The work presented in thesis is part of the DANIELA project which aims to replace the current air data system on civil aircrafts with a flush mounted Air Data System (ADS) built around a 3 axis Doppler LIDAR function as the primary data channel. This thesis is focused on the comparison of different window materials and their optical clarity by means of theoretical and experimental analysis. Four different window materials including BK7, Sapphire, Germanium and ZnS are placed in a wind tunnel. The samples are each exposed to flows of air and water for specific periods of time during which temperature, pressure and air speed are recorded. Subsequently, each sample is carefully observed under the microscope. This is followed by the measurement of the amount of back scatter via detecting the change in the voltage once it is placed in the optical station. The optical tests reveal the amount of dust adhered to the samples which results in increased voltage. Review of these samples under the microscope matches the results obtained from the optical test. The two sets of data obtained from the two tests determined that some samples collected more dust in comparison to others. It was established that under identical test conditions i.e. flow, temperature and moisture, BK7 and Sapphire collect considerably less dust compared to ZnS. Moreover it was impossible to test Germanium sample optically, under a microscope as it is a dark opaque glass.

N/A

In This Thesis , We primarily introduce some results with suppression of ground bounce noise in high-speed PCB by the formal researchers and summarize their advantages and weaknesses .In the next section .we explain why the EBG (Electromagnetic Band Gap ) design structure is from PBG (Photonic Band Gap ) concept in optical research field and that its principle can suppress GBN . We also summarize their advantages and weaknesses .In the following part, we define five parameters of EBG design structure to find the optimal solution by HFSS simulation method .The optimal solution can enlarge the bandwidth of suppression of GBN to 5.40GHz.We prove the accuracy of HFSS simulation method by actual measurement . When the EBG basic cell gradually compact from n=9.their characteristics are according to 1.central frequency towards high frequency 2.bandwidth of suppression of GBN is more broadband 3. forbiddance band depth becomes wider. Finally we oppose some new EBG design structures to solve some problems of old EBG design structure .These new EBG design structures can enhance signal integrity (SI) and law frequency response. Include three items 1.Meander design structure 2. Buddha design structure 3. Budder design structure .We also prove the accuracy of HFSS simulation method by actual measurement.

<p>A new FPGA suitable for space applications has just reached the market. To investigate whether there are any possible flaws or limitations similar to those previously seen on FPGAs, an evaluation has to be done. This master thesis contains the evaluation of this new radhard FPGA with focus on possible design limitations and package related electrical phenomena.Areas evaluated: Ground-/VDD bounce, Cross talk, Rise time sensitivit, Power cycling, Power consumption, Place and route tool, Radiation hardnessThis report contains all steps in the evaluation. From method to measurements, comparisons, theory, results and conclusions. In the evaluation work, special effort has been made to develop designs that really stress the FPGA to find potential problems. All problems found are dealt with in this report.Results: Ground-/VDD bounce measurements showed that devices using a fast slew rate resulted in TTL-level violation. However, by separating sensitive signals and SSOs in different I/O banks it is possible to work around the problem. Cross talk measurements has shown that the phenomena causes problems when using a long rise time input with toggling outputs placed next to the signal. Power cycling did not result in any alarming inrush currents. Regular power up showed an unwanted behaviour with pulses on all I/Os right before power on reset kicked in. When comparing the tool value with measurements regarding power consumption it was clear that it differed as much as 40-50%. The FPGA consumes 40-50% more power than what the power calculator tool estimates.</p>

