Tissue engineering is a multidisciplinary field that is rapidly emerging as a promising approach for tissue repair and regeneration. In this approach, scaffolds which allow cells to invade the construct and guide the cells grow into specific tissue play a pivotal role. Electrospinning has gained popularity recently as a simple and versatile method to produce fibrous structures with nano- to microscale dimensions. These electrospun fibers have been extensively applied to create nanofiber scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. Specifically for bone and cartilage tissue engineering, polymeric materials have some attractive properties such as the biodegradability. Ceramic scaffolds and implant coatings, such as hydroxyapatite and silica-based bioglass have also been considered as bone graft substitutes for bone repair because of their bioactivity and, in some cases, tunable resorbability. Besides tissue engineering scaffolds, for clinical application, especially for load-bearing artificial implants, metallic materials such as titanium are the most commonly used material. Osseointegration between bone and implants is very essential for implant success. To achieve better osseointegration between bone and the implant surface, three dimensional porous structures can provide enhanced fixation with bone by allowing tissue to grow into the pores. In this study, pre-3D electrospun polymer and ceramic scaffolds with peptide conjugation and 3D titanium scaffolds with different surface morphology were fabricated to testify the osteoblast and mensechymal stem cell attachment and differentiation. The overall goal of this thesis is to determine if the peptide functionalization of polymeric scaffolds and physical parameters of ceramic and metallic scaffold can promote osteoblast maturation and mesenchymal stem cell differentiation in vitro to achieve an optimal scaffold design for greater osseointegration. The results of the studies showed with functionalization of MSC- specific peptide, polymer scaffolds behaved with higher biocompatibility and MSC affinity. For the ceramic and metallic scaffolds, microstructures and nanostructures can synergistically promote osteoblast maturation and 3D micro-environment with micro-roughness is a promising design for osteoblast maturation and MSC differentiation in vitro compared to 2D surfaces.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:49:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-01-26 / Introdução: É sabido que tanto as isoflavonas da soja (ISO) e a vibração mecânica de baixa intensidade e alta freqüência (VIB) possuem efeitos protetores no tecido ósseo de ratas ooforectomizadas (OVX). Objetivos: estudar os efeitos dos tratamentos com ISO e VIB isolados e combinados no tecido ósseo de ratas OVX. Métodos: 50 ratas Wistar com 6 meses de idade foram SHAM operadas ou OVX e após três meses, divididas em 5 grupos: SHAM; OVX; OVX tratadas diariamente por gavage com 200mg/kg de ISO por 90 dias consecutivos (OVX-ISO); OVX tratadas com VIB, 20 min./dia, 30 Hz, 0.6g, 5 dias por semana por 90 dias (OVX-VIB) e OVX tratadas com ISO e VIB (OVX-ISO+VIB). Após o tratamento, os fêmures e tíbias foram coletados e seus comprimento e espessura foram medidos. Os fêmures foram processados para histomorfometria e aos métodos histoquímicos, bioquímico e do TUNEL. As tíbias foram congeladas e destinadas para testes físicos e biomecânicos. Resultados: Os tratamentos não exerceram efeitos significantes no peso corporal e nas medidas de comprimento e espessura, exceto na espessura das tíbias dos grupos OVX-ISO e OVX-ISO+VIB que foi significantemente maior comparado ao grupo SHAM. Os testes físicos mostraram que o peso imerso, a porcentagem de material orgânico e a densidade óssea foram maiores nos grupos SHAM, OVX-VIB e OVX-ISO+VIB quando comparados aos outros grupos, enquanto que o volume ósseo, a densidade mineral óssea, porc entagem de material mineral e o peso das cinzas foram maiores nos grupos OVX e OVX-ISO do que nos outros grupos e não houve diferenças significantes nos parâmetros biomecânicos analisados entre os grupos. Nos fêmures, os tratamentos não exerceram efeitos significantes no volume ósseo trabecular, porém, o tratamento combinado exerceu efeitos positivos no osso cortical. Os tratamentos tiveram efeitos positivos em relação à quantidade e na organização das fibras colágenas e esse efeito foi mais expressivo no grupo OVX-ISO+VIB. O método do TUNEL não detectou diferenças nas células TUNEL-positivas entre os grupos. Conclusão: Esses resultados demonstram que o tratamento combinado (ISO+VIB) exerce maior efeito