Thesis (MEng (Industrial Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / This thesis represents the results of a study for the use of conformal cooling in blow mould design. As a part of this, design case studies and comparative experiments were conducted to determine the difference in performance of blow moulds incorporating conventional cooling and those with conformal cooling. The cooling configurations are compared using simulation to identify the shortcomings of conventional cooling. In addition modern manufacturing methods able to manufacture complex conformal cooling designs, are evaluated. The relevant cooling principles are explained using mould designing handbooks as well as heat flow handbooks. The tie between them is made and the differences explained. The moulding cycles of injection as well as blow moulding process are explained and the applicable simulation software used in these fields is described.

Cette thèse porte sur l'étude des phénomènes d'explosion pour certaines équations aux dérivées partielles dispersives et plus particulièrement pour l'équation de Schrodinger non linéaire. Ces phénomènes ont été beaucoup étudiés et notamment dans le cas Euclidien. On s'intéresse ici à des cas où l'espace n'est plus l'espace Euclidien. Cela comprend en particulier l'étude des trois prototypes : domaine de l'espace Euclidien, tore (courbure nulle), sphère (courbure positive) et espace hyperbolique (courbure négative). Concernant l'équation de Schrodinger, plusieurs résultats ont montré que la métrique pouvait influencer le comportement qualitatif des solutions, en particulier les propriétés dispersives des solutions et le seuil critique d'existence locale pour le problème de Cauchy. Plusieurs résultats concernant l'explosion sont ensuite venus confirmer ces phénomèmes. Dans cette thèse, on se propose de poursuivre cette étude. / In this thesis, we study blow-up behavior of solutions for dispersive equations, more precisely for the nonlinear Schr"odinger equation. This has been studied essentially in the Euclidean case. In this work, we are interested in the case where the equation is posed on a general manifold; this includes the case of a domain of the Euclidean space, torus (zero curvature); the sphere (non negative curvature) and the hyperbolic space (negative curvature). For the Schr"odinger equation, several results proved that the metric could change the qualitative behavior of the solutions, in particular dispersive properties and the critical threshold of existence for the Cauchy problem. Then, some results showed that blow-up theory is also concerned. In this work, we continue this study.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T18:29:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo6736_1.pdf: 1174894 bytes, checksum: 1469e3c3f5a8adcf9a070f5fa5cc9e27 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco / Estudamos o sistema parabólico não-local acoplado ut &#8722; &#916;u = &#8747; t 0 (t &#8722; s)&#8722;1 |v|p&#8722;1v(s)ds, vt &#8722; &#916;v = &#8747; t 0 (t &#8722; s)&#8722;2 |u|q&#8722;1u(s)ds onde 0 &#8804; &#947;1, &#947;2 < 1 e p, q &#8805; 1. Consideramos o problema em (0, T)×RN e um problema de Dirichlet em (0, T)×&#937;, com &#937; &#8834; RN domínio limitado e fronteira regular. Admitimos que os dados iniciais u(0), v(0) &#8712; C0(RN) e u(0), v(0) &#8712; C0(&#937;), respectivamente. Encontramos condições que garantem a existência de solução global e a explosão num tempo finito de qualquer solução do sistema em questão