A new FPGA suitable for space applications has just reached the market. To investigate whether there are any possible flaws or limitations similar to those previously seen on FPGAs, an evaluation has to be done. This master thesis contains the evaluation of this new radhard FPGA with focus on possible design limitations and package related electrical phenomena.Areas evaluated: Ground-/VDD bounce, Cross talk, Rise time sensitivit, Power cycling, Power consumption, Place and route tool, Radiation hardnessThis report contains all steps in the evaluation. From method to measurements, comparisons, theory, results and conclusions. In the evaluation work, special effort has been made to develop designs that really stress the FPGA to find potential problems. All problems found are dealt with in this report.Results: Ground-/VDD bounce measurements showed that devices using a fast slew rate resulted in TTL-level violation. However, by separating sensitive signals and SSOs in different I/O banks it is possible to work around the problem. Cross talk measurements has shown that the phenomena causes problems when using a long rise time input with toggling outputs placed next to the signal. Power cycling did not result in any alarming inrush currents. Regular power up showed an unwanted behaviour with pulses on all I/Os right before power on reset kicked in. When comparing the tool value with measurements regarding power consumption it was clear that it differed as much as 40-50%. The FPGA consumes 40-50% more power than what the power calculator tool estimates.

NAME: Determine the dependence of performance in selected athletic disciplines students in primary schools AUTHOR: Radek Vopršálek DEPARTMENT: Katedra tělesné výchovy SUPERVISOR: PhDr. PaedDr. Ladislav Kašpar, Ph.D. ABSTRACT: The aim of this thesis is to explore the relationship and dependency between performances in chosen sports disciplines for pupils of primary school. The disciplines I have chosen to determine the relative performance are: long jump and 60 meters sprint. In the theoretical part there is a description and analysis of these sports disciplines. In the practical part there is a measurement of pupils' performances in that two sports disciplines and creating a dependency relationship between them. KEYWORDS: Long jump, Bounce, Run, Relationship.

Dans la situation d’un radar monostatique la configuration diédrique présente l’avantage de renvoyer un signal fort grâce au mécanisme de double rebond. De plus, il s’agit d’une configuration omniprésente par exemple en zone urbaine, avec des structures rue-bâtiment, ou en forêt, avec des structures de type sol-arbre. Les signaux rétrodiffusés sont donc liés à ces structures, plus précisément aux matériaux les composant, via leurs permittivités diélectriques. Retrouver ces permittivités depuis la mesure des champs rétrodiffusés permettrait l’identification des matériaux de la structure diédrique. Ceci mène à des applications telles que la détection de défauts dans la structure, l’estimation de la teneur en eau des sols ou du béton, ou in fine à des thématiques de classification, pour des objets dans des images radar par exemple, ou de détection de changement. En modélisant le mécanisme de double rebond lié à la structure de dièdre par deux réflexions successives via les coefficients de Fresnel, trois méthodes d’inversion des permittivités ont été mises en place au cours de la thèse. La première, analytique, utilise à un angle d’incidence donné la mesure des champs copolarisés. Les deux autres méthodes, alliant une partie analytique et une partie numérique, nécessitent la mesure, du ratio polarimétrique pour l’une, du champ horizontal pour l’autre, effectuée à deux angles d’incidence différents. Ces méthodes ont été validées numériquement à l’aide de la méthode d’Optique Géométrique fournie par le logiciel FEKO. Des mesures en chambre anéchoique ont été effectuées afin de valider ces méthodes. De même une mesure in-situ a été effectuée sur un dièdre en béton formé par un angle entre deux murs. / For a monostatic radar, the dihedral arrangementexhibits a strong response compare tobare surface. This phenomenon can be seen in radarimages of urban areas or forestry as building andstreets and trunks and ground are forming such structures.This signature can be modelled with the doublebounce equation as a cascade of Fresnel reflectioncoefficients. These coefficients depend on the permittivitiesof the structures. Finding these permittivitiesfrom the backscattered fields may allowed to identifythe materials involved in the dihedral. Thereforethiscan be applied for default detection, moisture retrievaland classification topics for instance.By modelling the double bounce scattering with Fresnelcoefficients, three methods have been developedto retrieve these permittivities. The first one uses asingle incidence angle and the measurements of copolarisedfields. The last two methods need the measurementof the copolarised fields ratio or of the horizontalelectric field alone at two different incidenceangles. All these methods have been validated, firstnumerically using FEKO RL-GO method, then experimentally,with measurements in anechoic chamber. Atlast, in-situ measurements have been performed on awall corner made of concrete to assess the methodon a real case.