nos constituintes do tecido ósseo de ratas ooforectomizadas osteopênicas, quando comparado aos tratamentos isolados. / Introduction: It has been shown that both soy isoflavones (ISO) and low intensity high frequency mechanical vibration (VIB) have protective effects in bone tissue of ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Objective: We investigated whether combined treatments with ISO and VIB would exhibit cooperative effects in bone tissue of OVX rats. Methods: Fifty female Wistar rats at the age of 6 months were either sham-operated or OVX. After operation, the rats were divided in five groups: SHAM; OVX; OVX treated daily by gavage with 200mg/kg/body weight of ISO for 90 days (OVX-ISO); OVX treated with VIB, 20 min./day, at 60 Hz, 0.5g, 5 days/ week for 90 days (OVX-VIB) and OVX treated with ISO and VIB (OVX-ISO+VIB). After treatment, the femurs and tibias were collected and its length and thickness were measured. The femurs were then processed for histomorphometry, histochemistry and biochemical assay. The tibias were frozen for subsequent physical and mechanical tests. Results: Treatments did not have significant effects on body weight and in the bone measurements, except in the tibial thickness of the OVX-ISO and OVX-ISO+VIB groups that was significant higher than the SHAM group. Physical tests showed that the immersed weight, content of organic material and bone density were higher in the SHAM, OVX-VIB and OVX-ISO+VIB groups than the other groups, while the bone volume, bone mineral density, mineral material and the ash weight were higher in the OVX and OVX-ISO groups than the other groups and there were no significant differences in the mechanical tests among the groups. Treatment did not have significant effects in the trabecular bone volume, but it was not detected cortical bone loss in the group treated with the combined therapy. The treatments showed positive effects in the content of glycosaminoglycans, as well as in the organization of collagen fibers and these effects was higher in the OVX-ISO+VIB group. The TUNEL-positive cell profile was similar among the groups. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that the combined treatment (ISO+VIB) have better effects in the bone tissue constituents of ovariectomized osteopenic rats, when compared with the treatments isolated. / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:22:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2543.pdf: 1092936 bytes, checksum: 2fe1545577f51cbb0e2fb861e1efb516 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-07-16 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The bone tissue is influenced by internal and external factors and heavy metals, as mercury, are examples of external or environmental factors. The mercury chloride (HgCl2) when absorbed by human body, deposits in the bone and fat tissue and dislocates bones and muscles minerals to circulation, being able to provoke illnesses. In this study, Wistar rats were divided in 4 groups: 3m, 6m, 9m and 12 months (12m) days of life. The animals were treated with HgCl2 or saline through gavage. The treatment began at 30 days of age, 5 times per week, during 60 days. The daily dose was of 0,3mg/Kg of body weight (BW) of HgCl2 and 0,1ml of saline/100g BW. After this period, the group 3m was sacrificed immediately afterwards by decapitation whereas the other groups had remained without treatment until they completed the desired age. The right femurs and vertebrae (L5) were removed for biometrics, physical and biomechanics analysis. The treatment with mercury chloride induced higher values of physical and biometric parameters in the 6m group and lower values in the 12m group and no odifications in the 3 and 9 m groups, when compared with saline treatment. Moreover, the treatment with CM promoted rats vaginal opening with 51 days of life in treated group whereas in the controls this opening occurred in 44,4 days of life.We concluded that the treatment with HgCl2, in the dose of 0,3mg/Kg BW retarded the age at the speed change of the growth of the animals, especially in 6m and 12m groups. Moreover, the HgCl2 promoted bone fragility in animals from 12m group, as can be observed by the analysis of the biometrics, physicals and biomechanics properties, in both femur and vertebrae. The treatment with CM still delayed the sexual maturity of rats. / O tecido ósseo sofre influências de fatores intrínsecos e extrínsecos. Entre os fatores externos ou ambientais, encontram-se os metais pesados, como por exemplo, o mercúrio. O composto cloreto de mercúrio (CM - HgCl2) quando absorvido pelo ser