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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Development rate is a quantitative trait that displays significant variation within many species, including Cochliomyia macellaria Meigen (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Calliphorids are a family of dipterans known as blow flies and are commonly used in forensic entomology to estimate the minimum postmortem interval (PMIMIN), given some assumptions are made. In order to dissect the genetic underpinnings of development rate variation in this species, artificial selection for fast and slow development with population-based resequencing was used. The objective of this study is to isolate and characterize genomic regions that are correlated to development rate variation in blow flies. The first approach used known regulatory development genes from Drosophila melanogaster Meigen (Diptera: Drosophilidae) and isolated variants that were associated with development time changes in artificially selected fast and slow development C. macellaria strains. Three variants located in Ras and Eip74EF were associated with fast or slow development in selection strains with a significant change in allele frequency. The second approach involved the comparison of pooled artificially selected fast and slow C. macellaria genomes to investigate the genetic basis of development rate variation. When comparing the fast and slow genomes, 699 sequences were identified that contained 7290 variants with consistent changes in allele frequency. The variants indicated that the genomic regions that are associated with development rate were associated with developmental processes, including regulation of RNA polymerase II activity, and transporter activity, such as protein dimerization. Of the 699 sequences, 69 sequences were related to Achaete-scute complex and 14 were related to Cyp12A7. The identification of the genomic regions that associated with development rates from this study provides an important resource for future studies in identifying potential genetic markers to increase the effectiveness of PMIMIN estimates. By using significantly associated variants as a priori candidates for future studies, the data increases the understanding of natural development variation in blow flies.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Forensic entomology is a subdiscipline of entomology that involves the use of insect behavior and developmental data to aid in criminal investigations. Genetic data has become increasingly important to the field as there has been a push for DNA-based species identification methods of forensically relevant insects. Genetic data can also elucidate population structure and relatedness of these insects, and such knowledge can contribute to the development of more specific datasets for insects in different regions. The first study presented here investigated the phylogenetics of sister species Lucilia cuprina and Lucilia sericata to identify possible subspecies divisions and issues with DNA-based identifications in the United States. The initial aim of this study was to identify genetic differences between specimens of L. cuprina that preferred live versus carrion flesh. Flies collected from Indiana, USA and South Africa were sequenced and analyzed. Upon sequencing of the genes COI, Period, and 28s, our results indicated that L. cuprina from Indiana possess a unique combination of nuclear and mitochondrial haplotypes that suggest a unique lineage, possibly indicating modern hybridization with L. sericata. The inability of both nuclear and mitochondrial genes to distinguish between L. cuprina and L. sericata raises questions about the capabilities of DNA-based species identifications within this genus. Additionally, the inability of these genes to distinguish between specimens that preferred live versus carrion flesh highlights a need for continued research of these behavioral differences. The second study presented here investigated the population structure and relatedness of house flies in the American southwest in relation to a civil lawsuit where neighbors of a poultry farm alleged that flies were emanating from the farm to their homes. Musca domestica (house fly) specimens were collected from the chicken farm and from locations in varying directions and distances from the farm. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis was performed and the data were used in a number of analyses. Population reallocation simulations generally indicated that samples from different locations were not genetically different enough from other locations to allocate to their true origin population over others. Kinship analysis showed differences in samples collected in a later season that indicate a genetic bottleneck over time. Population structure analysis indicated the presence of two intermixing genetic populations in the dataset. AMOVA revealed that the majority of genetic variation laid within, rather than among, populations. A Mantel test revealed no significant correlation between genetic and geographic distances. These results indicate that the M. domestica population in this region of southwestern America is large and intermixing, with no clear genetic distinctions between specimens collected at the poultry farm versus the surrounding locations. In regard to the civil lawsuit, it was not possible to conclude that the flies did not emanate from the poultry farm. In a broader perspective, these data can be utilized to develop pest management strategies in this region. Overall, the data from both studies presented here will be useful to forensic investigations, development of more specific and detailed data and identification techniques, and pest control measures.

