Even though today´s world unwinds on the increasing way of the globalisation, investors are aware of the possibilities the international markets offer and distance is not an issue any more, they are still governed by the “home bias factor“. This phenomenon implies that investors tend to prefer investing in domestic securities rather than entering the global market. Swedish investors are not the exception and the issue of the attraction of foreign fixed income securities is highlighted even more when we have found out there is lack of academic research about the topic from the perspective of Swedish investors. To narrow down the research subject and provide a reader with an interesting approach, we decided to examine the attraction of foreign government bonds from the perspective of Swedish investors. At the beginning of the paper we raised three research questions and defined the objective of the paper in questioning the existence of reasons to invest in foreign government bonds. Another research question was defined as identifying our local investor, who is entering the global market and last, but not least, what investing strategy do we recommend him to follow. Along the paper we proposed to apply a decent level of informative as well as a scientific approach to provide a reader with a valuable study concerning pre-defined topic. To reach more concrete outcomes of the study we have accepted couple of assumtions which we have identified ourselves with and we have stressed them especially during the theoretical part of the paper. After conducting the comprehensive analysis of the Swedish market for government bonds we have identified a huge gap between the demand and supply for such bonds and based on the discussion concerning the opportunities and risks connected with such investments we have defined our investor. Under given assumptions, as the most probable case of occurance we consider a rational investor, who is offsetting the balance of interest rate sensitive assets and liabilities simultaneously looking for the best possible yield, the lowest possible risk and sound level of diversification. During the empirical analysis, namely examination of the national yield curves we set first, however very limited investment strategy. After the incorporation of the portfolio theory, currency rate risk and the existence of instruments covering the foreign currency exposure we have come into a conclusion that our investor does not have to necessarily prefer a security from the depicted efficient frontier, but he can employ other securities as well. As a consequence, when using 100% hedging he can use whichever security on the global market. At the conclusion, stated findings imply another investigation, since our research was based on very strong assumptions presented during the study. Thus it by far does not provide the reader with a comprehensive investment analysis, which some readers might be interested in. However, even from the beginning we claimed that we do not have such an ambitious goal.

With the development of economic globalization, the threat of international financial crisis is rising. In order to address the challenge of financial crisis, the regional financial cooperation is becoming important mechanism for political elite in East Asia. Although Taiwan has important status of international economics and trade in East Asia and close economic and trade relations with China, but it is still difficult for Taiwan to join East Asia financial cooperation due to Cross-Strait political factor. This thesis analyses the political consensus of political elite in East Asia through the perspective of ¡§Neo-functionalism¡¨ on the impact of two stages of East Asia financial cooperation after international financial crisis in 1997 and 2008, and on the difficulty for Taiwan to take part in regional financial cooperation of ASEAN+3 with China¡¦s increasing political and economic influence in East Asia. Therefore this thesis analyses above issues for providing advices to Taiwan government regarding policymaking on participation in East Asia financial cooperation.

本文主旨在了解在台灣與民生息息相關的銀行、郵局的存放款利率，是有什麼樣程度的受到債券市場的影響。本文使用Eviews研究2000/01~2015/05公債殖利率、央行利率對於其他變數是否有顯著相關。首先檢驗資料是否為定態後，考量差分後資料無經濟意義，便以變動率取代原始資料，以最小平方法進行單、多因子迴歸。結果顯示從理論或實證都能證明中央銀行透過貨幣政策、公開市場操作來影響利率，從本文研究可看出其影響力更甚於十年期公債殖利率。配合相關係數來看，可推測央行的操作不僅直接的影響著銀行及郵局的利率，也透過這些利率再去影響其他利率，使得利率間互相影響使效果增強，唯一例外是十年期公債殖利率在十五年期房貸利率上有更好的影響以及解釋力。 / The main topic of the thesis is to understand whether the bond market in Taiwan has influence on the bank saving rates and lending rates. Considering the data will lose its economics meaning after the first order difference, we use churn rate instead of the original data to construct single and multi-factor regression using. The result comes out that both theories and the paper’s result can show that the central bank has strong power over the rates. The central bank interest rate is a more significant explanatory variable than the ten-year bond yield and has positive impact on other dependent variables. The only exception is that the ten-year bond yield has the best explanatory power over the 15-year mortgage rates than other variables.

Without doubt a well-developed financial sector is related to efficient resource allocation and growth, but there is modest consensus on the direction of that link, on the notion of what is meant by "well developed", on which subset of the financial market is crucial and thus which organisational set-up provides optimal returns for both architects and market participants alike. With sluggish growth, torn down market barriers and systemic change in the EU accession countries the direction, magnitude, sustainability, institutional set-up of the finance-growth nexus (and which), becomes one of the core issues of both macroeconomic theory and practice. This paper reviews the economic theory available, provides a well structured overview of 54 empirical studies conducted since 1964, sets the stage for constructing a data base encompassing the major three segments of financial markets (stock, bond and bank credit) and provides the methodological background for combining cross-country production function and time-series approaches in order to answer the following questions: (1) What is the direction of the finance-growth nexus, (2) which segment of the financial sector drives whatever nexus there is, and (3) what are the features of a growth supportive financial architecture. / Series: EI Working Papers / Europainstitut

Orientador: Eduardo Strachman / Banca: Rogério Gomes / Banca: Frederico Gonzaga Jayme Júnior / Resumo: Esta dissertação apresenta uma análise, a partir de uma ótica pós-keynesiana, da trajetória do volume total de crédito e de títulos para o financiamento empresarial e, mais especificamente, para os macro-setores indústria, comércio e serviços, no Brasil, entre os anos 1996-2007. Esse período é dividido em dois (1996-2003 e 2004-2007) sendo o primeiro caracterizado pela estabilidade do volume e fluxo desses recursos e o último pela evolução consistente dos mesmos. / Abstract: This thesis analyses, through a post-keynesian perspective, the trajectory of the total volume of credit and bonds to finance business and, more specifically, for the industrial macro-sectors, commerce and service, in Brazil, between 1996-2007. The period is two folded (1996-2003 and 2004-2007), being the former characterized by the volume and flow of those resources and the later through its consistent evolution. / Mestre

