Esta dissertação tem o propósito de buscar um maior entendimento dos conceitos acerca do desenvolvimento sustentável aplicado à gestão empresarial. Trata-se de um tema bastante contemporâneo, emergente e que vem sendo discutido por diferentes grupos, tais como acadêmicos, jornalistas, biólogos, artistas, sociólogos, gestores, entre outros. Elaborou-se uma revisão bibliográfica sobre o tema cuja literatura é vasta e multidisciplinar; a sustentabilidade aplicada à gestão empresarial ainda é um conceito em construção. O Método SIGMA foi apresentado como referencial teórico de um método de gestão estratégica socioambiental. A revisão da literatura orientou a realização de uma pesquisa qualitativa com os objetivos de (i) explorar as práticas de gestão estratégica de uma empresa brasileira do setor de papel e celulose e observar se tais práticas incorporam as dimensões sociais e ambientais às econômico-financeiras (triple bottom line) e (ii) observar se existe aderência das práticas observadas na empresa àquelas propostas pelo método conceitual SIGMA. Como conclusão, observou-se que existe aderência (mais no conteúdo que na forma) das práticas de gestão da empresa X às propostas pelo Método SIGMA; porém, a presença das dimensões sociais e ambientais nas práticas de gestão estratégica parece ser mais tímida que a dimensão econômico-financeira. / A deeper understanding of the concept of sustainable development applied to strategic corporate management is the main purpose of this master thesis. Such theme is being discussed within many different groups such as academics, journalists, artists, corporate managers among others. A bibliography review on the subject was performed; sustainability applied to strategic corporate management is still a concept being built. The SIGMA Guidelines were introduced as the conceptual framework for managing strategic corporate sustainability. A qualitative research was conducted based on the bibliography review aiming at (i) exploring the strategic management framework of a Brazilian company in the pulp and paper industry and understanding if such framework considers social and environmental dimensions in addition to the financial/economic dimension (triple bottom line) and (ii) understanding if the company’s management framework keeps association to the conceptual framework proposed by the SIGMA Guidelines. As a conclusion, there is a certain degree of association between the management framework within the company and the one proposed by the SIGMA Guidelines; however, the social and environmental dimensions seem to be less present in the company´s strategic management framework (in strategic terms) than the financial/economic dimension.

The Standard Model of particle physics is currently the most complete theory of subatomic particles. The discovery of the Higgs boson with a mass of 125 GeV in 2012 further validated the Standard Model, providing evidence for the theory that vector bosons obtain non-zero masses through the Higgs mechanism. Studies are ongoing to determine the exact nature and properties of the Higgs boson. A Higgs boson of this mass is predicted to decay to a pair of b-b quarks with a branching ratio of 58%, however this decay mode has not yet been observed. This thesis presents a search for the associated production of a Higgs boson with a leptonically decaying W boson, WH → ℓvb-b, using 20.3 fb-1 of Run 1 data collected by ATLAS at the LHC from pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of ps = 8 TeV. The observed (expected) significance of a Higgs boson with a mass of 125 GeV for the WH → ℓvb-b process is found to be 2:7σ (1:3σ). The measured cross section in units of the expected Standard Model cross section has a best-fit value of μ = μ/μSM = 2:2+0:67-0:64(stat:)+0:7-0:59(syst:) = 2:2+0:97-0:87. The results are combined with the search for ZH → v-vb-b and ZH → ℓ+ℓ-b-b to provide a best-fit value of μ = μ/μSM = 1:1+0:61-0:56. The start of Run 2 of the LHC in 2015 saw the collision energy being raised to √s = 13 TeV, increasing the probability of particles being produced with a large momentum boost. At these high energies there is also a possibility to discover new particles and interactions. An extension of the Standard Model, the Heavy Vector Triplet (HVT) model, describes new heavy vector bosons W¹ and Z¹, which can decay to pairs of heavy bosons (W, Z or Higgs bosons). If the W0 and Z0 bosons are sufficiently heavy, the hadronic decays of the diboson final states produce boosted jets. In this thesis, methods for identifying hadronically decaying boosted bosons are developed, based on techniques that examine the internal substructure of the jet. Multiple substructure variables are combined into a single discriminant using two machine learning techniques: boosted decision trees and deep neural networks. Simulated events of W¹→WZ → q-qq-q are used to develop these boosted W boson taggers. An improvement in the background rejection power, whilst keeping 50% of the signal, over previous boosted W boson taggers of up to 13%-when using deep neural networks-and 36%-when using boosted decision trees-is obtained. The performance of the new boosted W boson taggers are evaluated in a search for a narrow WW resonances from the decay of a Z¹ with boson-tagged jets in 3.2 fb-1 of pp collisions at √s = 13 TeV collected with the ATLAS detector.