The occurrence of deformation in plastic bottles is a common problem in the bottling industry where bottles are blow molded, hot filled at high temperatures and sealed. Plastics have unique properties that make it difficult to predict when and why such changes may occur. The root cause of such deformation is unknown by many bottle producers and recent attempts have been made to minimize the occurrence of such defects. The purpose of this research is to determine which variables involved in the bottle production process influence bottle shape. Earlier variables that were tested included both blow molding resin and total bottle sidewall thickness. The result of changing these variables did not create a decrease in defects. The use of an Ishikawa fishbone diagram identified hot filling temperature a major variable that influences final bottle shape. This research summarizes the results of a series of tests that were developed to observe the effect of hot filling temperature on final bottle shape. A positive correlation between sidewall deflection and liquid hot filling temperature was observed. A series of tensile tests were also developed to analyze the strength of various regions of a blow molded bottle. An early Pareto Analysis determined that the parting line is more susceptible to defects than any other region of the bottle. This weakness was confirmed after the tensile tests proved that there is a statistically significant difference between measurements on the sidewall and parting line (pvalue < .001). The results of this thesis highlight the consequences of arbitrarily choosing a filling temperature with little understanding of the bottle's strength at high temperatures. Plastic bottle producers and hot filling companies should unite to determine the appropriate hot filling temperature before bottles are molded and filled.

An unsteady, finite-rate, one-dimensional model has been developed for the analysis for gas-turbine combustors. The basis of the model is the one-dimensional, integral form of the conservation equations for multi-species, non-equilibrium, reacting mixtures. Special procedures were devised for the flow-division of the inlet flow into primary- and annular-flows, for both straight- and reverse-flow combustors. This allows the model to handle complete combustor configurations, which at present are beyond the reach of more sophisticated CFD tools. The model was validated with a steady-state analytical solution for a basic problem, and with steady-state results from a production code applied to a production combustor. Additional calculations show the ability of the code to predict blow-out due to rich and lean mixtures, and to predict the response of a combustor to perturbations in operating and boundary conditions. / Ph. D.

One of the most prominent open problems in mathematical physics is determining whether solutions to the incompressible three-dimensional (3D) Navier-Stokes system, corresponding to arbitrarily large smooth initial data, remain regular for arbitrarily long times. A promising approach to this problem relies on the fact that both the smoothness of classical solutions and the uniqueness of weak solutions in 3D flows are ultimately controlled by the growth properties of the $H^1$ seminorm of the velocity field U, also known as the enstrophy. In this context, the sharpness of analytic estimates for the instantaneous rate of growth of the $H^2$ seminorm of U in two-dimensional (2D) flows, also known as palinstrophy, and for the instantaneous rate of growth of enstrophy in 3D flows, is assessed by numerically solving suitable constrained optimization problems. It is found that the instantaneous estimates for both 2D and 3D flows are saturated by highly localized vortex structures. Moreover, finite-time estimates for the total growth of palinstrophy in 2D and enstrophy in 3D are obtained from the corresponding instantaneous estimates and, by using the (instantaneously) optimal vortex structures as initial conditions in the Navier-Stokes system and numerically computing their time evolution, the finite-time estimates are found to be uniformly sharp for 2D flows, and sharp over increasingly short time intervals for 3D flows. Although computational in essence, these results indicate a possible route for finding an extreme initial condition for the Navier-Stokes system that could lead to the formation of a singularity in finite time. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Neste trabalho abordamos dois exemplos de equações de difusão não locais do tipo Neumann: o problema linear homogêneo e um semilinear com termo de reação representado pela função f(u) = u|u|^(p-1). Em ambos os casos, apresentamos condições de existência e unicidade de soluções e analisamos seu comportamento em relação ao tempo. Estudamos uma discretização para o problema linear e a utilizamos para realizar simulações numéricas nas quais podemos verificar algumas das propriedades demonstradas. Também simulamos o problema semilinear observando o comportamento de suas soluções mesmo em casos em que as hipóteses dos teoremas apresentados não são todas satisfeitas. / In this work we approach two examples of nonlocal diffusion equations of Neumann type: the homogeneous linear problem and a semilinear with a reaction term represented by the function f(u) = u|u|^(p-1). In both cases, we present conditions of existence and uniqueness of solutions and we analyze their behavior with respect to time. We study a discretization to the linear problem and use it to perform numerical experiments in order to illustrate some of the demonstrated properties. We also simulate the semilinear problem observing the behavior of its solutions even in cases where the hypothesis of the presented theorems are not all satisfied.