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Objetivos: Avaliar a reprodutibilidade dos critérios de cistos minimamente complexos, diagnosticados pela ultrassonografia, bem como sua história natural e necessidade de estudo complementar. Materiais e métodos: Levantamento dos cistos renais diagnosticados por US no Centro de Ciências da Imagem e Física Médica (CCIFM) da faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto - Universidade de São Paulo (USP), no período de janeiro de 2003 a julho de 2014, num total de 2.259 casos. Dentre estes, 143 foram descritos como cistos complexos ou minimamente complexos. Após aplicação dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, 99 cistos foram selecionados para análises das imagens, evolução natural e levantamento de dados clínicos, que foram realizados por dois observadores principais e outros três colaboradores. Resultados: Entre as 99 lesões analisadas, 51 (51,5%) foram consideradas como cistos minimamente complexos e 48 (48,5%) como complexos. A concordância interobservador, avaliada pelo método de Kappa foi de 0.704, com intervalo de confiança de 95% entre 0.517 e 0.892, p< 0.001 (tabela 1). A idade média dos pacientes foi de 59,2 anos, variando de 21 a 93 anos. 40 pacientes eram do gênero masculino (78,4%) e 11 do gênero feminino (21,6%). Dos 51 cistos classificados como minimamente complexos, 11 foram classificados como Bosniak I pela TC/RM, 27 como Bosniak II e 6 como Bosniak 2F. Sete lesões não tiveram correlação com métodos de imagem, porém foram seguidas por pelo menos 3 anos. 25 lesões foram acompanhados por pelo menos 3 anos e nenhuma das lesões apresentou crescimento significativo no período ou mudança em sua arquitetura interna. Conclusão: Os resultados apontam que a avaliação de cistos minimamente complexos, pela US, tem boa reprodutibilidade e a complementação desta avaliação pela tomografia computadorizada ou pela ressonância magnética não é necessária, bastando o seguimento ultrassonográfico, considerando-se a evolução natural destas lesões e a melhor resolução de contraste da US em relação à TC para caracterização dos septos finos. / Objectives: To evaluate the reproducibility of minimally complex cysts criteria, diagnosed by ultrasound as well as its natural history and the need for further study. Methods: Survey of renal cysts diagnosed by US found in Centro de Ciências da Imagem e Física Médica (CCIFM) da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto - Universidade de São Paulo (USP), from January 2003 to July 2014, in a total of 2259 study cases. Among these, 143 cases were described as complex or minimally complex cysts. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 99 cysts were selected to image analyses, natural history and clinical data, that were performed by two main observers and three cooperators. Results: The mean age of patients was 59.2 years, ranging from 21 to 93 years. 40 patients were male (78.4%) and 11 were females (21.6%). Among the 99 analyzed lesions, 51 (51.5%) were considered as minimally complex cysts and 48 (48.5%) as a complex. The interobserver agreement assessed by the Kappa method was 0.704, with a 95% confidence interval between 0.517 and 0.892, p <0.001 (Table 1). Of the 51 cysts classified as minimally complexes, 11 were classifieds as Bosniak I by CT/ MRI, 27 as Bosniak II and 6 as Bosniak IIF. Seven cysts were not correlated with crosssectional methods, however were followed for at least 3 years. Twenty-five lesions were followed for at least three years and none of the injuries showed significant growth or internal architecture changes. Conclusion: Our results show that the evaluation of minimally complex cysts, by US, showed good reproducibility and the completion of this evaluation by CT scan or MRI is not required, since a follow up using ultrasound is safe, in view of the low malignancy rate of these lesions and US better contrast resolution compared to CT for thin septa (hair-like) characterization.