humano, se deposita no tecido ósseo e gorduroso deslocando minerais nobres dos ossos e músculos para a circulação, podendo provocar doenças. Neste estudo, ratas Wistar foram divididas em 4 grupos: 3m, 6m, 9m e 12 meses (12m) de vida. Os animais tratados com mercúrio receberam HgCl2 e os controles, salina por gavagem gástrica. O tratamento iniciou-se aos 30 dias de vida do animal, 5 vezes por semana, durante 60 dias. A dose diária foi de 0,3mg/kg de peso corporal de HgCl2 e de 0,1ml de salina /100g de peso corporal. Após esse período, o grupo 3m foi sacrificado logo em seguida por decapitação enquanto que os demais grupos permaneceram sem tratamento até que completassem a idade desejada. Os animais tiveram seus fêmures direitos e vértebras (L5) retirados para análise dos parâmetros biométricos, físicos e biomecânicos. O tratamento com CM promoveu aumentos dos valores dos parâmetros físicos e biométricos no grupo 6m e redução no grupo 12m, e inalteração nos grupos 3 e 9 meses. Além disso, o tratamento com CM promoveu abertura vaginal das ratas tratadas com CM aos 51 dias de vida enquanto que nos controles essa abertura ocorreu nos 44,4 dias de vida. Concluímos que o tratamento com HgCl2, na dose de 0,3mg/Kg PC retardou a idade em que ocorre a mudança de velocidade do crescimento dos animais, especialmente nos grupos 6m e 12m. Além disso, a contaminação com mercúrio promoveu fragilidade óssea nos animais do grupo 12m, comprovada pela análise das propriedades biométricas, físicas e biomecânicas, tanto dos fêmures como das vértebras, além de atrasar a maturidade sexual das ratas.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:22:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3395.pdf: 2690333 bytes, checksum: 00f09a0b23fd204a83ebf1fa55f2b3ed (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-08 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of lead on femurs and vertebrae during development and skeletal maturity of female rats. For this purpose, one month old female rats were treated with lead acetate 100mg/kg BW or saline 0,9% 0,1ml/100g BW . The treatment was administrated by gastric gavage, once a week, during two months. After the treatment period, the animals received only tap water and commercial chow ad libitum until they completed 6, 9 and 12 months of life. The 3 months old groups were sacrificed soon after the treatment. The incorporation of lead in bone tissue occurred in all groups of intoxicated animals. The lead did not interfere the body development of experimental animals. The lead intoxication induced reduced maximum load, stiffness and resilience of the femur in the threepoint bending test in the groups 6, 9 and 12 months of life. The compression test of vertebrae of contaminated rats showed reduction of biomechanical parameters only in skeletally mature rats (9 months). The present study revealed that lead exposure during early stage of development affected the bone mineral profile leading to biomechanical weakness with skeletal maturity. The results allow us to conclude that lead exposure affects the biomechanical properties of mature bone increasing susceptibility to fractures. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar os efeitos do chumbo sobre fêmures e vértebras de ratas durante seu desenvolvimento e maturidade esquelética. Para este propósito, ratas com um mês de idade foram intoxicadas com acetato de chumbo 100mg/Kg de massa corporal, e os grupos controles tratados com salina 0,9% 0,1 ml/100g de massa corporal. O tratamento foi realizado via gavagem gástrica, uma vez por semana, durante 2 meses. Após este período, a contaminação foi cessada e os animais receberam apenas água e ração comercial ad libitum até completarem 6, 9 e 12 meses de vida, sendo os animais do grupo 3 meses eutanasiados ao final do tratamento. A incorporação do chumbo no tecido ósseo ocorreu em todos os grupos de animais intoxicados. O chumbo não prejudicou o desenvolvimento corporal dos animais experimentais. No teste de flexão a três pontos, foi observada a redução da força máxima, rigidez e resiliência dos fêmures dos animais contaminados dos grupos 6, 9 e 12 meses. Nas vértebras (teste de compressão), esta redução foi evidente em ratas maduras esqueléticamente (9 meses de idade). O presente estudo revelou que a exposição ao chumbo, durante o estágio inicial de desenvolvimento esquelético, afeta o perfil mineral ósseo levando ao enfraquecimento biomecânico com a maturidade esquelética. Os resultados nos levam a concluir que a exposição ao chumbo afeta as propriedades biomecânicas do osso maduro aumentando a predisposição à fraturas.

