelo profissional de enfermagem, a exposição aos elementos perfurocortantes devem acontecer. O mesmo não acontece com os elementos envolvidos no ATMB por contato. Outro raciocínio elaborado para explicar a diferença entre os desfechos foi que o nível de percepção de risco para os perfurocortantes é maior do que para o contato com os fluídos do paciente. Já a diferença entre os turnos de trabalho, basicamente foi explicada pela hipótese que o turno da noite é mais adaptado ao trabalho hospitalar do que o diurno, a evidência disso encontra-se na diferença do tempo de serviço entre os dois grupos. / Work accidents from exposure to biological material (ATMB) among nursing professionals are recurrent and their potential health problems make them a public health issue worldwide. The hegemonic paradigm accident analysis work, known as the traditional model, considers only the visible and specific elements present when the accident occurred. The systemic model, however, also lists the distal or latent nature to the event as possible causes of the accident. The Model of Analysis and Accident Prevention (MAPA) is an instrument developed from the systemic paradigm of causality of accidents and concepts of ergonomics of activity. The aim of this cross-sectional epidemiological study was to identify the contribution of factors at worker level (individual), variables from inside and outside work, and in the labor sector. These are stated in MAPA for the occurrence of occupational accidents involving exposure to ATMB in nursing professionals of the Instituto Central do Hospital das Clínicas (ICHC), USPs Faculdade de Medicina. The outcome was the ATMB for sharp injuries or by contact with patient fluid. A census was performed between February and September 2013 with a response rate of approximately 92 per cent (N = 1648). Six analyses were conducted using multivariate multilevel logistic regression because, for each outcome, an analysis was performed that considered all the interviewed workers. A further two analyses were realized for each shift. For each analysis, model-building was performed introducing the worker level variables in the model. The inside-work variables were introduced first followed by outside-work variables. Finally, the sector level variables were introduced. These were created from the nursing staffs schedules for each ICHC job sector. The findings showed that differences exist in the variable behavior when comparing associated factors for each outcome and comparing the associated factors between shifts in the same outcome. In order to explain the difference in outcomes, a hypothesis was formulated that the elements involved in ATMB by sharp injuries, especially during administration of intravenous medication, are essential for the improvement of patient status. In this way, regardless of the working conditions faced by nursing staff, they will be exposed to sharp elements. This is not the case with elements involved in ATMB through contact. One hypothesis to explain this difference between the outcomes is that the level of the risk perception for accidents from sharp objects is higher than those from contact with patient fluids. The difference between work shifts was basically explained by the rationale that the nurses on night shifts are more adapted to hospital work than day workers. This is supported by the difference in length of service between the two groups.

Medicinos darbuotojai dėl kasdieninio kontakto su žmogaus organizmo skysčiais priskiriami didžiausios biologinių veiksnių rizikos grupei. Incidentų – mikrotraumų ir ekspozicijos krauju, rizika yra susijusi su kraujo keliu plintančiomis infekcijomis (HBV, HCV, ŽIV). Darbo tikslas: Nustatyti medicinos darbuotojų profesinių biologinių veiksnių riziką ir paplitimą Kauno medicinos universiteto klinikų chirurgijos profilio skyriuose. Tyrimo metodika. Vykdytas retrospektyvinis tyrimas 2006 m. 1-6 mėnesių, duomenys rinkti Kauno medicinos universiteto klinikų chirurgijos profilio skyriuose. Atlikta anketinė apklausa. Išdalintos 347 anoniminės anketos, atsako dažnis 89,6 % (311). Statistiniam duomenų apdorojimui naudotas SPSS 11.0 programinis paketas. Rezultatai. 64,5% respondentų patyrė mikrotraumą, 71,1 % – ekspoziciją biologiniais skysčiais, mikrotraumą, ir ekspoziciją patyrė 39,6% darbuotojų. Visais mikrotraumų atvejais buvo sužeistos rankos, ekspozicijų metu 63% respondentų apsitaškė sveiką odą, 20% – akis. Dažniausiai darbuotojai apsitaškė krauju (60%). Gydytojai mikrotraum��� dažniausiai patyrė operacijų metu (79,3%), slaugytojos – apruošdamos instrumentus (35,1%), pagalbiniai darbuotojai – tvarkydami atliekas (75,8%). Gydytojai dažniausiai susižeidė chirurgine adata (72,4%), slaugytojos – injekcine adata (72,4%), pagalbiniai darbuotojai – stiklu (60,6%). 