In this study potential health risks for employees in connection with handling of bottom ash and bottom ash water at a Municipal Waste Incineration (MWI) plant have been investigated. Air surrounding the bottom ash and the bottom ash water has been examined. MWI is one of the primary ways to manage solid household waste, and bottom ash is the main solid residue produced by the incineration process. Bottom ash constitutes about 15-20% of the original waste. The bottom ash is extinguished in a water bath (bottom ash water). The study was carried out in a MWI plant in Karlstad, Sweden. The plant is equipped with a grate furnace with a capacity of 7 tonnes per hour. Annually about 50 000 tonnes are incinerated at the plant. Levels of airborne particles, metals present in the airborne particles, volatile organic compounds (VOC), and phosphine were measured in the air. Analysis of the bottom ash water including: pH, total phosphorus, ammonium, chemical oxygen demand (COD), suspended solids, and bacteria were also carried out. Further, a questionnaire was distributed to investigate how the workers at the MWI plant re°ected on health when working. The results showed that the levels of airborne particles, metals and VOC did not pose any major health risks. The bacterial analysis demonstrated very low concentrations of bacteria in the water and thus that the bacteria posed no risk for the workers. The phosphine measurements did not result in levels exceeding the Swedish threshold limit value. However, the method used in this study was not well-tested in these sorts of environments and the results implied that higher levels of phosphine might be present. The conclusion from the questionnaire was that there is a concern about health risks in connection with certain tasks at the plant. / På Hedenverket, Karlstads Energi AB, förbränner man årligen cirka 50 000 ton hushålls- och verksamhetsavfall. En av restprodukterna av förbränningen kallas slagg (bottenaska) och utgör ca 15-20% av det inmatade avfallet. Slaggen släcks i ett vattenbad under själva pannan (slaggsläckningsbad) och matas sedan ut, via ett skakbord för reduktion av vatten, till containrar innan det slutligen körs på deponi. Syftet med det här projekt var att utreda om det föreligger några hälsorisker vid arbete kring slaggen och slaggsläckningsvattnet. För att skapa en bild av möjliga hälsorisker gjordes en inledande studie av tidigare utredningar, mätningar gjorda på avfallsförbränningsanläggningar runt om i Svergie och vad kemiska och biologiska hälsorisker innebär. Även lagstiftning på området har berörts. Med tidigare utredningar och mätningar samt diskussioner som grund utfördes mätningar av damm, metallhalter i damm, VOC och fosfin i luften samt en analys av slaggvattnet och bakterier i slaggvattnet. För att skapa en uppfattning av hur personalen, som arbetar med driften, upplever sin arbetssituation ur hälsorisksynpunkt genomfördes även en enkätundersökning. Resultaten av undersökningarna på Karlstads Energi AB visade att varken damm, metaller eller VOC utgör någon hälsorisk. Bakterieprovtagningen av slaggsläckningsvattnet visade på mycket låga halter av bakterier och bakterier kan därför inte sägas utgöra någon hälsorisk. Undersökningar av slaggvatten på andra anläggningar i Sverige visar däremot på höga metallhalter i slaggvattnet och det vore således inte särskilt hälsosamt att få i sig större mängder av detta. Resultaten av fosfinmätningen visar inte heller på några alarmerande nivåer, men metoden som användes är inte väl beprövad i den här typen av miljö. Resultaten kan tyda på att högre halter av fosfin förekommer, men hur höga de är inte möjligt att svara på. Fosfin är ett ämne som i små mängder kan ge upphov till bland annat illamående. I enkätundersökningen påtalades att obehag och illamående uppstºar vid längre arbeten över skakbordet och det är möjligt att fosfin kan vara en orsak till detta. Enkätundersökningen visade även att det finns en oro för hälsan vid vissa typer av arbeten på anläggningen och oro för att hälsan ska påverkas negativt på längre sikt.