With electronic devices trending toward higher clock rates, lower voltage levels, and smaller form factors, the simultaneously switching noise (SSN), which is induced in package and printed circuit board, is one of the major factors affecting the performance and design of the high speed digital circuits. This noise will lead to false switching and malfunctioning in digital and/or analog circuits, and causes serious signal integrity (SI) and electromagnetic interference (EMI) problems for the high speed digital systems. Therefore, mitigating the SSN becomes a major challenge for the high speed circuits design. In this thesis, first of all, we introduce and discuss previously proposed solutions to suppress the SSN. These solutions include the use of decoupling capacitors, isolation moats, and electromagnetic bnadgap (EBG) structures. We analyzed the EBG structures and generated some EBG design rules. As the speed of digital circuits moving toward higher frequencies, the Double L-bridge EBG structure can be used to improve the performance of Hybrid EBG structure by employing the EBG design rules that were generated. The Double L-bridge EBG structure design improved the behavior at the high frequencies, which also maintained the low frequency performance. It is demonstrated numerically and experimentally. For fast estimating the stopband, we use one-dimensional lump circuit model. Then, we propose another structure, named Double Cross EBG structure. This design, compared to the Double L-bridge EBG structure, not only maintained the high frequency performance, but also improved the low frequency behavior. It is also both experimentally and numerically validated.

Transient current surges resulted from the simultaneous switching of output buffers in the high-speed digital circuits can induce significant ground bounce noise (GBN) on the chip, package, and printed circuit board (PCB). The GBN not only causes the signal integrity (SI) problems, such as glitches or timing push-out of signal traces, but also increases the electromagnetic interference (EMI) in the high-speed digital circuits. With the design trends of digital circuits toward higher speed, low voltage level, smaller volume, the impact of GBN has become one of the most important issues that determine the performance of electronic products. Adding decoupling capacitors between the power and ground planes is a typical way to suppress the GBN. However, they are not effective at the frequencies higher than 600MHz due to their inherent lead inductance. Recently, a new idea for eliminating the GBN is proposed by designing electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure with high impedance surface (HIS) on the ground or power plane. Several new EBG power/ground plane designs have been proposed to broaden the stopband bandwidth for suppressing the GBN. However there are some drawbacks, such as high cost, large area occupation and complicated fabrication process. In this paper, we propose a novel Hybrid EBG power planes for PCB or package to suppress the GBN. Its extinctive behavior of broadband suppression of GBN (over 10GHz) is demonstrated experientially and numerically. Finally, we combine the periodic high-low dielectric material with the EBG power plane to control the position and bandwidth of stopband.

In recent high-speed digital circuits, the simultaneous switching noise (SSN) or ground bounce noise (GBN) is induced due to the transient currents flowing between power and ground planes during the state transitions of the logic gates. In order to¡@analyze the effect of GBN on power delivery systems effectively and accurately, the impedance of power/ground is an important index to evaluate power delivery systems. In the operating frequency bandwidth, the power impedance must be less than the target impedance. The typical way to suppress the SSN is adding decoupling capacitors to create a low impedance path between power and ground planes. By using the admittance matrix method, we can evaluate the effect of decoupling capacitors mounted on PCB fast and accurately reducing the time needed from the empirical or try-and-error design cycle. In order to reduce the cost of decoupling capacitors, the genetic algorithm is employed to optimize the placement of decoupling capacitors to suppress the GBN. The decoupling capacitor are not effective in the GHz frequency range due to their inherent lead inductance. The electromagnetic bandgap(EBG) structure can produce a stopband to prevent the noise from disperseing at higher frequency. Combining decoupling capacitors with EBG structure to find the optimum placement for suppression of the SSN by using the genetic algorithm.