In January 2018, the regulations Mifid 2 & Mifir were introduced, which affect the securities market and thus the corporate bond market. The purpose of the introduction of the rules was, among other things, to increase transparency in the market as it was considered lacking. Transparency affects liquidity in later turn, as lower transparency can result in reduced liquidity. The study aims to see if there has been any change in liquidity since the transparency rules were introduced. To study this, a combination of quantitative and qualitative data is used. The quantitative data consists of 141 observations and the qualitative data consists of three interviews, this to generate a deeper analysis. The results of the study suggest that liquidity is generally good in the market, however, the results also indicate a decrease in liquidity. The results of the study thus contribute to future research and discussions regarding the regulations and possible improvements to make the market more transparent and liquid. / I januari år 2018 infördes regelverken Mifid 2 & Mifir, vilka berör värdepappersmarknaden och därmed företagsobligationsmarknaden. Syftet med reglernas införande var bland annat att öka transparensen på marknaden då den ansågs bristande. Transparensen påverkar i sin tur likviditeten då en lägre transparens kan resultera i att likviditeten minskar. Studien syftar tillatt se om det förekommer någon förändring i likviditeten sedan transparensreglerna infördes. För att studera detta används en kombination av kvantitativ och kvalitativ data. Kvantitativadata består av 141 observationer och kvalitativa data består av tre intervjuer, detta för attgenerera en djupare analys. Studiens resultat antyder att likviditeten generellt sett är god påmarknaden, dock indikerar även resultaten på en minskad likviditet. Resultaten i studien bidrar således till framtida forskning och diskussioner gällande regelverken och eventuella förbättringar för att marknaden ska bli mer transparent och likvid.

Monthly returns on twenty-seven Eurobonds from July 1982 to June 1986 were examined. There were no consistent differences in returns based on the country in which a firm is located. There were consistent differences due to industry classification, with energy-related firms exhibiting higher average returns and variances. Excess returns were calculated using the capital asset pricing model and arbitrage pricing theory. The results from calculation of mean average deviation, root mean square, and R2 all indicate that the arbitrage pricing theory was a better descriptor of the Eurobond market. The excess returns were also examined using stochastic dominance. Arbitrage pricing theory never dominated the capital asset pricing model using first-order criteria, but consistently dominated using second-order criteria. The results were discussed in terms of the implications for investors and portfolio managers.

This research analyzes the motives and future of the Nordic green bond market from an underwriter perspective. Threefold motives for being active in the Nordic green bond market are found. There are monetary gains, corporate social responsibility, and an opportunity to receive and maintain legitimacy. Several important factors for the future of the Nordic green bond market are identified. The EU Taxonomy will have a major impact on this market, and is the most important factor for the future of it. Further, sustainability-linked bonds enable the transition of various sectors towards sustainability and are an important factor for the development of the Nordic bond market in general. Experts that possess roles within green bond underwriting and green bond investing have been interviewed. Stakeholder theory, corporate social responsibility and legitimacy theory have been implemented in this research with the aim of analyzing the motives and future of the Nordic green bond market. By doing that, this research contributes to a broader theoretical discussion in the area of sustainable finance.

This paper examines what effects announcements of green bond issuances have on publicly traded firms’ stock prices in Europe. Signalling theory is used in line with suggestions from previous research to investigate potential abnormal returns. Using a dataset of 432 green bond issuances from 165 unique publicly traded firms on European stock exchanges, we conduct an event study around the announcement day [0,1] estimating abnormal returns using the market model. To further investigate determinants of abnormal returns we conduct a multiple linear regression analysis. We document no statistic or economic significant effect in our full sample. Only first-time issuances of green bonds have a significant abnormal return of 0,74% in the period after announcement but show no significant results on the announcement date. Green bonds being a credible signal of environmental commitment thus has inconclusive support in our study and equity investors seem largely indifferent to firm’s green bond announcements.

Background: With the tremendous growth of the Green Bond (GB) market, understanding the relationship of the GB market with other financial markets gains importance. The Covid19 pandemic causing a recession in most major economies creates an opportunity to see the co-movements of the GB market with other financial markets under a period of economic crisis. Purpose: This study aims to use the economic contraction catalyzed by the 2020’s Covid-19 pandemic as a means to investigate the co-movements between the GB and the treasury bond, corporate bond, stock, and carbon markets during an economic recession. Through this, we intend to find if co-movements of the GB market have changed, and if so, how. Method: As the collected data is time-series data, Augmented Dickey-Fuller and Ljung-Box tests are utilized for preliminary testing. Thereafter, a univariate-GARCH model is used for volatility modeling. Moreover, the DCC-GARCH model has been conducted to determine the co-movements between the markets. Conclusion: The results of the study show that in the case of GB, treasury, and corporate bond markets, no considerable changes were observed in the co-movement among the two different sample periods. Moving to the stock and GB markets, it was found that the co-movement increased at the beginning of the crisis. However, for the whole crisis period, no substantial changes can be seen in comparison to the pre-crisis period. Furthermore, the co-movement between the two markets was found to be weak in general. Moving on to the results obtained for GB and carbon markets, at the start of the crisis, a sharp fall can be observed. When compared to the pre-crisis period, the co-movement showed a slight increase, yet very weak. Furthermore, it was observed that the co-movement between the two markets has been weak during the whole sample period.