Today, activities funded with public funds needs to present relevant and reliable information which shows the results obtained. Requirements increase in welfare activities to be run based on scientific, empirical knowledge. This applies particularly to social work. The social work is, however, poorly researched in areas such as knowledge of interventions in the content, context and effects. One way to evidence-base social work can be to conduct regular and qualified assessments. To evaluate, however, is complex, and knowledge of the evaluations are deficient in those who plan and execute them. The overall aim of this study was to conduct a systematic literature review to identify key evaluation models to the psychosocial work in health care services. A further aim was to develop an evaluation design for the psychosocial work of kuratorsenheten, Falun Hospital. The evaluation models are presented in the paper based on categories of “top down” and “bottom up ", and" other models ". With the help of some key concepts for the evaluation of social work, the conclusion of the meta-theory of critical realism, conducted the study analysis. The results show that the models relevant to the evaluation of psychosocial work in the health services are mainly oriented towards a bottom up perspective. The models are process evaluations, user-oriented models, stakeholder assessments, self assessments, and goals - performance evaluations. The evaluation design of kuratorsenheten also presents a number of elements in the psychosocial work which is central to document, for the opportunity to explain, evaluate and develop the business forward.

Den formella läs- och skrivundervisningen i Sverige inleds i årskurs 1. Hur läs- och skrivundervisning bedrivs kan skilja sig åt mellan olika klasser. Trageton (2005) har utvecklat en läs- och skrivinlärningsmetod där inlärningen sker via dator. Syftet med föreliggande studie var att undersöka och utvärdera hur ett antal läs-, skriv- och språkförmågor påverkas av Tragetons läs- och skrivinlärningsmetod via dator jämfört med traditionell läs- och skrivinlärning. I studien deltog totalt 26 elever i årskurs 1 på en skola i Östergötland. Datorklassen utgjordes av 13 elever i en klass med läs- och skrivinlärning via dator. Kontrollgruppen utgjordes av 13 elever i en klass med traditionellt läs- och skrivinlärningssätt. Grupperna testades med ett flertal läs-, skriv- och språktest på hösten och våren. Resultaten visade att datorklassen hade fler antal deltagare som kvalificerade sig för testning av läsning på samtliga nivåer. Resultaten på skrivtest visade att kontrollgruppen hade bättre läsbarhet av handstil medan datorklassen var bättre på skriftligt berättande på dator. Resultaten indikerar att båda inlärningssätten har effekt på läs- och skrivinlärningen hos elever i årskurs 1 och att vart och ett av inlärningssätten stärker olika förmågor inom läsning och skrivning. / Formal literacy education in Sweden begins in first grade. How reading and writing education is conducted may differ between classes. Trageton (2005) has developed a literacy learning method in which the computer plays a significant role. The aim of this study was to examine and evaluate how a number of literacy and language abilities are affected by computer based literacy learning developed by Trageton, compared to traditional literacy learning. In the present study, 26 students in first grade from a school in Östergötland participated. The computer based group consisted of 13 students who attended a class in which computer based literacy learning was used. The control group consisted of 13 students who attended a class in which traditional literacy learning was used. A number of literacy and language tests were administrated in both fall and spring time. The results showed that more participants in the computer based group, than in the control group, qualified for reading tests at all levels. The results in the writing test showed that the control group performed better in handwriting while the computer based group performed better in written narratives on the computer. The results of the present study indicate that both literacy learning methods have an effect on reading and writing skills in students in first grade. The results also indicate that each of the learning methods improve various reading and writing skills.