Objetivos: Avaliar a reprodutibilidade dos critérios de cistos minimamente complexos, diagnosticados pela ultrassonografia, bem como sua história natural e necessidade de estudo complementar. Materiais e métodos: Levantamento dos cistos renais diagnosticados por US no Centro de Ciências da Imagem e Física Médica (CCIFM) da faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto - Universidade de São Paulo (USP), no período de janeiro de 2003 a julho de 2014, num total de 2.259 casos. Dentre estes, 143 foram descritos como cistos complexos ou minimamente complexos. Após aplicação dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, 99 cistos foram selecionados para análises das imagens, evolução natural e levantamento de dados clínicos, que foram realizados por dois observadores principais e outros três colaboradores. Resultados: Entre as 99 lesões analisadas, 51 (51,5%) foram consideradas como cistos minimamente complexos e 48 (48,5%) como complexos. A concordância interobservador, avaliada pelo método de Kappa foi de 0.704, com intervalo de confiança de 95% entre 0.517 e 0.892, p< 0.001 (tabela 1). A idade média dos pacientes foi de 59,2 anos, variando de 21 a 93 anos. 40 pacientes eram do gênero masculino (78,4%) e 11 do gênero feminino (21,6%). Dos 51 cistos classificados como minimamente complexos, 11 foram classificados como Bosniak I pela TC/RM, 27 como Bosniak II e 6 como Bosniak 2F. Sete lesões não tiveram correlação com métodos de imagem, porém foram seguidas por pelo menos 3 anos. 25 lesões foram acompanhados por pelo menos 3 anos e nenhuma das lesões apresentou crescimento significativo no período ou mudança em sua arquitetura interna. Conclusão: Os resultados apontam que a avaliação de cistos minimamente complexos, pela US, tem boa reprodutibilidade e a complementação desta avaliação pela tomografia computadorizada ou pela ressonância magnética não é necessária, bastando o seguimento ultrassonográfico, considerando-se a evolução natural destas lesões e a melhor resolução de contraste da US em relação à TC para caracterização dos septos finos. / Objectives: To evaluate the reproducibility of minimally complex cysts criteria, diagnosed by ultrasound as well as its natural history and the need for further study. Methods: Survey of renal cysts diagnosed by US found in Centro de Ciências da Imagem e Física Médica (CCIFM) da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto - Universidade de São Paulo (USP), from January 2003 to July 2014, in a total of 2259 study cases. Among these, 143 cases were described as complex or minimally complex cysts. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 99 cysts were selected to image analyses, natural history and clinical data, that were performed by two main observers and three cooperators. Results: The mean age of patients was 59.2 years, ranging from 21 to 93 years. 40 patients were male (78.4%) and 11 were females (21.6%). Among the 99 analyzed lesions, 51 (51.5%) were considered as minimally complex cysts and 48 (48.5%) as a complex. The interobserver agreement assessed by the Kappa method was 0.704, with a 95% confidence interval between 0.517 and 0.892, p <0.001 (Table 1). Of the 51 cysts classified as minimally complexes, 11 were classifieds as Bosniak I by CT/ MRI, 27 as Bosniak II and 6 as Bosniak IIF. Seven cysts were not correlated with crosssectional methods, however were followed for at least 3 years. Twenty-five lesions were followed for at least three years and none of the injuries showed significant growth or internal architecture changes. Conclusion: Our results show that the evaluation of minimally complex cysts, by US, showed good reproducibility and the completion of this evaluation by CT scan or MRI is not required, since a follow up using ultrasound is safe, in view of the low malignancy rate of these lesions and US better contrast resolution compared to CT for thin septa (hair-like) characterization.

This study is concerned with the particular relationship between the process of nationalism and a group’s salient identity. It proposes that nationalism as the independent variable serves as a principal factor and facilitator for a change of identity, which is seen as the dependent variable. The Bosnian Muslim emergence as an independent nation with the new salient Bosniak identity was used as a case study to test the main proposition. The inquiry was completed through a mixed research method, using grounded theory and the historic process tracing technique, a large survey analysis collected specifically for this study, and a logistic regression as a concluding test. The historic process tracing method describes the Bosnian Muslim group’s development from a distinct Balkan Ottoman religious millet group, through a stage of its own ethno-religious cultural crystallization, another stage of nationality during the Communist era, to an independent nation that now shares the country of Bosnia-Herzegovina with two other nations. Through their struggle to survive and re-assert themselves as an important local political entity, Bosniaks built their nationalism upon three important themes: B-H integrity, Bosnian Islam, and the Bosnian language. A 68-question survey regarding these three themes designed specifically for this study was conducted, and 670 survey responses were collected from the Bosnian Muslim diaspora population living throughout the Midwestern and Eastern U.S. in their Appadurai-type neighborhoods. The data collected from those surveys were manipulated in preparation for a final analysis. The two nationalism indexes measuring intensity and type, and six categories of Bosniak identity, were constructed to observe interactions between nationalism and identity. As the final step, a statistical analysis with multinomial logistic regression confirmed the proposition and showed that the factor which stimulates selection of a new desired salient identity is intensity of nationalism, not type of nationalism . This work contributes to the ongoing discussion on the true role of nationalism as a collective action. At the same time, it provides the field of comparative politics with a comprehensive description of the emergence of Bosnian Muslims as a nation, and with details of their nationalism project and their now salient Bosniak identity.