O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar e quantificar o tecido ósseo neoformado, a distribuição e a importância das proteínas não colágenas (osteocalcina, osteopontina e osteonectina) no processo de reparação tecidual do alvéolo dental de ratos Wistar idosos após exodontia. Para sua realização, foram utilizados 80 Rattus Norvegicus albinus, linhagem Wistar, machos. Os animais foram distribuídos em dois grupos: Grupo Controle, correspondente a animais com 60 dias de vida; e Grupo Experimental correspondente aos animais com 2 anos de vida (700 dias em média). Cada grupo foi dividido em 4 subgrupos de 10 animais em cada grupo. Os animais foram submetidos à exodontia do incisivo superior direito e foram sacrificados com 05, 15, 21 e 28 dias de pós-operatório. Após a dissecção, 5 amostras foram submetidas à análise por microscopia convencional com coloração por Hematoxilina e Eosina e análise da imunohistoquímica e 5 amostras para análise por RT-PCR. Os resultados mostraram que o processo de envelhecimento não alterou a cronologia do reparo ósseo alveolar e não promoveu maior remodelação do alvéolo dental. A osteocalcina não apresentou atuação importante nos períodos pós-operatórios estudados. A osteonectina apresentou-se importante no processo de reparo, não sofrendo alterações no início da reparação óssea, apresentando marcação mais intensa durante a maturação óssea entre 21 e 28 dias de pós-operatório no grupo controle e diminuição da marcação no grupo experimental aos 28 dias de pósoperatório. O envelhecimento proporcionou uma diminuição da imunomarcação da osteonectina e demonstrou marcações positivas principalmente em osteoblastos e matriz mineralizada. A osteopontina apresentou-se importante no processo de reparo ósseo durante todos os períodos pós-operatório, apresentando marcações em osteoblastos, matriz osteóide, osteócitos e matriz mineralizada, apresentando maior marcação dos tipos celulares do no grupo experimental aos 28 de pós-operatório. Apesar desses achados, novos estudos são necessários para o melhor entendimento do processo de reparo ósseo alveolar em ratos adultos e idosos. / The aim of the present study was to evaluate and quantify the newly formed bone tissue, as well as the distribution and the importance of non-collagen proteins (osteocalcin, osteopontin and osteonectin) in the process of dental alveolar repair in Wistar aged rats submitted to tooth extraction. To perform that, about 80 male Rattus Norvegicus albinus, Wistar strain, were randomly distributed into two groups: Control Group corresponding to 60 days old rats; and Experimental Group corresponding to 2 years old animals (about 700 days old). Both groups were later subdivided into 4 subgroups consisting of 10 animals each. All animals were submitted to the upright incisive tooth extraction and were euthanized 05, 15, 21 and 28 days after the tooth extraction surgery. After the dissection, five samples from each subgroup underwent conventional microscopy analysis by hematoxylin-eosin stain as well as immunohistochemistry. Bone tissue from other five samples of each groups were subjected to Real Time RT-PCR analysis of non-collagen proteins expression The results obtained suggest that aging process was not able to change either the chronology of alveolar bone repair or the remodeling of dental alveolus. Osteocalcin did not present any important action in the post-operation periods evaluated. On the other hand, osteonectin showed an important role during the repair process, since its expression was increased in the control group and decreased in comparison to the experimental group at 28 days. Osteopontin was important in the bone repair in all times evaluated, since it was present in osteoblasts, osteiod matrix, osteocytes and mineralized matrix, being even more stained at 21 days after the surgery. Finally, besides the results obtained in the present work, other studies are necessary to better understand the alveolar bone repair in adult and aged rats.