Syfte: Syftet i denna studie uppkom ur vårt intresse för nyckeltalsanvändning inom ett relativt nytt område som hållbarhet. Vi läste på om hållbarhetsnyckeltal och ur denna tidigare forskning inom ämnet så blev vårt syfte att skapa en ökad förståelse kring den praktiska användningen samt nyttan med hållbarhetsnyckeltal, med avseende på TBL-modellen. Metod: Studien bygger på en kvalitativ forsningsmetod inom vilken personliga intervjuer har utförts på fem fallföretag. Intervjuerna spelades in och sedan jämfördes samt analyserades resultatet av dessa med det teoretiska ramverket inom studien.           Resultat & slutsats: Studien har visat på vilken praktisk användning samt nytta hållbarhetsnyckeltal har eller skulle kunna ha för företag eller organisationer. Studien har därutöver också visat på att företag och organisationer aktivt talar om hållbarhet samt att hållbarhetsfrågor är integrerade i den dagliga verksamheten.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-07-31T14:31:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 EANES TORRES PEREIRA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGCC 2007..pdf: 4422108 bytes, checksum: 9b27a661074ca88e823ffb0472a68502 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-31T14:31:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EANES TORRES PEREIRA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGCC 2007..pdf: 4422108 bytes, checksum: 9b27a661074ca88e823ffb0472a68502 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03 / A atenção visual é um mecanismo biologicamente inspirado, o qual corresponde à habilidade de selecionar e processar somente as regiões mais relevantes de uma cena visual. Para fins didáticos, a atenção visual pode ser dividida em duas categorias principais: bottom-up e top-down. A atenção visual bottom-up guia o foco de atenção a partir de características primitivas (como descontinuidades de intensidade em diferentes escalas e orientações) computadas diretamente na imagem,sem qualquer informação contextual. A atenção visual top-down, por outro lado, realiza uma busca por regiões de interesse a partir de características de alto nível, especificadas na forma de conhecimento prévio na forma ou modelos sobre o que se está buscando na cena. A principal questão de pesquisa que procuramos responder nessa dissertação é a seguinte: como seria possível agregar algum comportamento de alto nível a um mecanismo típico de atenção visual bottom-up (guiando dessa forma o foco de atenção para classes de regiões pré-estabelecidas)? O modelo mais conhecido de atenção visual bottom-up utiliza vários mapas de características primitivas para formar um mapa de saliência, o qual indica a importância do ponto de vista atencional das diferentes regiões de uma cena. Nesse trabalho, atribuímos pesos aos mapas de características e desenvolvemos um processo de otimização baseado em algoritmos genéticos simulados em uma grade computacional. Foram realizados experimentos com quatro classes de objetos (carros, faces de pessoas, objetos genéricos e pistolas). Os resultados utilizando atenção bottom-up com otimização foram comparados com os resultados de um mecanismo sem otimização de pesos e com um sistema existente que implementa o difundido modelo de atenção visual proposto por Itti et al. [Itti et al., 1998]. Os resultados mostraram ganhos de até 30% utilizando-se a abordagem proposta. Desta forma, este trabalho mostra que a atenção visual pode ser guiada para regiões pré-definidas, podendo ser utilizada como parte de sistemas de detecção de objetos. / Visual attention is a biologically inspired mechanism, which corresponds to the ability of selecting and processing only the most relevant regions of a visual scene. For didactic purposes, visual attention can be divided into two main categories: bottom-up and top down. Bottom-up visual attention guides the attention focus by using primitive visual features (such as discontinuities in intensity across different scales and orientations) computed directly from the input image,without the need of any context information. Top-down visual attention, on the other side, performs a search for interest regions from higher-level features, specified in the form of previous knowledge or models about what is being sought in the scene. Themain research question that we intended to answer in this dissertation was the following: how it would be possible to incorporate some higher-level be haviour into a typical bottom-up visual attention mechanism (thus guiding the attention focus to pre-established classes of objects)? The most known bottom-up visual attention model uses several primitive feature maps to form a saliency map, which indicates the importance of the different scene regions. In this work, we assigned weights to the feature maps and developed an optimization process based on genetic algorithms running on a computational grid. Experiments involving four object classes (cars, human faces, generic objects and pistols)have been performed. The results of the optimized bottom-up mechanism have been compared with the results of a mechanism not using optimized weights and with an existing system that implemented the well known visual attention mechanism proposed by Itti et al. [Itti et al., 1998]. The results have shown an improvement of up to 30% when using the optimized mechanism. Thus,this work shows that visual attention can indeed be guided towards pre-defined regions and can be used as part of object detection systems.