86% respondentų nebuvo pasiskiepiję HB vakcina. Mikrotraumų metu 14,5%, ekspozicijų metu 5% respondentų asmeninių apsaugos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The health care workers are attributed to the highest biological factors risk group, as they daily come into contact with fluids of human body. Risk of incidents – sharps injuries and blood exposure – is related to the infections, spread by blood (HBV, HCV, HIV). Aim of the study. Determine the professional biological risk factors for health care workers and their incidence in the surgical departments of Kaunas Medical University Hospital. Methods. Retrospective study of 1-6 months of year 2006 was performed; data was collected in the surgical departments of Kaunas Medical University Hospital. Anonymous questionnaire survey was performed. 347 questionnaires were distributed; rate of response was 89.6% (311). SPSS 11.0 software was used for statistical data processing. Results. 64.5% of respondents had experienced sharps injury, 71.1% were exposed to the biological fluids, and 39.6% of workers had experienced the injury and the exposure. The hands were injured during all the sharps injury cases; 63% of respondents were drabbled by blood on the healthy skin and 20 % were drabbled into the eyes during the blood exposure. In most cases worker were drabbled by blood (60%). Physicians mostly experience the sharps injury during the surgery (79.3%), nurses – during the preparation of instruments (35.1%), supporting staff – disposing the waste (75.8%). Commonly physicians were injured by the surgical needle (72.4%), nurses – by needlestick (72.4%), and the supporting staff – by glass... [to full text]

Bakgrund Operationspersonal är den yrkesgrupp inom vården som är mest utsatt för risk för blodsmitta genom frekvent hantering av stickande och skärande instrument samt exponering av blod. Bland operations­sjuksköterskor finns en stark önskan att arbeta så säkert som möjligt för att minska risken för smittöverföring. Det finns föreskrifter, metoder och hjälpmedel för att förhindra stick- och skärskador men få skriftliga riktlinjer och rutiner. Syfte Syftet med den här studien är att undersöka operationssjuksköterskans hantering av stickande och skärande instrument i operationssalen. Metod Studiens design är en empirisk tvärsnittsstudie med en kvantitativ ansats. En strukturerad observationsstudie utfördes på Södersjukhuset i Stockholm. 18 operationssjuksköterskor observerades under 50 operationer. Resultat Studiens resultat visar på brister inom samtliga områden som observerats. Beskrivna hjälpmedel och metoder för att förhindra stick- och skärskador användes i liten utsträckning.  Trots detta utfördes viss hantering av vassa instrument på ett säkert sätt. Stundom utfördes arbetet på ett riskfyllt sätt. Slutsats Beskrivna hjälpmedel och metoder för säker hantering av stickande och skärande instrument finns men användes i liten utsträckning vilket resulterar i ett självstyrt säkerhetsarbete i operationssalen. Hjälpmedel bör göras mer tillgängliga, tydliga rutiner och skriftliga riktlinjer för hantering av stickande och skärande instrument behövs. Klinisk betydelse Studien kan fungera som en del av ett utvecklingsarbete på Södersjukhuset gällande hantering av stickande och skärande instrument. Utvecklingsarbetet kan exempelvis leda till en uppdatering av innehållet i kundanpassade operationsset och plocklistor samt att skriftliga riktlinjer tas fram. / Background Operating room personnel are at particularly high risk of injury and blood borne diseases due to handling of sharp items and frequent blood exposure. Operating room nurses aim to perform at a high level of security to reduce the risk of transmission of blood borne diseases. To prevent sharps injuries there are regulations, methods and safety devices but few written guidelines. Aim The aim of this study is to identify how the operating room nurse handles sharps within the operating room. Method A quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted at Södersjukhuset in Stockholm, Sweden. 18 operating room nurses participated in this structured observation study during 50 operations. Results The result indicates shortcomings in obtaining a safe working environment in all observed areas. Safety devices and other methods to prevent sharps injuries were seldom used. Despite this the work with sharps was mainly conducted in a safe way. At times the work was performed in a hazardous manner. Conclusions The safety devices and methods described in the study exist but are seldom used which leads to a subjective work method regarding safety in the operating room. The safety devices need to be made more accessible and explicit guidelines are needed. Clinical significance This study may be part of a quality improvement project at Södersjukhuset regarding handling and routines concerning sharps. The quality improvement effort can result in alterations of the contents in the procedure pack and the development of written guidelines.