In the first part of these studies, we have performed standard microsurgical procedures provide a solution for long standing bone and soft tissue defects, even in cases of longstanding osteomyelitis of long bones. When long bony segments are missing, the microvascular bone transfer provides a reliable method. In smaller soft tissue and bone defects, the application of a descending genicular osteomyocutaneous flap provides an option with low donor site morbidity. In the second part, we have focussed on reducing the donor site morbidity and expanded on the application of tissue engineering methods. MSCs derived from bone marrow can be injected percutaneous or be combined with an autologous bony scaffold for treatment of delayed union and nonunion. The outcome of our studies, however, limited in number of patients, clearly showed the possibilities and advantages of this new approach. A multimodality approach is essential, but it can provide promising solutions. Well-established microvascular and modern biotechnology methods will improve patient satisfaction and functional recovery in severe limb trauma, often the result of high-energy motorcycle accidents. / Doctorat en Sciences médicales (Médecine) / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Les traitements actuels des lésions osseuses maxillo-faciales ont été éprouvés. La greffe autogène présente les propriétés idéales, mais montre des inconvénients : douleurs chroniques, infection… Certains comblements proposés ne permettent pas une néoformation vasculaire, garante de la viabilité des tissus régénérés pour des lésions importantes. Il faut alors développer des implants avec les caractéristiques recherchées et trouver les moyens de lutter contre le risque infectieux. Ce travail présente les résultats de recherches menées sur la fabrication d’implants nanofibreux mimant la MEC du tissu osseux, dotés d’une porosité favorable à une formation vasculaire et pouvant être fonctionnalisés par des facteurs de croissance / des cellules. Une réflexion éthique est menée sur le développement de ces avancées et sur leurs applications afin de garantir qu’elles constituent un réel progrès pour les patients. Il est aussi montré que l’on peut améliorer la sécurité des soins dans le traitement des lésions osseuses maxillo-faciales en développant des équipements dans le champ de l’hygiène et par la mise en place de procédures visant à évaluer leur efficacité. / Current treatments of maxillofacial bone defects have now been proven. Only the autogenous graft presents the ideal properties but shows complications: chronic pain, infection... Some bone filling techniques that are currently available do not allow the formation of blood vessels, guaranteeing the sustainability of the regenerated tissue for large lesions. It is then necessary to develop implants in that way, and to find ways to fight effectively the risk of infection. This work presents the results of research conducted on the fabrication of nanofibrous implants mimicking the ECM of bone tissue, with a porosity that is favorable to a vascular formation. These implants can be functionalized with growth factors / cells. Ethical considerations are provided on the development of these advances, but also on their applications to ensure that these developments constitute a real progress in the interest of patients. Moreover, this work shows that it is possible to improve the safety of care in the treatment of maxillofacial bone defects, with the development of equipment in the field of hygiene and the establishment of procedures to assess their effectiveness.

L'objectif de ce travail de thèse est de dégager des méthodes et des outils permettant de mieux comprendre le rôle joué par les phénomènes de transport (cellulaire, hydraulique et chimique) dans la mise au point de stratégies thérapeutiques de réparation osseuse. Pour cela, nous avons choisi d'associer deux approches : la réalisation d'études expérimentales et la mise au point de modèles numériques. Nous avons ainsi pu, lors d'une première étude présentée dans le chapitre 2 de ce document, relier la perméabilité intrinsèque d'un milieu poreux, paramètre déterminant dans l'étude du transport de fluide en son sein, à la structure géométrique de ses pores. Nous avons également mis en évidence l'importance des interactions électrochimiques lors de la progression d'une solution ionique (telle que les fluides physiologiques) à travers le tissu osseux, en raison de la structure poreuse et de la composition chimique (présence de fibres de collagènes chargées par exemple) de ce dernier. Ces outils ont ensuite permis d'analyser, en première approche, les résultats expérimentaux obtenus lors de la réalisation de tests de perméabilité sur des échantillons de périoste fémoral ovin, dans le but d'identifier les phénomènes physico-chimiques à l'origine du comportement particulier de cette membrane (chapitre 5). Nous nous sommes par ailleurs intéressés au développement d'implants osseux associant un substrat minéral biocompatible et des cellules souches mésenchymateuses, afin de favoriser une reconstruction tissulaire en volume des lésions de grande taille. Nous avons ainsi pu mettre en place, dans le chapitre 3, un dispositif expérimental permettant de réaliser de manière