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study aims at investigating how authors of Portuguese for foreigners textbooks work with the reading ability in relation to the use of the bottom-up strategies. In order to verify how the relation between reading ability and linguistic competence works, I have decided to analyze the reading sections of four Portuguese for foreigners textbooks that are been used nowadays and which contains the teacher s book. First of all and within this context, the methodology of data analysis was based on Leontiev s version of Activity Theory (1977), for the purpose of identifying what actions are developed by the student during the activity of learning Portuguese and checking whether these actions may become operations. Secondly, it was found theoretical support in Richter s Holistic Model (2004, 2005) as a way to describe the reading tasks of those textbooks and elaborate a model of a standard class. This model which was based on an interactive reading teaching and applied to a complex spiral vision, was compared to the corpus of this study, to verify what material would be closer to the ideal one for internalization of specific formal items. The study theoretical support was centered in the following aspects: textbook as a genre; Vygotsky s social-interactionist teaching, emphasizing key-concepts as mediation, internalization and zone of proximal development; Activity Theory, textbook according to Activity Theory; reading and cognition and reading models. The results suggest a tendency of the authors of the analyzed corpus to consider the bottom-up strategies as irrelevant ones for the student to construct the meaning of the text. / Este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar como autores de livros didáticos de português para estrangeiros trabalham a habilidade de leitura no que se refere ao uso das estratégias bottom-up. A fim de verificar como se dá a relação entre habilidade de leitura e competência lingüística, escolhi analisar as seções de leitura de quatro livros didáticos de Português para estrangeiros que possuem livros do professor e estão sendo usados atualmente em sala de aula. Nesse contexto, a metodologia de análise dos dados foi pautada, primeiramente, na Teoria da Atividade na versão de Leontiev (1977), procurando identificar quais são as ações desenvolvidas pelo aluno durante a atividade de aprender Português e se essas ações podem vir a se transformar em operações. Em um segundo momento, buscou-se sedimentação teórica no Modelo Holístico de Richter (2004, 2005), como forma de descrever as tarefas de leitura dos livros e de elaborar um modelo de aula padrão. Esse modelo, embasado a favor de um ensino de leitura interativo, aplicado a uma visão em espiral de complexidade, foi cotejado com o corpus deste estudo, no intuito de verificar qual material estaria mais próximo do ideal para a internalização de itens formais específicos. A fundamentação teórica foi centrada nos seguintes aspectos: livro didático visto como um gênero textual; ensino sócio-interacionista de Vygotsky, ressaltando conceitos-chave como mediação, internalização e zona de desenvolvimento proximal; Teoria da Atividade, livro didático segundo a Teoria da Atividade; leitura, cognição e modelos de leitura. Os resultados obtidos sugerem uma tendência dos autores do corpus analisado a considerar as estratégias bottomup irrelevantes para que o aluno construa o significado do texto.

Smart Cities are, while hot-and-happening, in the field of urban planning, also a source of confusionand debate. While many argue against the technology-driven and top-down nature of the Smart Citymodel, the bottom-up component is often appointed as the deciding factor in the determinationwhether a Smart City can be successful and contributing to its set goals, or rather resulting in an effortharming the city and its citizens in the long run. This thesis set out to explore the bottom-upcomponent in one of the most revered and most bottom-up Smart Cities of the world, Amsterdam.Remarkably, the research has proven that Amsterdam Smart City, even though it is often seen as oneof the good examples, suffers from the same issues. Its initiatives are an amalgamation of subjectsthat hardly seem to fit under the smart narrative as propagated by Amsterdam Smart City and hardlyany initiatives can be considered truly bottom-up. If one of the prime examples fails to adhere to itsown standards, what does this mean for the concept of smart cities?