Syfte. Att belysa attityder hos operationspersonal samt risken för intraoperativa stick- och skärskador. Bakgrund. Det finns flera olika tekniker för att hantera stickande och skärande instrument och olika säkerhetsprodukter som kan användas för att minimera risken för stick- och skärskador. Det finns många studier som handlar om lämpliga arbetssätt för att minimera risken för stick- och skärskador, men bara ett fåtal studier som belyser betydelsen av användarnas attityder och inställning till användande av tekniker och säkerhetsprodukter samt uppföljning och rapportering av tillbud. Metod. Studiens design är en empirisk intervjustudie med kvalitativ ansats. Semistrukturerade intervjuer utfördes med sju operationssjuksköterskor och fyra operatörer på två sjukhus i Sverige. Data insamlades oktober-december 2015. Resultat. Resultatet visar på att det finns olika attityder hos operationspersonal som kan påverka risken för stick- och skärskador, vilka redovisas under fyra olika teman: Att ha ett säkert arbetsklimat; Att skydda sig själv, medarbetare och patient; Att vara följsam till riktlinjer och arbetsrutiner samt Att vara oföljsam riktlinjer och arbetsrutiner. Slutsats. Risken för stick- och skärskador går inte att eliminera då det alltid finns riskområden som man som operationspersonal måste ta hänsyn till. Det finns mycket kunskap kring säkerhetsprodukter och tekniker som syftar till att minimera risken för stick- och skärskador men om användarens attityd får styra kanske inte dessa används på rätt sätt om ens alls. I denna studie framkommer det en antydan till att attityder hos operationspersonal kan påverka risken intraoperativa stick- och skärskador. / Aim. To illustrate the attitudes of the operating theatre personnel and the risk of intraoperative sharp injuries. Background. There are several ways to manage sharp instruments such as various techniques and safety products to minimize the risk of sharps injuries. There are many studies about working practices to minimize the risk of sharps injuries but only a few that illustrate the importance of attitudes towards techniques and safety products as well as follow up and reporting incidents. Method. The design of the study is an empirical interview study with a qualitative approach. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with seven theatre nurses and four surgeons at two hospitals in Sweden. Data collected October-December 2015. Findings. The findings show that there exists different attitudes of the operating theatre personnel that could affect the risk of sharps injuries. The finding is presented in four themes: To have a safe working environment; To protect oneself, co-worker and patient; To be compliant to guidelines and working practices and To be non-compliant to guidelines and working practices. Conclusions. The risk of sharp injuries can’t be eliminated since there is always a risk of sharp injuries which the operating theatre personnel must pay attention to. There are a lot of knowledge about safety products and techniques for minimizing the risk of sharps injuries but when the attitude of the user come into play the safety product may not be used correctly, if used at all. In this study a indication appears that the attitudes of the operating theatre personnel may be affecting the risk of intraoperative sharp injuries.