reproductible un test d'ensemencement cellulaire et d'évaluer le nombre, la répartition et le taux de viabilité des cellules greffées sur le biomatériau utilisé. A partir des résultats expérimentaux issus des tests d'ensemencement cellulaire, nous avons ensuite développé un modèle numérique dans le chapitre 4, pour dégager un ensemble de critères à respecter dans l'élaboration d'un substitut osseux qui favoriserait un développement tissulaire homogène contrôlé lors des premières étapes de la culture in vitro de ce type d'implants. Ce modèle constitue une première étape dans la détermination d'un cahier des charges géométrique de tels substrats / This study aims to set up methods and tools to improve our understanding of the role played by transport phenomena (transport of cells, fluid and chemical species) in the development of new therapeutic protocols for bone reconstruction, using a double approach: experimental studies and numerical simulations. Hence, in the second chapter of this document, we have been able to link the intrinsic permeability of a porous medium – a key parameter regarding fluid transport through porous media – to the geometric structure of its pores. We have also highlighted the influence of electrochemical interactions on the flow of an ionic solution (such as physiologic fluids) through cortical bone, due to its porous structure and its chemical composition (presence of electrically charged fibers). These tools have then enabled us to analyze, at first glance, the experimental results of permeability tests conducted on ovin femoral periosteum, to identify the chemical-physical phenomena responsible for the specific behavior of this membrane (chapter 5). We also focused on the development of large bone implants coupling a mineral substitute and mesenchymal stem cells to enhance a volumic reconstruction of critical-sized bone defects. We have therefore designed, in chapter 3, a custom experimental set up that allows one to perform a reproducible cell seeding test on a porous scaffold and quantify the number of seeded cells as well as their viability rate. The experimental results provided by these tests have then initiated the numerical model exposed in chapter 4, that aims to highlight criteria to meet regarding the design of new bone substitutes that would enhance a homogeneous volumic tissue growth during the first stages of the extit [in vitro} development of coupled implants

O ultra-som de baixa intensidade tem demonstrado ser um recurso acelerador do processo de consolidação óssea em fraturas. Este estudo experimental investigou a influência da estimulação ultra-sônica de baixa intensidade no processo de reparo ósseo em fraturas de tíbias tratadas por meio de fixação flexível. O estudo foi desenvolvido no laboratório de Bioengenharia da FMRP da Universidade de São Paulo Campus de Ribeirão Preto, utilizando 20 coelhos machos adolescentes da raça Nova Zelândia, que foram submetidos a uma osteotomia no terço médio da tíbia e tratados com fixador externo unilateral. Após o procedimento cirúrgico os animais foram divididos em três grupos: controle com n = 7 (membro contralateral, não fixado), grupo controle lesão com n = 7 (fixados e mantidos em gaiolas) e grupo ultra-som com n = 7, que recebeu estimulação com equipamento de ultra-som de baixa intensidade (30mW/'CM POT.2') e ciclo de trabalho de 1/5. No final de 20 dias de tratamento suas tíbias foram retiradas e submetidas a ensaio mecânico de torção. Na avaliação das propriedades mecânicas torque máximo e rigidez, não foi observada diferença significativa (p '< OU =' 0,05) entre os grupos estimulados e controle lesão. Estes resultados sugerem que a estimulação ultra-sônica de baixa intensidade aplicada ao reparo de fraturas na presença de fixação flexível não influencia a velocidade e o padrão de consolidação da fratura / The low-intensity ultrasound has demonstrated to be an accelerator device on the process of recovering of bone fractures. This experimental study investigated the influence of the low-intensity ultrasound stimulation on the process of bone repairing of fractures of tibia treated with flexible fixator. The study was developed at the FMRP Bioengineering laboratory, of the University of Sao Paulo, campus of Ribeirao Preto, using 20 teenager male rabbits from the New Zealand breed which were subjected to an osteomy in the median third of the tibia and treated with an unilateral external fixator. After the surgical procedure the animals were divided into three groups: control with n = 7 (paw contralateral, not fixed), group control injury with n = 7 (fixed and kept in cages) and group ultrasound with n = 7, that received stimulation with low-intensity ultrasound equipment (30mW/'CM POT.2') and duty cycle 1/5. At the end of 20 days of treatment, their tibia were removed and subjected to a mechanical twist test. At the evaluation of the mechanical properties: maximum torque and hardness, it was not observed significant differences (p '< OU =' 0,05) among the stimulated groups and the control injury. These outcomes suggest that the low-intensity ultrasound applied for fractures healing in the presence of flexible fixation does not have influence on the velocity nor the standard of the fracture recovering

No description available.