The Earth is facing many complex challenges. Social gaps between poverty and wealth are continuously growing, climate changes threaten the planet as well as its living creatures and the irresponsible human consumption goes on. Sachs (2015) mentions these issues as contribution to today’s existing unsustainable world and further argues that companies should take more responsibilities in the transformation process into a more sustainable world, where Herremans and Nazari (2016) identify industrial companies as the ones that should be the most responsible for sustainable actions. Furthermore, Lueg and Radlach (2016) argue that the usage of control mechanisms is a critical component of strategic sustainability actions. However, previous research has focused less on explaining how companies strategically work with sustainability, why this study aims at developing a deeper understanding of how industrial companies strategically take sustainable actions. Through ten qualitative semi-structured interviews within six industrial companies the study aims to achieve its purpose, with help of Elkington’s (1999) concept Triple Bottom Line (containing the dimensions profit, planet and people) and Malmi and Brown’s (2008) theoretical model of control mechanisms. The study shows that the strategic sustainable actions taken by industrial companies tend to differ depending on how long they have actively been working with sustainability. Initially the companies base their strategic sustainable actions on economic benefits and external pressure such as legislation and governmental verdicts, while companies who have been working longer with sustainable actions tend to voluntarily base their work on long-term visions of economic returns on sustainable investments. Further, the study shows that the control mechanisms culture and administrative functions tend to generate the most impact on sustainable actions. While the administrative functions expect to be more effective when implementing great changes in processes or routines, the culture tends to, due to its low abilities to change, be more helpful in the maintenance of sustainable behavior and values. / Planeten står inför många komplicerade utmaningar. Samhällsklyftan mellan rika och fattiga ökar, klimatförändringar hotar planetens och dess varelsers överlevnad och den mänskliga konsumtionen fortsätter att flöda. Sachs (2015) beskriver samtliga problem som bidrag till den ohållbara värld som idag existerar och menar vidare att företag kan spela en viktig roll i arbetet för en mer hållbar värld. Det torde enligt Herremans och Nazari (2016) vara industriföretag som i störst omfattning genom sin massproduktion bidrar till kritiska hållbarhetsproblem såsom global uppvärmning och människans överkonsumtion. Lueg och Radlach (2016) menar vidare att användning av styrfunktioner inom företag är en kritisk komponent i arbetet för en mer hållbar näringsverksamhet. Dock finns en avsaknad av tidigare studier som förklarar hur företag arbetar strategiskt med hållbarhetsfrågor. Genom den teoretiska ramen bestående av Elkingtons (1999) koncept Triple Bottom Line och Malmi och Browns (2008) modell för styrfunktioner samt empirisk insamling i form av tio kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer, syftar studien till att skapa en förståelse för hur industriföretag arbetar strategiskt med hållbarhet. Studien visar att det strategiska hållbarhetsarbetet tenderar att skilja sig åt beroende på hur länge respondentföretagen arbetat aktivt med hållbarhetsaspekter. Initialt styrs företagens strategiska hållbarhetsarbete främst av ekonomiska fördelar samt extern påtryckning såsom lagstiftning och myndighetsbeslut, medan företag som arbetat längre tid med hållbarhet tenderar att frivilligt basera sitt hållbarhetsarbete mer på en framtidstro med visioner om långsiktig ekonomisk avkastning på hållbarhetsinvesteringar. Vidare visar studien att styrfunktionerna kultur respektive administrativa funktioner i olika syften tenderar att generera störst inverkan på hållbarhetsarbetet, varvid administrativa funktioner antas mer effektiva vid implementering av större förändringar i processer och rutiner. Kulturen antas å andra sidan, på grund av dess trögrörlighet, vara mer behjälplig i bevarandet av hållbara beteenden och värderingar.