This is paper is an argument analysis of citizenship and its allocation using an interpretation of Linda Bosniaks theory of Divided Citizenship. The starting point of this paper is the absence of a thorough or exhaustive legal definition of citizenship and legal binding and enforceable citizenship allocation laws within international migration law. Referring primarily to the absence of principals of social justice and global ethics within the legal framework. In total this leads to a multitude of different ethical problems. Therefore, there is a need for researching and evaluating alternative definitions and principles concerning citizenship and its allocation beyond the most common ones.The research material of this paper consists of chapters from two books Spheres of Justice by Michael Walzer and Scales of Justice by Nancy Fraser. The conclusion of this paper is that the combination of the “all subjected-principle” and “the membership-principle” are best suited to the demands that a wide definition of citizenship poses. Citizenship and its allocation are today less and less dependent on the state itself and can today easily be supplemented by other institutions depending on geographic and political needs, while still using democratic governance. Therefore, it is desirable to link the allocation of citizenship to the goal of establishing participatory parity. Deliberative democracy is the necessary foundation of all political organization. All other forms of citizenships and rights are necessary preconditions for people to be able to participate in the political process and protect all equal value of all people. The denial of citizenship is always the first in a long train of abuses.

The thesis analyzes formation of Muslim nationalism identity during the 20th century and then its radical discursive transformation in the context of the Bosnian war between 1992 and 1995 and the conflicting struggle with neighboring Serbian nationalism. Internal redefinition of the Muslim/Bosniak national identity is examined in the context of a number of structural, institutional and discursive continuities and discontinuities, as both a contingent and determined event at the same time. As a result of these heterogeneous processes, the current Bosniak national identity is mainly homogenized around the symbols of Islam and the national myth of eternal suffering of Bosniaks and the age-long genocidal endeavor of Non-Bosniaks that resulted in the "Serbian genocide/Holocaust" over Bosniaks between 1992 and 1995. Key words War, nationalism, national identity, ethnic conflict, nation-building, Bosniak nationalism, Muslim nationalism, Serbian nationalismm, Islam, genocide, Holocaust, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnian war

In July 1995, more than 8,000 young boys and men were executed by Bosnian Serb Forces in what was later declared a genocide in Srebrenica. In the following years, Bosnia and Herzegovina has undergone a long and difficult process of restoring peace and achieving justice and reconciliation. The country's main challenges have mainly concerned Dayton peace agreement and its division of entities and political power, tensions between parties and a structural exclusion of minorities. Following the extensive legal process, a national and international denial of the genocide, and denial of the legitimacy of the ICTY has been dominant. Other historical events like “Safe area” and UN action during the war and the occupation of Srebrenica are important factors for the development towards a democracy. The aim of this thesis is to investigate through a qualitative method the consequences of the denial of the Srebrenica genocide and its impact on the country's ability to achieve peace, justice and reconciliation. Other key concepts are sustainable peace, truth and justice in relation to human rights. Hannah Arendt's theories of total domination, tyranny and political revisionism constitutes the theoretical framework of the thesis. These theories are used to gain a deeper understanding of the concepts, their meaning and how they can be related to countries' transitional justice and achieve peace after serious war crimes. The study shows that the country is strongly affected by its history and the serious violations that the Bosnian Muslim population was subjected to during the war. The widespread denial of the genocide is an extension of suffering and human rights violations, which strongly impedes the country's ability to achieve peace, justice and reconciliation. Other results are that more knowledge is needed about the choice of legal methods after serious violations of humanitarian law. The methods discussed in the study are international tribunals and truth commissions and in which countries these are most adequate. The study has identified gaps in research regarding the understanding of the importance interpersonal relationships, dialogue and a smaller distance between political systems and citizens has for Bosnia &amp; Herzegovina and for countries' recovery and reconciliation processes.